Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Public emergencies such as civil wars, natural disasters, and economic crises test the theoretical and practical commitments of international human rights law. During national crises, international law permits states to suspend many human rights protections in order to safeguard national security. States frequently overstep the limits of this authority, violating even peremptory human rights such as the prohibitions against torture and prolonged arbitrary detention. In this volume, leading scholars from law, philosophy and political science grapple with challenging questions concerning the character, scope, and salience of international human rights, and they explain how the law seeks to protect human rights during emergencies. The contributors also evaluate the law's successes and failures, and offer new proposals for strengthening respect for human rights."

"Konflik di Papua telah berlangsung berpuluh-puluh tahun, bahkan sejak masih dikenal dengan nama Irian Jaya. Sejarah panjang proses integrasi Papua yang bermasalah telah melahirkan konflik yang hingga kini tidak kunjung mencapai kata selesai. Dalam perkembangannya, kini ancaman tidak hanya datang dari kelompok bersenjata yang menginginkan kemerdekaan Papua. Studi terbaru juga menunjukkan besarnya potensi konflik, baik di antara orang Papua itu sendiri, maupun antara orang Papua dengan penduduk pendatang. Untuk menangani situasi di Papua, pemerintah telah melakukan tindakan-tindakan yang patut diduga membatasi Hak Asasi Manusia, seperti pengerahan aparat bersenjata dan pembatasan akses terhadap informasi dan media. Pada masa orde baru, secara faktual Papua bahkan pernah menjadi Daerah Operasi Militer. Uniknya, terlepas adanya indikasi kedaruratan yang nyata, pemerintah tidak pernah mendeklarasikan keadaan darurat secara resmi berdasar hukum. Padahal, menurut doktrin Hukum Tata Negara Darurat, tindakan-tindakan khusus yang membatasi Hak Asasi Manusia tersebut hanya dapat dilakukan dalam suatu keadaan darurat yang dideklarasikan secara resmi. Melalui studi pustaka, penelitian ini berusaha menelusuri norma pembatasan hak asasi manusia dalam keadaan darurat, baik dalam teori, hukum positif di Indonesia, dan pengaturannya dalam konstitusi negara-negara lain. Uraian-uraian menyangkut konflik yang terjadi di Papua juga disajikan untuk menambah pemahaman terhadap persoalan yang ada. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penggunaan tindakan-tindakan khusus yang dilakukan dalam penanganan konflik di Papua telah bertentangan dengan asas proklamasi yang dikenal dalam Hukum Tata Negara Darurat. Selain itu, kasus-kasus pembunuhan di luar proses hukum dan penyiksaan juga menunjukkan pelanggaran serius terhadap non-derogable rights yang dijamin Pasal 28I Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 dan Pasal 4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Lebih-lebih lagi, ketiadaan pengawasan oleh parlemen dan pengadilan menyebabkan tidak terdeteksinya tindakan-tindakan lain yang patut diduga tidak beralasan dan tidak proporsional terhadap ancaman bahaya yang ada.

---

The conflict in Papua has been ongoing for decades, dating back to when it was known as Irian Jaya. The troubled integration process has led to a conflict that remains unresolved. Recently, studies have shown that threats come not only from armed groups seeking Papuan independence. Recent studies also show the potential conflicts, both between Papuans themselves, and within the Papuan community and between Papuans and the migrant population. The government's efforts to handle the situation, including the deployment of armed forces and restrictions on information access and the media, have raised concerns about human rights restrictions. Despite indications of an emergency, the government has never officially declared a state of emergency based on law, as required by the Emergency Constitutional Law doctrine. This study aims to explore how human rights restrictions during state of emergency in theory, Indonesian law, and in the constitutions of other countries. In addition, it presents descriptions of conflict in Papua to shed light on existing problems. The research reveals that the special measures used to manage the conflict in Papua conflict with the proclamation principle outlined in the Emergency Constitutional Law doctrine. Furthermore, cases of extrajudicial killings and torture demonstrate serious violations of the non-derograble rights guaranteed by the Article 28I of Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The absence of oversight by parliament and the courts has led to the failure to detect other actions alleged to be unreasonable and disproportionate to the gravity of the events."