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"Perilaku merupakan semua mobilitas satwa yang dipengaruhi oleh asosiasi antara satwa dengan lingkungan. Perilaku pada gajah meliputi perilaku sosial (kelompok), perilaku individu, perilaku asuh, dan sebagainya. Salah satu perilaku gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) yaitu perilaku asuh. Induk gajah dalam mengasuh anaknya bersifat protektif, sehingga selalu mengikuti pergerakan anaknya. Peralihan habitat ke penangkaran menyebabkan ruang gerak terbatas, sehingga konservasi ex-situ harus menjamin kesejahteraannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku asuh induk gajah sumatra serta pengelolaan kesejahteraannya, sehingga gajah dapat berperilaku alami dan anak gajah dapat diasuh dengan baik oleh induknya. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu 1 induk gajah (Sinta) dan 1 anak gajah betina (Arinta). Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat 9 perilaku asuh induk dengan durasi rata-rata tertinggi yaitu perilaku menyusui 10,46 menit dan terendah yaitu perilaku mengajari 0,63 menit serta perilaku asuh induk dengan persentase tertinggi yaitu perilaku mendekat 31,46% dan terendah yaitu perilaku mandi 0,70%. Kesejahteraan induk dan anak gajah di kebun binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk kategori sangat baik. Hasil Uji Korelasi Jenjang Spearman (2-tailed) dengan SPSS Statistic 22.0, durasi perilaku menyusui (ρ = 0,013) dan perilaku mengikuti (ρ = 0,036) berkorelasi signifikan terhadap jumlah pengunjung.

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Behaviour is all the mobility of animals that are influenced by the association between animals and their environment. Behaviour in elephant includes social behavior (group), individual behavior, maternal care behavior, and several other behavior. One of the behavior of sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is maternal care. The mother elephant in raising her calf will be protective, it will always follow the movement of her calf. The transition of habitat into a captivity causes limited space for movement and then the ex-situ conservation must ensure their welfare. This study to analyze the maternal care behavior of the sumatran elephant and the management to its welfare aspects, so that the elephant can behave naturally and the calf can be properly cared for by its mother. The subjects in this study were 1 mother sumatran elephant (Sinta) and 1 sumatran elephant calf (Arinta). The metods in this study are focal animal sampling and ad-libitum sampling. Based on the result of this study, there 9 maternal care behaviours with the highest duration shown by breastfeeding behavior 10,46 minutes and the lowest shown by teaching behavior 0,63 minutes as well as maternal care behaviours with the highest percentage shown by approaching behavior 31,46% and the lowest shown by bathing behavior 0,70%. The welfare of mother and calf sumatran elephant in the Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is very good category. The results of test Spearman Rank Correlation (2-tailed) with SPSS Statistic 22.0, the duration of breastfeeding behavior (ρ = 0,013) and following behavior (ρ = 0,036) were significantly correlated with the number of visitors."

"Pengunjung dapat memberikan pengaruh pada perilaku satwa di kebun binatang. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh pengunjung yang difokuskan pada kepadatan pengunjung terhadap perilaku gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku individu dan sosial gajah sumatra dikaitkan dengan keberadaan pengunjung. Fokus penelitian yaitu pada dua ekor gajah betina Gilang (25 tahun) dan Cempaka (33 tahun) dan tidak berkerabat. Penelitian dilakukan selama tujuh pekan dari April sampai Mei 2023 mulai pukul 09.00––14.00 WIB. Metode focal sampling digunakan untuk mencatat perilaku gajah dalam interval 15 menit secara kontinu tanpa jeda. Perilaku yang diamati terbagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu individu dan sosial. Kondisi pengunjung dibagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu kepadatan pengunjung rendah dan kepadatan pengunjung tinggi. Hasil penelitian menggunakan uji t independen dengan α = 0,05 yaitu pada perilaku individu 0,457 (P > 0,05) dan pada perilaku sosial 0,005 (P < 0,05) menunjukkan kepadatan pengunjung memberi pengaruh terhadap perilaku sosial gajah sumatra. Berdasarkan penelitian pada 9 perilaku (makan, minum, bergerak, istirahat, grooming, kontak belalai, kontak fisik, trunk slap dan mendorong), perilaku dengan rerata durasi tertinggi yaitu perilaku makan pada gajah Gilang dan gajah Cempaka saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung rendah masing-masing 130,23 ± 20,17 menit dan 115,31 ± 24,02 menit saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung tinggi masing-masing 145,96 ± 18,98 menit dan 136,40 ± 17,24 menit. Rerata durasi perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku sosial kontak fisik pada gajah Gilang dan gajah Cempaka saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung rendah masing-masing 0,67 ± 0,63 menit dan 0,86 ± 0,80 menit saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung tinggi masing-masing 0,91 ± 0,42 menit dan 0,94 ± 0,40 menit. Kesimpulan penelitian yaitu pengunjung tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap perilaku individu namun, memberikan pengaruh terhadap perilaku sosial.

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Visitor’s can have an impact on animal’s behavior in the zoo. Research has been carried out on the influence of visitors focused on visitor density on the behavior of the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The research aims to analyze the individual and social behavior of Sumatran elephants associated with the presence of visitors. The research focuses on two female elephants, Gilang (25 years) and Cempaka (33 years), and they are unrelated. The research was conducted for seven weeks from April to May 2023 starting at 09.00––14.00 WIB. The focal sampling method continuously recorded the elephant's behavior in 15 minutes intervals without interlude. The observed behavior is divided into two categories, namely individual and social. Visitor conditions are divided into two categories, namely low visitor density and high visitor density. The results of the study used an independent t-test with α = 0.05 on individual behavior 0.457 (P > 0.05) and on social behavior 0.005 (P < 0.05) showing that visitor density influences the social behavior of sumatran elephants. Based on research on 9 behaviors (eating, drinking, moving, resting, grooming, trunk contact, physical contact, trunk slap and pushing), the highest average duration of behavior was feeding behavior in Gilang elephants and Cempaka elephants when the visitor density was low, respectively 130,23 ± 20,17 minute and 115,31 ± 24,02 minute when the visitor density was high, respectively 145,96 ± 18,98 minute and 136,40 ± 17,24 minute. The lowest average duration of behavior is social physical contact behavior on Gilang elephants and Cempaka elephants when the visitor density is low, respectively 0,67 ± 0,63 minute and 0,86 ± 0,80 minute when the visitor density is high, respectively 0,91 ± 0,42 minute and 0,94 ± 0,40 minute. The study concludes that visitors do not influence individual behavior but do influence social behavior."

"Identifikasi komunitas mikrobiota menjadi salah satu pendekatan penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan kesehatan gajah sumatra dalam konservasi exsitu. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada analisis mikrobiota usus berdasarkan empat sampel feses (anak betina/jantan, induk betina/jantan) menggunakan Nextgeneration Sequencing dan analisis metagenomik. Analisis metagenomik yang mencangkup alpha dan beta diversity memberikan pengetahuan terkait komposisi mikrobiota dari kelimpahan, kemerataan dan perbedaan diantara keempat sampel. Analisis alpha diversity menunjukkan variasi mikrobiota yang signifikan, dengan gajah jantan dewasa memiliki keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan mikrobiota tertinggi, sementara gajah betina dewasa menunjukkan keanekaragaman yang paling rendah. Analisis beta diversity menunjukkan gajah anak jantan memiliki perbedaan signifikan dari kedua gajah dewasa karena perbedaan umur yang signifikan. Komunitas mikrobiota didominasi oleh filum Bacillota (40-70%) dan Bacteroidota (20-40%), dengan Clostridia (~90%) menjadi kelas paling melimpah dalam Bacillota, sementara Sphingobacteriia (~50%) dan Bacteroidia (~50%) kelas dominan dalam Bacteroidota. Temuan ini mengindikasikan adanya variasi yang signifikan dalam komposisi mikrobiota usus di antara sampel, yang mungkin dipengaruhi oleh faktor seperti jenis makanan dan usia. Pemahaman lebih lanjut tentang hubungan ini penting untuk merancang strategi konservasi yang efektif guna meningkatkan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan gajah sumatra di lingkungan konservasi.

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Identification of the microbiota community is an important approach to improve the quality of life and health of Sumatran elephants in ex-situ conservation contexts. This research focuses on analyzing gut microbiota based on four fecal samples (female/male child, female/male adults) using Next-generation Sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Alpha diversity analysis shows significant microbiota variation, with adult males having the highest diversity and abundance, while adult females exhibit lower diversity. Beta diversity analysis indicates moderate differences between female and male juveniles, with male juveniles significantly differing from both adult elephants. The prokaryotic community is dominated by Bacillota (40-70%) and Bacteroidota (20-40%), with Clostridia (~90%) being the most abundant group within Bacillota, and Sphingobacteriia (~50%) and Bacteroidia (~50%) dominant within Bacteroidota. These findings indicate significant variations in gut microbiota composition among samples, likely influenced by factors such as diet and age. Further understanding of these relationships is crucial for designing effective conservation strategies to enhance the health and well-being of Sumatran elephants in conservation environments."

"Gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) merupakan hewan yang populasinya dikategorikan sebagai critically endangered. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan populasinya adalah melalui konservasi ex-situ di penangkaran. Pemahaman mengenai mikrobiota saluran pencernaan hewan di penangkaran perlu diketahui agar dapat menjaga kesehatan hewan dan mendorong keberhasilan konservasi hewan tersebut. Bakteri asam laktat merupakan salah satu kelompok mikrobiota saluran pencernaan yang ikut berperan dalam proses pencernaan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri asam laktat dari feses gajah sumatra (E. m. sumatranus) di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Gajah sumatra yang dipilih adalah dua betina (usia ±37 tahun dan ±10 tahun) dan dua jantan (usia ±37 tahun dan ±5 bulan). Sampel feses diinokulasikan pada medium de Man Rogosa Sharpe Broth (MRSB) dan MRSB dengan bile salt 0,3% sebagai enrichment media, lalu diisolasi pada medium de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) dengan CaCO3 0,3%. Hasil isolasi diperoleh sepuluh isolat bakteri asam laktat yang selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan morfologi sel, uji biokimia, dan identifikasi bakteri menggunakan gen 16S rRNA. Hasil identifikasi dari sepuluh isolat menunjukkan bahwa enam isolat (BD1 (99,87%), BA1 (99,36%), BA2 (99,20%), JD5 (99,93%), JA1 (99,87%), dan JA2 (99,33%)) merupakan Limosilactobacillus fermentum, dua isolat (JD1 (99,53%) dan JD2 (99,80%)) merupakan Ligilactobacillus agilis, dan dua isolat lainnya (JD3 (100%) dan JD4 (99,67%)) merupakan Lactiplantibacillus pentosus. Tetapi, hasil analisis filogenetik isolat JD3 dan JD4 memiliki nilai bootstrap 100% terhadap kelompok L. plantarum, yang meliputi L. plantarum, L. pentosus, dan L. paraplantarum sehingga kelompok filogenetiknya tidak dapat dibedakan. Studi lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk mengidentifikasi isolat JD3 dan JD4.

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The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is a critically endangered animal listed as the population has decreased. To increase the population, conservation effort has already been done at ex-situ in the captivity. Understanding gut microbiota of captive animals is necessary to maintain animal health and support the animal conservation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of microbiotas in the digestive tract that contribute to the digestion process. This study aimed to isolate and identify LAB from Sumatran elephant feces at Ragunan Wildlife Park. The Sumatran elephants selected were two females (aged ±37 years and ±10 years) and two males (aged ±37 years and ±5 months). Feces samples were enriched in de Man Rogosa Sharpe Broth (MRSB) and MRSB with bile salt 0,3% media, then isolated in de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) with CaCO3 0,3% media. Ten selected isolates were characterized based on cell morphology, biochemical test, and bacterial identification using the 16S rRNA gene. The identification results of ten isolates showed that six isolates (BD1 (99,87%), BA1 (99,36%), BA2 (99,20%), JD5 (99,93%), JA1 (99,87%), and JA2 (99,33%)) were Limosilactobacillus fermentum. Two isolates (JD1 (99,53%) and JD2 (99,80%)) were Ligilactobacillus agilis. The others (JD3 (100%) and JD4 (99,67%)) were Lactiplantibacillus pentosus. However, the phylogenetic analysis results of JD3 and JD4 isolates had a bootstrap value of 100% to the L. plantarum group, which includes L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. paraplantarum so their phylogenetic groups could not be distinguished. Further studies are needed to identify JD3 and JD4 isolates."

"Pengelompokkan sosial dan kondisi lingkungan yang tercipta di kebun binatang dapat memengaruhi perilaku reproduksi gajah sumatra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan menganalisis perilaku reproduksi tahap pre-copulatory sebagai perilaku diurnal pada gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus, Temminck 1847) jantan adolescence di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama masa Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) level 3 di DKI Jakarta. Waktu pengamatan dimulai pukul 08.00—14.00 WIB dengan interval waktu 15 menit selama 60 hari. Metode pengamatan yang digunakan adalah continuous focal sampling dan ad libitum untuk mengamati perilaku pre-copulatory meliputi flehmen, agonistic, reaching over, drive, erection, dan attempt mount. Penelitian pula dilakukan untuk mengamati perilaku harian dan perilaku interaksi sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perilaku harian dan interaksi sosial tertinggi gajah sumatra jantan adolescence di TMR yaitu makan (55,26%) dan conspecific play (0,96%). Gajah sumatra jantan adolescence hanya menunjukkan perilaku flehmen kepada gajah betina yang dikandangkan bersama dengan persentase sebesar 0,114% (0,107%: alpha female; 0,007%: betina subordinat). Perilaku flehmen ditunjukkan oleh gajah jantan adolescence saat betina urinasi di hari ke-11 hingga 14. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa gajah sumatra jantan adolescence yang terdapat di TMR sudah melewati inisiasi pubertas dengan menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi pre-copulatory yaitu flehmen kepada gajah betina dewasa.

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Social groupings and environmental conditions in zoos can affect the reproductive behaviour of elephant. This study evaluated the pre-copulatory behaviour as diurnal pattern of adolescent male sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus, Temminck 1847) at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Observations have been carried out sixty days during the implementation of the third level of community activity restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in the DKI Jakarta province, starting from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. with an interval of 15 minutes. Continuous focal sampling and ad libitum were employed as study methods to observe the pre-copulatory behaviour, including flehmen, agonistic, reaching over, drive, erection, and attempt mount. Furthermore, the researcher observed daily and social interaction behaviour. Daily behaviour and social interaction behaviour of adolescent male sumatran elephant in TMR dominated by feeding (55.26%) and conspecific play (0.96%). The results showed that adolescent male sumatran elephant only performed flehmen behaviour to female elephant, caged together with 0.114% (0.017%: alpha female; 0.007%: subordinate female). Flehmen’s behaviour was shown by an adolescent male sumatran elephant when a female elephant urinated on days 11—14. Thus, this study reports that adolescent male sumatran elephant passed the initial of puberty by showing flehmen as precopulatory behaviour to female elephant."

"Perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) menjadi gambaran adanya interaksi antara orangutan induk dan anaknya. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Peralihan habitat dari alam ke kebun binatang dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan. Perilaku pengasuhan menjadi bagian terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orangutan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan menganalisis pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan, sehingga orangutan dapat berperilaku secara alami dan orangutan anak dapat diasuh dengan baik. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu satu orangutan induk (Mony) dan satu orangutan anak (Hope). Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat pola pengasuhan yang terbentuk, yaitu breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, dan aggression. Perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yaitu perilaku breastfeeding (32,60%), sedangkan perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku no food sharing dan aggression (0%). Pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung membuat perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul memiliki perbedaan, seperti ketika ramai pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (following), sedangkan ketika sepi pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (breastfeeding). Kesejahteraan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata 85,20. Perilaku pengasuhan yang diberikan orangutan induk sesuai dengan kondisi anaknya dimana masih usia yang belum disapih. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung terhadap beberapa perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka.

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Parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) becomes an overview of interactions between parent orangutans and their children. A study regarding the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo has been conducted. Habitat transition from nature to the zoo can cause changes in behavior, one of which is parenting behavior. Parenting behavior becomes the most important part of the growth and development of baby orangutans. Therefore, this study aims to observe and analyze the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans, so that orangutans can behave naturally and baby orangutans can be well cared for. The subjects of the study were one parent orangutan (Mony) and one baby orangutan (Hope). Methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the parenting behaviors formed were breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, and aggression. The highest parenting behavior was breastfeeding (32,60%), while one lowest parenting behavior was no food sharing and aggression (0%). The influence of visitors made parenting behavior different. When there were many visitors, the dominating behavior was following, while when there were no visitors, the dominating behavior was breastfeeding. The welfare of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is included in a very good category with an average score of 85,20. The parenting behavior given by parent orangutans is in accordance with the babies’ conditions, which are not weaned yet. Moreover, there is an influence of visitors on some parenting behavior that appear in Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo."

"The interconnected lives of humans and elephants have shaped landscapes, determined the destinies of empires, and stimulated new kinds of knowledge, skill, and practice. Their encounters have also produced intimate forms of companionship, as well as conflict over space and resources. In South Asia, where many people live in close proximity to elephants, this interspecies relationship resonates with cultural significance. Such diverse, multifaceted, and frequently problematic relations between two kinds of intelligent social mammals have drawn the attention of multiple types of researchers and research. Interpreting this interspecies encounter, however, remains problematic, often producing disparate understandings that resist coherent integration. This volume seeks to remedy the problem of disciplinary commensurability by facilitating conversation across the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Bringing together anthropologists, biologists, ecologists, geographers, historians, political scientists, and Sanskrit language specialists, this volume explores the social, historical, and ecological dimensions of human-elephant conflict and coexistence. It engages with both species as world-making subjects acting in ways that profoundly affect each other. This book not only helps us appreciate that we cannot understand elephant habitat and behaviour in isolation from the humans that help configure it, but also makes us realize that we cannot understand human political, economic, and social life without the elephants that shape and share the world with them. Refusing to study animal ecologies and human histories as exclusive phenomena, this book argues for an integrated approach to understanding and responding to the challenges of human-elephant relations."

"Owa kelawat (Hylobates muelleri) merupakan salah satu spesies owa yang berasal dari Kalimantan. Owa kelawat termasuk primata diurnal, arboreal, dan lebih menyukai buah-buahan. Keberadaan owa memiliki peran penting bagi kehidupan di sekitar kawasan hutan. Semakin maraknya perburuan liar dan rusaknya habitat, mengakibatkan adanya penurunan populasi sehingga owa kelawat tergolong satwa dilindungi dan berstatus Endangered (En) menurut IUCN. Owa kelawat termasuk satwa monogami yang memiliki pola pengasuhan biparental, yaitu pengasuhan dilakukan oleh induk betina maupun induk jantan. Ada beberapa kebun binatang yang memisahkan induk betina dengan induk jantan dari kandang dengan alasan untuk memudahkan pemeriksaan bayi satwa dan mengantisipasi kejadian tidak terduga misalnya induk jantan menyerang anak (infanticide), salah satunya di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Kebijakan pemisahan antara induk betina dengan induk jantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka hanya dipisahkan secara barrier fisik tetapi masih dapat saling melihat satu sama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian dari betina serta mengamati interaksi individu betina terhadap jantan owa kelawat yang berada pada kandang terpisah di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Subjek penelitian, yaitu satu individu betina (+20 tahun) dalam kondisi satu kandang dengan anaknya (2 tahun) yang merupakan hasil keturunan dengan jantan (+15 tahun) yang berada pada kandang sebelah yang dipisahkan secara fisik namun masih dapat saling melihat. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 20 pengulangan dari April sampai Mei 2023 mulai pukul 09.00 – 14.00 WIB. Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian perilaku harian betina yang teramati terdiri dari istirahat (79,68%), autogrooming (5,65%), vokalisasi (4,95%), makan (4,40%), bergerak (2,68%), menyusui (2,32%), dan menggendong (0,32%), sedangkan untuk perilaku agonistik tidak ditemukan selama pengamatan berlangsung dan untuk perilaku interaksi yang teramati, yaitu sitting close (63,31%), allogrooming (36,65%), dan body contact (0,04%). Keberadaan pengunjung memiliki dampak netral bagi satwa. Implementasi The Five Freedoms di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka terlaksana dengan baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah perilaku harian tertinggi yaitu istirahat dan individu betina owa kelawat masih memiliki ketertarikan kepada individu jantan.

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Kelawat gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) is a species of gibbon originating from Kalimantan. The gibbon kelawat includes diurnal, arboreal primates, and prefers fruits. The existence of gibbons has an important role for life around forest areas. The increasing prevalence of poaching and habitat destruction has resulted in a decline in population so that the gibbon is classified as a protected animal and has Endangered (En) status according to the IUCN. The kelawat gibbon is a monogamous animal that has a bi-parental parenting pattern, in which parental care is carried out by either the female or the male parent. There are several zoos that separate the female and male parents from the cages for the reason of facilitating medical check-ups of baby animals and anticipating unexpected events, for example the male parent attacking the child (infanticide), one of which is at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The separation policy between female and male parents at the Gembira Loka Zoo is only separated by a physical barrier but they can still see each other. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior of females and observe the interactions of individual females with male gibbons in separate cages at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The research subject was a female individual (+20 years) in the same cage with her child (2 years) who was the result of offspring with a male (+15 years) who were in the next cage which were physically separated but could still see each other. This research was conducted for 20 repetitions from April to May 2023 from 09.00 – 14.00 WIB. The methods in this study were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the research, the observed female daily behavior consisted of resting (79,68%), autogrooming (5,65%), vocalization (4,95%), eating (4,40%), moving (2,68%), breastfeeding (2,32%), and carrying (0,32%), while for agonistic behavior was not found during the observation and for the observed interaction behavior, namely sitting close (63,31%), allogrooming (36,65%) , and body contact (0,04%). The presence of visitors has a neutral impact on animals. The implementation of The Five Freedoms at the Gembira Loka Zoo is well done. The conclusion of this study is that the highest daily behavior is resting and the female gibbon kelawat still has an interest in the male individual."

"Macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) adalah salah satu spesies endemik dengan pola tutul yang menjadi identitasnya. Hewan soliter ini memiliki tingkat keterancaman kepunahan yang tinggi dengan status Endangered (En) menurut IUCN. Oleh karena itu, konservasi macan tutul jawa terutama di Indonesia sangat penting dilakukan baik secara in-situ maupun ex-situ untuk menyelamatkan populasinya. Salah satu upaya konservasi macan tutul jawa dapat dilakukan di lokasi konservasi ex-situ Gembira Loka Zoo yang terletak di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian dan tingkat kesejahteraan populasi macan tutul jawa yang berlangsung selama 32 kali pengulangan dengan menggunakan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah empat individu macan tutul jawa yang terdiri dari dua individu jantan dan dua individu betina. Penelitian dilakukan pada periode Januari—Februari 2024 selama 8 pekan dengan total waktu 11.520 menit. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan keempat individu memiliki frekuensi perilaku harian dari tertinggi ke rendah adalah inactive (60,79%) > locomotion (15,46%) > feeding (7,42%) > grooming (7,13%) > individu (6,83%) > playing (2,69%) > stereotip (0,23%). Perilaku lainnya, seperti perilaku reproduksi juga teridentifikasi dikarenakan periode pengamatan bertepatan dengan dilakukannya pemasangan satu individu jantan dan satu individu betina di dalam kandang. Kesejahteraan macan tutul jawa terpenuhi dengan sangat baik sesuai prinsip Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare dengan hasil skor akhir adalah 80,32.

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The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) is an endemic species distinguished by its unique spotted pattern. This solitary animal faces a high risk of extinction, classified as Endangered (En) by the IUCN. Consequently, conservation efforts for the Javan leopard, particularly in Indonesia, are crucial to safeguard its population. One such conservation endeavor can be undertaken at the ex-situ conservation site of Gembira Loka Zoo, situated in Yogyakarta City. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior and welfare level of the Javan leopard population over 32 repetitions, employing focal animal sampling and ad libitum methods. The subjects of this study were four Javan leopards, comprising two males and two females. The research was conducted during the January—February 2024 period for 8 weeks, with a total observation time of 11,520 minutes. The findings indicate that the four individuals exhibited daily behaviors in the following order of frequency, from highest to lowest: inactive (60.79%) > locomotion (15.46%) > feeding (7.42%) > grooming (7.13%) > individual (6.83%) > playing (2.69%) > stereotypy (0.23%). Other behaviors, such as reproductive behaviors, were also identified due to the observation period coinciding with the pairing of one male and one female in the enclosure. The welfare of the Javan leopards was met very well according to the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare principles, with a final score of 80,32."

"Populasi global berang-berang cakar kecil telah menurun lebih dari 30% selama 3 dekade terakhir dan diperkirakan akan terus menurun. Pada tahun 2021, IUCN menyatakan bahwa status konservasi spesies ini telah diklasifikasikan sebagai “vulnerable” sejak tahun 2028. Perlu dilakukan salah satu langkah konservasi, seperti konservasi ex-situ di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku harian Aonyx cinereus, mengetahui ada atau tidaknya perilaku stereotip, kemudian menilai serta mengetahui tingkat kesejahteraannya berdasarkan 5 prinsip kesejahteraan satwa (five freedoms). Metode yang digunakan yaitu scan animal sampling dan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan pada satu koloni terdiri dari tujuh ekor berang-berang cakar kecil. Tujuh ekor tersebut yaitu satu pasang induk jantan dan betina berikut ke lima anaknya berkelamin jantan. Durasi pengamatan selama enam jam per hari dengan 36 interval selama dua bulan (Januari—Februari 2024) di kandang peraga indoor berangberang cakar kecil, Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu teramatinya seluruh perilaku harian termasuk perilaku seksual dan perilaku stereotip yang terkadang muncul, seperti mengemis, mondar-mandir, melempar kepala ke belakang, dan gerakan memutar. Kategori perilaku harian dengan frekuensi tertinggi adalah perilaku individu (75,70%) dengan perilaku yang mendominasi istirahat atau resting (38,37%). Diikuti perilaku sosial (14,59%), dan perilaku stereotip (9,71%). Perilaku harian yang teramati dan hasil penilaian kesejahteraan satwa berdasarkan lima prinsip kesejahteraan satwa (five freedoms), menunjukkan bahwa Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta sangat baik sebagai salah satu konservasi ex-situ dalam capaian implementasi five freedoms pada pelaksanaan kesejahteraan satwa dengan total skor 81,5.

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The global population of small-clawed otters has declined by more than 30% over the past three decades and projected to continue decreasing. In 2021, the IUCN stated that the conservation status of this species has been classified as vulnerable since 2008. Conservation measures, such as ex-situ conservation at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, are necessary. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior of Aonyx cinereus, determine the presence of stereotypic behaviors, and assess their welfare based on the five principles of animal welfare. The methods used include scan sampling and ad libitum sampling. Observations were conducted on a colony consisting of seven small-clawed otters: an adult pair (one male and one female) and their five male offspring. Observations were carried out for six hours per day, with 36 intervals over two months (January–February 2024) in the small-clawed otter indoor exhibit enclosure at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. The results indicated that all daily behaviors were observed, including occasional stereotypic behaviors such as begging, pacing, twisting head back and forth, and circling. The category of daily behavior with the highest frequency was individual behavior (75.70%), with resting being the predominant behavior (38.37%), followed by social behavior (14.59%), and stereotypic behavior (9.71%). The observed daily behaviors and animal welfare assessment based on the five principles of animal welfare indicate that Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, as an ex-situ conservation site, has excellently implemented the five freedoms of animal welfare with total score of 81.5."