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"The case law of the World Trade Organization is extensive, now running into some three hundred decided cases and thousands of pages. The interpretative process involved in this jurisprudence constitutes a form of legislative activity, and is therefore of great significance not only to the parties to disputes, but to the membership of the WTO. Qureshi identifies some of the underlying problems of interpreting WTO agreements, and examines the conditions for the interpretation of these agreements. Since the first edition of this book, the case law has grown, and the interpretation evolved further. This second edition addresses these developments and engages in the contemporary discourse on the subject. Also included is a new section on issues of interpretation relating to preferential trade agreements and the WTO. This book is an essential tool for WTO trade specialists, as well as government and judicial officers concerned with interpreting these agreements."

"Indonesia memulai praktik Anti-Dumpingnya relatif terlambat, tetapi telah berhasil menebusnya karena sejak investigasi Anti-Dumping pertamanya pada tahun 1996, Indonesia telah menjadi salah satu pengguna tindakan Anti-Dumping yang paling sering. Namun, sistem Anti-Dumping negara ini memerlukan reformasi yang signifikan agar lebih efektif dalam mencegah dan melindungi industri domestik dari barang dumping. Industri negara ini tetap rentan terhadap impor murah meskipun ada penegakan hukum. Pada tahun 2018, Indonesia kehilangan lebih dari $228 juta dalam industri aluminium dan baja berlapis seng, polipropilena berorientasi ganda, polietilena tereftalat berorientasi ganda, dan baja tahan karat canai dingin saja. Peraturan Anti-Dumping juga perlu direformasi agar kompatibel dan konsisten dengan Persetujuan Anti-Dumping WTO dan untuk memfasilitasi interpretasi hukum dan prosedur investigasi Anti-Dumping. Dalam Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 34 Tahun 2011, Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan nomor 76/M-DAG/PER/12/2012 dan Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No 53/M-DAG/PER/9/2013, beberapa ketentuan tidak sejalan dengan WTO; yang lain akan menjadi lebih jelas dengan penjelassan yang lebih luas dan detail dan akhirnya, ada masalah yang tidak ditangani oleh Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 34 Tahun 2011 sama sekali. Belum lagi, penerapan langkah-langkah Anti-Dumping hanya bisa efektif jika disertai dengan langkah-langkah anti-circumvention untuk memastikan kepatuhan.

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Indonesia started its Anti-Dumping practice relatively late, but has managed to make up for it since its first Anti-Dumping investigation in 1996. It has been one of the most frequent users of Anti-Dumping measures. However, the country's Anti-Dumping system requires significant reform to be more effective in preventing and protecting domestic industries from dumped goods. The country's industry remains vulnerable to cheap imports despite enforcement. In 2018, Indonesia lost more than $228 million in the aluminium and zinc-coated steel, double-oriented polypropylene, double-oriented polyethylene terephthalate, and cold-rolled stainless-steel industries alone. Besides that, the Anti-Dumping regulations (Government Regulation No. 34/2011, Minister of Trade Regulation No. 76/M-DAG/PER/12/2012 and Minister of Trade Regulation No. 53/M-DAG/PER/9/2013) needs to be reformed to be consistent with the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement in order to facilitate legal interpretation and Anti-Dumping investigation procedures. Some provisions of existing legislation are not WTO-compliant; others will become clearer with more extensive and detailed explanations and finally, there are issues that are not addressed at all. Not to mention that the application of Anti-Dumping measures can only be effective if accompanied by anti-circumvention measures to ensure compliance."

"Berbagai mekanisme perlindungan global safeguards dalam WTO Agreement dan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) seperti pada Bilateral Trade Agreements (BTA) dan Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) didasarkan pada alasan-alasan yang berbeda, fungsi yang berbeda, juga memiliki mekanisme safeguards yang berbeda. Fungsi utama global safeguards sebagai instrumen sementara untuk melindungi industri dalam negeri dari kerugian serius dan atau ancaman kerugian serius disebabkan adanya lonjakan impor, sebagai akibat disepakatinya tingkat tarif liberalisasi perdagangan diantara Negara-negara Anggota WTO. Sehingga Negara-negara anggota WTO dapat menikmati fleksibilitas kebijakan tingkat tarif tertentu atas liberalisasi perdagangan. Pembebasan penerapan global safeguards antar pihak FTA tidak konsisten dengan WTO Agreement khususnya tidak sejalan dengan prinsip non-diskriminasi (Most-Favoured-Nation). Namun, pada prakteknya dibenarkan asalkan kondisi paralelisme terpenuhi. Pihak FTA juga dapat mengambil perlindungan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards terhadap pihak lain asalkan tingkat pembatasan tarif tidak membahayakan persyaratan yang terkait dengan menghilangkan hambatan sehubungan dengan substansial semua perdagangan. Mekanisme Bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards di bawah FTA dirancang menyesuaikan laju liberalisasi lebih lanjut setelah pihak FTA melaksanakan rencana penghapusan tarif sebagaimana kesepakatan dalam BTA dan RTA. Karena fungsi mendasar ini, persyaratan substansial semua perdagangan berdasarkan ketentuan FTA dalam Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 merupakan satu-satunya ketentuan yang relevan terkait ketentuan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards. Diterapkan di FTA selama periode penghapusan tarif dan dalam batas tingkat tarif MFN, yang konsisten dengan aturan WTO. Pemberlakuan ketentuan global safeguards, bilateral safeguards, dan regional safeguards memiliki mekanisme persyaratan substantif dan prosedural dalam penerapannya. Mengingat kemungkinan banyak bentuk penerapan safeguards yang tumpang tindih, negosiator FTA dapat mengambil solusi legislatif yang efektif yang memasukkan ketentuan FTA yang secara eksplisit melarang bentuk-bentuk tertentu jika terjadi penerapan tumpang tindih yang tidak diinginkan. Tesis ini mengungkapkan bagaimana penerapan global safeguards dibandingkan dengan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards tersebut, juga akan memberikan preskripsi tentang hal-hal yang harus dilakukan dalam menerapkan ketentuan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards antar negara-negara anggota BTA dan RTA yang juga merupakan Negara-negara anggota WTO yang menerapkan ketentuan global safeguards.

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Various mechanisms of global safeguards in the WTO Agreements and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) such as the Bilateral Trade Agreements (BTA) and Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) is based on different reasons, different functions, also has a different mechanism of safeguards. The main function of global safeguards as a temporary instrument to protect domestic industry from serious injury or threat of serious injury caused by a surge in imports, as a result of the agreement on the level of tariff liberalization of trade between Member States of the WTO. So WTO member countries enjoy a certain level of policy flexibility tariff on trade liberalization. The mutual exemption of the global safeguards application among FTA parties is not inconsistent with the WTO Agreement in particular are not in line with the principle of non-discrimination (Most-Favored-Nation), provided that the parallelism condition is met. An FTA party may also take safeguards against another party as long as the restriction level from those safeguards does not harm the requirement associated with eliminating barriers with respect to substantially all trade. Bilateral and regional safeguards under the FTA are designed to be mechanism for adjusting the pace of further liberalization once FTA parties implement the tariff elimination plan as an agreement in BTA and RTA. Because of this fundamental function, the substantially all trade requirement under FTA provisions in the Article XXIV of GATT 1994 represent was the only relevant provisions of the relevant provisions under which bilateral and regional safeguards measures are disciplined. Any bilateral safeguards, which are applied to sector subject to FTA tariff elimination during the tariff elimination period and within the limits of the MFN tariff rate, which is consistent with WTO Agreement. Enforcement of global safeguards provisions, bilateral safeguards, and regional safeguards have substantive and procedural requirements mechanism in its application. Given the many possibilities for the application of safeguards, which forms overlap, FTA negotiators can take effective legislative solutions that incorporate the provisions of the FTA, which explicitly prohibits certain forms in case of adoption of unwanted overlap.

This thesis reveals how the global application of safeguards in comparison with bilateral and regional safeguards such safeguards, will also provide prescriptions about things to do in implementing the provisions of bilateral and regional safeguards between countries BTA and RTA member who is also the Member States WTO provisions which apply global safeguards."

"This book puts forward a fresh perspective. It analyzes imperatives in terms of modalized propositions, and identifies an additional, presuppositional, meaning component that makes an assertive interpretation inappropriate. The author shows how these two elements can help explain the varied effects imperatives have, depending on their usage context.Imperatives have been viewed as elusive components of language because they have a range of functions that makes them difficult to unify theoretically. This fresh view of the semantics-pragmatics interface allows for a uniform semantic analysis while accounting for the pragmatic versatility of imperatives. "