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"This book presents in-depth review of extremophilic enzymes which can be used in several biotechnologicalprocesses. In addition, the book provides the knowledge on how to engineer enzymes for enhanced conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to biofuels. This book will support the readers to get a clear understanding on this upcoming field of science and engineering of extremophilic enzymes in such a way besides understanding the concept that they will be in position to design the bioprocesses for production of the suitable/desired enzyme from the ideal source for their desired application."

"The plant biomass -- The actors : plant biomass degradation by fungi -- The tools, part 1 : enzymology of cellulose degradation -- The tools, part 2 : enzymology of hemicellulose degradation -- The tools, part 3 : enzymology of lignin degradation -- Catabolic pathways of soluble degradation products from plant biomass -- Regulation of formation plant biomass-degrading enzymes in fungi -- The fungal secretory pathways and their relation to lignocellulose degradation -- Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by fungi -- Production of fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses -- Lignocellulose biorefinery"

"Untuk berkontribusi dalam pengembangan energi terbarukan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan keputusan yang tepatdari pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit TKKS sebagai salah satu bahan yang potensial di Indonesia.Produk akhir dari pemanfaatan TKKS pada penelitian ini adalah Etanol, Furfural, dan Listrik. Multi-objektif yang akan di lakukan pada penelitian ini adalah NPV maksimum dan CO2 minimun yang akan diukur dengan Kurva Pareto. Penelitian sebelumnya sudah melakukan optimasi namun NPV yang dihasilkan masih belum ekonomis, salah satunya dikarenakan biaya kapital dari pemasangan sistem gugus tenaga surya yang masih mahal. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini pengembangan yang akan penulis lakukan adalah dengan mengganti sumber kukus dengan bahan bakar gas alam. Sehingga mampu mengurangi biaya kapital dan diharapkan bisa memperbaiki NPV agar lebih ekonomis. Pada penelitian ini, diperoleh suhu operasi yang optimum pada unit praperlakuan sebesar 180o C, dan juga split fraksi 0.25 TKKS masuk kedalam unit hidrolisis. Pada kondisi ini, diperoleh NPV sebesar 43.6 juta dan emisi sebesar 9.237 juta kgCO2 Ekuivalen.

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For doing some contribution in development of renewable energy, this study has an objective to find an optimum decision for Empty Fruit Bunch EFB utilization as one of potential raw material in Indonesia. The final products from EFB utilization in this study are ethanol, furfural, and electricity. Multi Objective that will optimize in this study are NPV maximum and CO minimum that will measure with Pareto Curve. The recent study has done the optimizing but the NPV still not economic. It s happen because the capital cost from CSP utilization as a steam generation still expensive. In this study, natural gas will use as a fuel for steam generation, so that can decrease the capital cost and can make the NPV become economic. In this study, the optimum operation temperature was obtained in 180o C and split fraction in 0.25 EFB into hidrolisis reactor unit. In this condition, the result for NPV is 43,6 million and emission 9.237 million kgCO2 equivalent."

"The work builds on the results of the compete bioenergy competence platform for Africa, which was supported by the European Commission and coordinated by WIP renewable energies, Germany. The five sections cover biomass production and use, biomass technologies and markets in Africa, biomass policies, sustainability, and financial and socio-economic issues. This valuable work is, in effect, a single-source treatment of a key energy sector in a part of the world which still has a lot of unrealised potential for development."

"This book reviews technological innovations and emerging concepts in biobased energy production and coproducts utilization. Covers production capacity of hydrocarbons in plants, algae and microbes; microbial fuel cells; environmental risk assessment and more. "

"Proses ekstraksi hijau adalah metode yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan berbagai ekstrak tumbuhan dengan dampak minimal terhadap lingkungan. Ekstraksi hijau akan mengurangi konsumsi energi, memungkinkan penggunaan pelarut alternatif dan produk alami yang dapat diperbaharui, serta memastikan bahwa ekstrak yang dihasilkan aman dan berkualitas. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction UAEE adalah salah satu metode ekstraksi hijau. UAEE adalah metode ekstraksi yang mudah, efisien dan ramah lingkungan dan telah banyak digunakan untuk mengekstraksi berbagai jenis senyawa. Penggunaan enzim dalam metode ekstraksi ini akan mengkatalisis hidrolisis sitoderm dan glikoprotein, sehingga meningkatkan pelepasan zat bioaktif dengan mengganggu sel-sel tumbuhan. Kondisi operasi optimum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu konsentrasi enzim 70 mg/g, waktu hidrolisis enzimatik 2 jam dan konsentrasi etanol 50, akan menghasilkan yield ekstraksi maksimum sebesar 48,627. Crude extract daun keji beling diuji dengan menggunakan Gas Chromatography dan Mass Spectrometry GC-MS dan teridentifikasi senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas anti-hiperkolesterolemia, yaitu asam heksadekanoat, asam oktadekanoat dan skualen.

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Green extraction process is a method which is used to obtain various plant extracts with minimum impact on the environment. Green extraction will reduce energy consumption, allow use of alternative solvents and renewable natural products, and ensure a safe and high quality extract. Ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction UAEE is one of green extraction method. UAEE is a mild, efficient and environmental friendly extraction method and it has been adopted for extracting various kinds of compounds. The use of enzyme will catalyze hydrolysis of the cytoderm and glycoproteins, therefore enhancing the release of bioactive substances by disrupting plant cells. The optimum extraction conditions with a maximum yield extract of 48.627 are as follows the concentration of ethanol is 50 and the amount of added enzyme is 70 mg g. Crude extract from keji beling leaves is tested using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry GC MS to identify components that have anti hypercholesterolemic activity, which are hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and demethyl squalene."

"Salah satu jenis bahan bakar alternatif yang berpotensi dapat dikembangkan dan mampu menyumbang angka bauran EBT secara signifikan adalah biomassa. Signifikansi bauran energi didapatkan dari penggunaan sistem co-firing pada Pusat Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) dengan mencampur bahan bakar batubara dengan biomassa seperti sawdust. Biomassa sawdust sebagai bahan co-firing PLTU sangat efisien karena mempunyai kandungan energi dan ketersediaan yang mudah dikelola. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membuat analisis teknik dan keekonomian biomassa sawdust sebagai bahan bakar padat PLTU Co-firing tipe boiler pulverized coal. Tahapan penelitian yaitu memetakan potensi biomassa sawdust untuk mengetahui ketersediaan potensi biomassa di sekitar lokasi PLTU Co-firing, menganalisa sisi teknis dan spesifikasi yang terdapat di bahan baku biomassa sawdust untuk mengetahui kecocokan atau kelayakan dengan spesifikasi PLTU tipe boiler pulverized coal, dan menganalisa kelayakan keekonomian pengembangan teknologi pengolahan biomassa sawdust untuk mengetahui biaya pokok produksi biomassa sawdust sehingga nantinya tidak berdampak secara teknis dan finansial khususnya pada kenaikan biaya pokok penyediaan pembangkit serta emisi lingkungan. Hasil dari potensi pemetaan biomassa dapat mengimplentasikan co-firing hingga 9,91 % dari rencana co-firing 5%. Analisa keekonomian menunjukkan bahwa usaha produksi biomassa sawdust layak dijalankan dengan parameter NPV 0 > Rp. 3.268.834.655, IRR 11,19% dan payback periode 7,35 tahun dengan harga biomassa Rp780.501/Ton. Perhitungan BPP co-firing biomassa yang disimulasikan tidak menaikan biaya BBP Pembangkitan karena terdapat selisih lebih kecil dari BBP Batubara sebesar Rp 0,55/kWh.

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One type of alternative fuel that has the potential to be developed and is able to contribute significantly to the NRE mix is biomass. The significance of the energy mix is obtained from the use of the co-firing system at the Steam Power Plant (PLTU) by mixing coal fuel with biomass such as sawdust. Sawdust biomass as co-firing material for PLTU is very efficient because it has energy content and availability that is easy to manage. The aim of this research is to analyze the technique and economics of sawdust biomass as solid fuel for Co-firing PLTU pulverized coal type boiler. The research stages are mapping the potential of sawdust biomass to determine the availability of potential biomass around the location of the Co-firing PLTU, analyzing the technical side and specifications contained in sawdust biomass raw materials to determine the suitability or feasibility of PLTU specifications for pulverized coal boiler type, and analyzing the economic feasibility of the development. sawdust biomass processing technology to determine the cost of production of sawdust biomass so that later it will not have a technical and financial impact, especially on the increase in the cost of providing power generation and environmental emissions. The results of the potential for mapping biomass can implement co-firing of up to 9.91% of the 5% co-firing plan. Economic analysis shows that the sawdust biomass production business is feasible with the NPV parameter >IDR. 3,268,834,655, IRR 11.19% and payback period of 7.35 years with a selling price of Rp780.501/MT. Calculation of simulated biomass co-firing BPP does not add to the cost of Generation BBP because the difference is smaller than Coal BBP of IDR 0.55/kWh."

"Recently, there was an increase in demand of biomass pellets as an alternative energy source. However, it is necessary to reduce the size of granular materials during the pelleting process. The size reduction of eucalyptus bark occurs in the industrial processing of biomass pellets production, using a hammer mill together with three sieve sizes of 3, 4, and 5 mm and the sieve speeds of 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm, respectively, which have been examined at a feed rate of 80 kg/h. The aims of this study were to determine the important parameters, namely rotational speed, to determine suitable sieve size for reducing the size of eucalyptus bark, and to analyze energy usage in the size reduction process by using a hammer mill. The results have shown that using a 5 mm sieve size at 900 rpm sieve speed resulted in the best operating conditions in order to offer the highest capacity and lowest specific energy consumption. Moreover, the average particle size of 0.15 mm was an acceptable value. This study could be very beneficial in the development process to produce biomass pellets."