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"Tesis ini bertujuan menganalisis mengenai pertanyaan penelitian, mengapa Benelux melakukan kerjasama keamanan untuk memperkuat Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Uni Eropa'Bagaimana Benelux mendukung kebijakan Uni Eropa dalam merespons perang Rusia-Ukraina (2014-2022), serta pendekatan apa yang dilakukan Benelux untuk itu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan deskriptif analitik dengan menganalisis data-data yang bersumber dari data sekunder. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat level analisis teori Regional Security Complex oleh Barry Buzan dan menggunakan konsep keamanan kooperatif di tiap tingkat analisis tersebut. Temuan penelitian ini, Benelux dalam mendukung CFSP Uni Eropa dalam merespons perang Rusia-Ukraina belum kolektif secara institusional. Faktor kepentingan domestik Benelux tetap menjadi pertimbangan masing-masing negara. Selain itu ketergantungan Benelux terhadap Uni Eropa sebagai suatu kekuatan, sangat penting dalam menjaga stabilitas keamanan Benelux.

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This thesis aims to analyze the research question, why is the Benelux conducting security cooperation to strengthen the EU CFSP? How the Benelux supported the EU's policy in response to the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014-2022), as well as what approach the Benelux took to it. This research uses a qualitative method with descriptive analytics by analyzing data sourced from secondary data. This study used four levels of analysis of the theory of the Regional Security Complex by Barry Buzan and used the concept of cooperative security at each level of analysis. The findings of this study, the Benelux in supporting the EU CFSP in responding to the Russian-Ukrainian war have not been institutionally collective. The factor of domestic interests of the Benelux remains the consideration of each country. In addition, the Benelux's dependence on the European Union as a power, is very important in maintaining the security stability of the Benelux."

"Tesis ini menjelaskan mengapa kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara dapat bersifat ambivalen. Analisis yang dibangun dalam tesis ini menggunakan kerangka pemikiran realisme neoklasik untuk menjelaskan kebijakan luar negeri Tiongkok yang ambivalen terhadap Indonesia pada kasus Laut Natuna Utara ditengah eratnya hubungan kedua negara. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Tiongkok tengah mengalami pergeseran. Sejak menjadi Presiden Tiongkok pada tahun 2013, Xi Jinping menyerukan semangat untuk “berjuang meraih prestasi” sehingga menghasilkan kebijakan luar negeri yang lebih asertif. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh adanya tekanan sistemik yang dihadapi Tiongkok dan orientasi strategis Xi Jinping. Tekanan sistemik yang dihadapi Tiongkok adalah adanya upaya dari negara-negara pesaing Tiongkok, baik di level regional maupun global, untuk menghambat kebangkitan Tiongkok sebagai kekuatan global. Sementara itu, sejak dipimpin Xi Jinping orientasi strategis Tiongkok bersifat eksternal dengan tujuan untuk mewujudkan ambisi menjadi negara yang kuat, sehingga dapat memperluas pengaruh politik dan ekonominya.

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This thesis aims to explain why a country can produce an ambivalent foreign policy. This study utilizes the framework of neoclassical realism to explain China's ambivalent foreign policy towards Indonesia in the North Natuna Sea case amid the close relations between the two countries. The results of this study indicate that China's foreign policy is undergoing a shift. Since becoming President of China in 2013, Xi Jinping has called for a “striving for achievements” narative which resulted in a more assertive foreign policy. This is influenced by the existence of systemic pressures faced by China and Xi Jinping's strategic orientation. The systemic pressure faced by China is the strategy of China's adversaries, both at the regional and global levels, to contain China's rise as a global power. Meanwhile, since being led by Xi Jinping, China's strategic orientation has been external with the aim of realizing the ambition to become a strong country, so that it can expand its political and economic influence.

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Balkan conflict caused by the dissolution of Sosialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1990 which brought about various conflicts both inter-states or interenal conflicts among states of fomrer Yugoslavia. As a region which is contiguous directly to European Union (EU), the existing conflicts in Balkan could influence political stability and security that is developed by EU as "an area of jreedom, security and justice". The solution effort of Balkan conflicts carried out by EU as one of its ideas materialization to unifly Europe in one solid and strong institution European Union.

EU?s policy in solving the conflicts in Balkan region mentioned in Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), namely (i) strengthening "security building" as an effort to prevent conflict and enforcing regional stability by facilitating peaceful and constitutional agreements both through diplomacy or sending peace-keeping forces; and (ii) strengthening ?ins!itution building" or development economic aids with a view to creating an efficient policy-making in line with EU?s standards, with laying agenda of pre-access Balkan region into EU.

It is undeniable that the susceptibility of Balkan region mainly caused by its brittleness of political situation owing to the fall of communism which ended the cold war in 1990 and hardening the existed ethnic conflicts in the region. Dark history of inter-ethnic conflicts brought about by the existing copious ethnicities nationalism led to tragedy of ?ethnic cleansing" in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovia by Yugoslav ruler. lt was depicting how strong the situation and condition with nuance of "ethnopolirics " in Balkan region.

At the outset, EU regarded that the Balkan conflicts as domestic regional problem which may solved by its own region. However, for the sake of regional stability and security, EU was urged to take part more actively in the solution of Balkan conflict. Through CFSP, EU was demanded to be able to settle Balkan conflicts comprehensively through ?secw-ity and development? (soft politics) and ?de_nends? (hard politics) policies. Notwithstanding, the solution of various conflicts faced by Balkan states still leit problems which any time can come up and become new conflicts that EU will cope with the future."

"Europe's attempts to be able to be more independent on security and defense areas have been started since it tried to create EDC 1950's as the first security cooperation. Though EDC was never formally conceived, Europe has continued its efforts to develop cooperations in security and defense areas. Fouchet Plan, EPC, SEA and CFSP are several examples of its efforts attempted to be independent in these areas. CFSP is one of Europe's greatest innovations in strengtening these efforts. Specific articles in Treaty of Maastricht and Treaty of Amsterdam state that CFSP is the guidelines of mapping Europe's common security policy that will lead to common defense. What is stated by the articles is ambiguous as Europe up to now is still dependent on NATO/the US and will continously do so, in contrary Europe has EU/WEU which has been determined as an organization that will implement EU's defense policies.

This thesis tries to find out which security organization Europe will later use as its main security instrument and whether Europe actually aims at common defense or merely at common defense policy. This thesis concludes that EU will combine the usage of EU/WEU and NATO. NATO will remain to be Europe's military defense organization and EU/WEU will develop to be the organization that will ensure the security of Europe. This is a fact of the attainment of common defense policy in regard that the formation of European Army, as a form of common defense, is not viable. The establishment of a common defense requires radical adaptations and changes, for instance, EU has to construct the Europe's Ministry of Defense, European Minister of Defense and European Army. CFSP/ESDP will continue to develop and to determine resolutions on Europe's security cooperations. As long as the three EU core states (England, Germany and France) maintains diverse perpectives on common security and defense concepts, Europe will remain dependent on those two organizations (EU/WEU and NATO)."

"This article attempts to identify and asses the weaknesses of the CFSP that have been inherently implicated in substantive and institutional limitations. Critical analysis on this particular issue becomes increasingly important, since the discourse on the CFSP in Indonesia is not well developed in the way that the very nature of the CFSP and its complexities are not properly understood. Having said that this article is particularly aimed at contributing to the development of the discourse on the CFSP in Indonesia. In analyzing this issue,it confines itself to the theoretical views assumed by realists because they would appropriately divulge and address the weaknesses of the CFSP. It also argues that the EU member states, despite their apparent enthusiasm for developing a truly CFSP, are reluctant to fully give up their national sovereignty over foreign and security policy. Since the CFSP can be only seen as reflection of the interests or EU Member States,it is very difficult to put any limits on the foreign policy initiatives of the member states, to shape their interests or bring them to stick to the common framework .In conclusion,this article suggests that all of these weaknesses are the underlying causes of the incapability of the EU to match today's global challenge."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengapa Turki menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri untuk menyepakati kerjasama dengan Uni Eropa menerima imigran ireguler yang ditolak oleh Uni Eropa dan membendung arus imigran ireguler ke Eropa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis studi kasus. Jumlah imigran ireguler ke Eropa dan Turki semakin meningkat seiring dengan berlangsungnya Arab Spring terutama sejak pecahnya perang sipil di Suriah. Peningkatan jumlah imigran ireguler ke Eropa dapat memunculkan beberapa masalah stabilitas sehingga mendorong Uni Eropa untuk meminta bantuan Turki dalam membendung aliran imigran ireguler melalui kerjasama. Turki yang kekuatannya tidak sebesar Uni Eropa dan sebagai penampung pengungsi terbanyak menyepakati kerjasama tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Turki menyepakati kerjasama berdasarkan pertimbangan pengambilan kebijakan luar negerinya yang dipengaruhi oleh situasi pembuatan keputusan, faktor psikologi, faktor internasional dan faktor dalam negeri. Lebih khusus,Turki menggunakan kerjasama ini untuk memperoleh keuntungan antara lain bantuan dana, penguatan kerjasama ekonomi melalui Customs Union, tindakan kemanusiaan bagi pengungsi Suriah dan yang terpenting adalah aksesi masuk dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa serta pembebasan visa bagi warga Turki yang berkunjung ke wilayah Schengen.

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ABSTRACTThis study discusses why Turkey implemented their foreign policy for dealing with EU to accommodate rejected irregular migrants from Europe and combat irregular migrants flow to Europe. This study is using qualitative method with case study approach. The number of irregular migrants are increasing during Arab Spring especially since Syrian civil war began. This condition may bring problems for European stability. Therefore the EU includes Turkey in a deal to manage irregular migrant issue. Turkey which has their own migrant issues as host of country with the largest refugee population in the world, ends up making agreement on this deal. The result of the study shows that Turkey made agreement with EU on their basis of their foreign policy considerations which are affected by decission environment, psychological factors, international factors, and domestic factors. Turkey using this issue to get some interests such as humanitarian assistances, strengthen economy coorporation through Customs Union, humanitarian action for syrian refugees and most importantly to get accession to EU and visa liberation for Turkey citizen to visit Schengen area."

"Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis capaian Kebijakan Satu Peta (KSP) Nasional dalam jangka waktu implementasi pada tahun 2016 sampai 2020 serta melihat dampaknya terhadap penguatan keamanan nasional Indonesia. Pemerintah merumuskan KSP atau One Map Policy dikarenakan pemetaan dan pendataan informasi geospasial (IGT) yang sudah ada masih terjadi tumpang tindih dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dalam perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan khususnya dalam rangka memperkuat keamanan nasional Indonesia. KSP yang diimplementasikan secara elektronik pada tahun 2016 menjadi momentum bagi penguatan keamanan nasional Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang dipadukan dengan penelitian kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam dengan para pemangku kepentingan yang melaksanakan KSP. Ruang lingkup penyelidikan dibatasi pada peta tematik wilayah pertahanan militer yang dibuat dengan perbandingan skala 1:1.000.000 untuk menganalisis aspek militer dan peta tematik Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) 2015 sampai 2019 dengan perbandingan skala 1: 250.000 untuk menganalisis aspek ekonomi pada penguatan keamanan nasional. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pemetaan dan pengumpulan data informasi geospasial telah dilakukan sebelum dan setelah kemerdekaan Indonesia untuk keperluan transportasi, eksplorasi sumber daya alam, kepentingan ekonomi dan militer. Keberhasilan implementasi KSP ialah telah berhasil menyatukan 85 peta tematik dari berbagai kementerian/lembaga menjadi satu standar, satu database, satu referensi ke dalam satu geoportal nasional. Pada peta tematik wilayah pertahanan telah terimplementasi dan memperjelas batas darat dan laut nasional. Untuk hasil peta tematik RPJMN 2015 sampai 2019 telah terimplementasi dan memberikan informasi proyek pembangunan yang dilakukan pemerintah ke dalam satu peta elektronik geoportal nasional. KSP diperbaharui dengan Perpres No. 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Perubahan Perpres No. 9 Tahun 2016 tentang Percepatan Pelaksanaan KSP pada tingkat ketelitian skala 1:50.000.

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This study aims to analyze the implementation of the National One Map Policy (KSP) during 2016-2020 and its impact on strengthening Indonesia's national security. The government formulated the KSP or One Map Policy, because the existing mapping and data collection of geospatial information (IGT) was overlapped and has not been optimum yet on its policy’s formulation and implementation, especially in the context of strengthening Indonesia's national security. KSP which was implemented electronically in 2016 became one of the momentums for strengthening Indonesia's national security. This study used qualitative methods combined with library research and in-depth interviews with stakeholders who formulated and implemented KSP. The scope of the investigation was limited to the thematic map of the military defense area made with a ratio of 1: 1,000,000 to analyze the strengthening of military aspects and the thematic map of the 2015 to 2019 National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) with a scale of 1: 250,000 to analyze economic aspects in strengthening national security. The results of this study found that mapping and data collection of geospatial information had been carried out before and after Indonesia's independence for transportation, natural resource exploration, economic and military purposes. The implementation of KSP achieved the goal by integrating 85 thematic maps from various ministries/agencies with same standard, database, and reference into one national geoportal. On the defense area’s thematic map, it implemented and helped to clarify the national land and sea boundaries and for the thematic map of the 2015 - 2019 RPJMN, it implemented and provided information on development projects carried out by the government into one National Geoportal electronic map. The amendment of KSP was amended with Presidential Regulation Number 23 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation Number 9 of 2016 focusing on the acceleration of KSP implementation at a scale of accuracy of 1:50,000."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang pegaruh peran Charles de Gaulle dalam proses pembentukan kebijakan Politique Agricole Commune menurut tinjauan sejarah hubungan internasional. Teori yang digunakan untuk meneliti tesis ini adalah teori sejarah hubungan internasional yang dikemukakan oleh Jean-Baptiste Duroselle dan Pierre Renouvin. Dua (2) variabel sejarah hubungan internasional, kekuatan fundamental (les forces profondes) dan negarawan (l'homme d'État) digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh hubungan para aktor dalam proses pembentukan kebijakan Politique Agricole Commune. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis sequential explatory mixed-methods. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Charles de Gaulle berperan sangat kuat dalam proses pembentukan kebijakan Politique Agricole Commune. Charles de Gaulle memengaruhi seluruh variabel pembentuk sejarah hubungan internasional (histoire des relations internationales). Selain itu, hasil penelitian turut menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan kebijakan Politique Agricole Commune pun dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran indikator-indikator penyusun variabel sejarah hubungan internasional.

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This thesis discusses about the influences of Charles de Gaulle during the formation of the European regional's agricultural policy, Common Agricultural Policy. The research uses the theory of the history of international relations presented by Jean- Baptiste Duroselle and Pierre Renouvin. Two (2) main variables, fundamental forces (les forces profondes) and the statesman (l'homme d'État) used to analyze the influences of the actors who contribute in the formation of the Common Agricultural Policy. This research uses explatory sequential mixed methods design. The result of this research found that Charles de Gaulle has a strong significance during the process of the formation of Common Agricultural Policy as an European regional's agricultural policy. The presence of Charles de Gaulle influences the existence of two (2) main variables of the history of international relations. Moreover, the result of this research shows that each indicators, which is composing the theory of international relation, affects the process of the formation of European regional's agricultural policy, Common Agricultural Policy."

"[ABSTRAKUni Eropa menggalakkan slogan "Eropa, Tujuan Wisata No 1 di Dunia" sejak 2010,diawali dengan pembaharuan kebijakan pariwisata Uni Eropa yang berlandaskanhukum Traktat Lisabon 2009. Namun, program pariwisata berkelanjutan dilakukanmulai 2006. Pariwisata, yang merupakan kegiatan lintas sektor, menjadi komoditasindustri Uni Eropa. Mereka memiliki kompetensi untuk mendukung pelaksanaankegiatan pariwisata di Negara Anggota. Belgia, Belanda, dan Luksemburg adalahNegara Anggota Uni Eropa yang unik, mereka tergabung pula dalam organisasiregional Uni Benelux. Sektor pariwisata di tiga negara Benelux menarik perhatian.Sejak 2006 Belanda selalu unggul dalam jumlah kedatangan wisatawaninternasional, disusul Belgia kemudian Luksemburg. Pelaksanaan dan kebijakanpariwisata di setiap negara berperan penting dalam memajukan pariwisata mereka.

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ABSTRACTEuropean Union promotes the slogan "Europe, the world's No. 1 tourist destination"since 2010, initiated from the renewal of the European Union tourism policy basedon the Lisbon Treaty, 2009. However, sustainable tourism program has beenconducted by the European Union since 2006. Tourism as a cross-sector activityhas become the European Union's industrial commodity. European Union has acompetence to support the implementation of tourism activities in Member States.Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg are unique Member States, they arealso incorporated in the Benelux Union, a regional organization. Tourism sector ofthe three countries gains attention. Since 2006 The Netherlands has been always onfirst place regarding to the number of international tourist arrivals, followed byBelgium and Luxembourg. The implementation of tourism policy of each countryand the policy itself plays an important role in creating the advancement of tourism, European Union promotes the slogan "Europe, the world's No. 1 tourist destination"since 2010, initiated from the renewal of the European Union tourism policy basedon the Lisbon Treaty, 2009. However, sustainable tourism program has beenconducted by the European Union since 2006. Tourism as a cross-sector activityhas become the European Union's industrial commodity. European Union has acompetence to support the implementation of tourism activities in Member States.Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg are unique Member States, they arealso incorporated in the Benelux Union, a regional organization. Tourism sector ofthe three countries gains attention. Since 2006 The Netherlands has been always onfirst place regarding to the number of international tourist arrivals, followed byBelgium and Luxembourg. The implementation of tourism policy of each countryand the policy itself plays an important role in creating the advancement of tourism]"