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"Too often, elections around the globe are, unfortunately, deeply flawed or even fail. What triggers these problems? In this second volume of her trilogy on electoral integrity, Pippa Norris compares structural, international, and institutional accounts as alternative perspectives to explain why elections fail to meet international standards. The book argues that rules preventing political actors from manipulating electoral governance are needed to secure integrity, although at the same time officials also need sufficient resources and capacities to manage elections effectively. Drawing on new evidence, the study determines the most effective types of strategies for strengthening the quality of electoral governance around the world. With a global perspective, this book provides fresh insights into these major issues at the heart of the study of elections and voting behavior, comparative politics, democracy and democratization, political culture, democratic governance, public policymaking, development, international relations and conflict studies, and processes of regime change."

"ABSTRAKDeveloping countries implemented social policies after suffered by economic and financial crisis. Social policies, such as conditional cash transfer, non contributory social insurance policy, and energy subsidy, were introduced to improve the well being of the society. However, these policies potentially fail and prevent these countries to converge to be developed countries, due to low level of human capital formation, increased informal employment, unsustainable fiscal capabilities, the induction of pork barrel politics in the policy planning and formulation process, and reduced incentive to work. This essay also provided recommendation on social policies improvement. Thus, policymakers able to increase the effectiveness of current social policies to maintain the countrys objective in reducing income inequality, without hampered the countrys productivity and economic growth."

"Why do parties and governments cheat in elections they cannot lose? This book documents the widespread use of blatant and excessive manipulation of elections and explains what drives this practice. Alberto Simpser shows that, in many instances, elections are about more than winning. Electoral manipulation is not only a tool used to gain votes, but also a means of transmitting or distorting information. This manipulation conveys an image of strength, shaping the behavior of citizens, bureaucrats, politicians, parties, unions and businesspeople to the benefit of the manipulators, increasing the scope for the manipulators to pursue their goals while in government and mitigating future challenges to their hold on power. Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections provides a general theory about what drives electoral manipulation and empirically documents global patterns of manipulation."