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"Pendahuluan Timbal merupakan salah satu bahan penting yang banyak digunakan di industri. Industri baterai timbal-asam menggunakan timbal dalam jumlah besar yang meningkatkan pajanan timbal ditempat kerja dan diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi tekanan darah selama bertahun-tahun. Tujuan dari laporan ini adalah untuk menyajikan bukti tentang pengaruh pajanan timbal ditempat kerja terhadap kejadian hipertensi pada pekerja. Metode Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui basis data elektronik dari PubMed, Scopus dan Cochrane. Kriteria inklusi yang diterapkan yaitu tinjauan sistematis, meta analisis, studi kohort, studi kasus kontrol, studi potong lintang, pekerja dengan pajanan timbal ditempat kerja dan dampak hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi. Artikel terpilih kemudian dinilai secara kritis menggunakan kriteria yang relevan dari Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Hasil Tiga studi potong lintang yang relevan disertakan. Studi oleh Thongsringklee M. dkk, Singamsetty dkk serta Sudjaroen dkk menunjukkan bahwa pekerja dengan paparan timbal secara langsung memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk terjadi hipertensi dibandingkan dengan pekerja dengan paparan tidak langsung (OR adj 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.89; OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.96-2.17; dan OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.97-1.73, secara berurutan) dan bermakna secara statistik, meskipun studi oleh Sudjaroen dkk tidak. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasi Bukti saat ini tidak memberikan bukti yang kuat untuk mengkonfirmasi bahwa paparan timbal dapat menyebabkan hipertensi pada pekerja. Disarankan bagi pekerja yang terpapar timbal secara langsung untuk lebih waspada karena dua dari tiga studi melaporkan kemungkinan timbal meningkatkan risiko hipertensi. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan desain penelitian yang lebih baik untuk memberikan bukti yang kuat bahwa paparan timbal dapat meningkatkan risiko hipertensi pada pekerja.

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Background Lead is still one of the essential materials in many industries. The lead-acid battery industry consumes the largest amount of lead which make lead exposure increases at the workplace and has been suspected to influenced blood pressure for many years. The aim of this evidence-based case report is to present the evidence about the effect of occupational lead exposure on the incidence of hypertension in worker. Method The literature searching was conducted through PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library. The inclusion criteria were Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Cohort Study, Case- control Study, Cross-sectional Study, worker with occupational lead exposure, and hypertension or high blood pressure outcome. The selected articles were then critically appraised using relevant criteria by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Result Three relevant cross-sectional studies were included. Studies by Thongsringklee M. et al, Singamsetty et al. and Sudjaroen et al. showed that workers with direct-lead exposure have more risk for hypertension than workers with indirect-lead exposure (OR adj 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.89; OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.96-2.17; and OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.97-1.73, respectively) and significant statistically, although the last study wasn’t. Conclusion and recommendation The current evidences do not show strong evidence to ensure that lead exposure can cause hypertension in worker. It is recommended to be more alert for workers with direct-lead exposure because two out of three studies reported the possibility that lead increase the risk of hypertension in worker. Further research with better study design is needed to provide strong evidence that lead exposure can increase the risk of hypertension in worker."

"Latar belakang: Asma merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Diperkirakan 300 juta orang di seluruh dunia menderita asma, dengan 250.000 kematian setiap tahun akibat asma. Prevalensi asma terus meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Asma menyerang 1 dari 14 orang di Amerika pada tahun 2001 sedangkan pada tahun 2009 alasannya adalah 1 pasien dari 12 orang. Tujuan dari laporan ini adalah untuk membuat pencarian secara sistematis untuk mendapatkan jawaban tentang faktor risiko Asma bronkial dan tindakan pencegahannya. Metode: Seorang wanita berusia 40 tahun yang berprofesi sebagai teknisi gigi mengeluh mengalami gejala sesak napas, mengi, batuk dan rinore. Pencarian dilakukan untuk mendapatkan jawaban klinis dengan database yang diperoleh dari: PubMed, dan ProQuest. Dengan kata kunci “Pekerja”, “Metil Metakrilat atau Akrilik” dan “Asma Kerja” dengan kriteria inklusi studi kohort, studi kasus kontrol, studi cross sectional, metil metakrilat, asma akibat kerja, okupasi, dan laporan kasus. Hasil: Satu studi menemukan bahwa ada hubungan antara asma dan paparan metakrilat. Risiko asma yang didiagnosis dokter dalam 12 bulan (OR 27,6, 95% CI 1,19 - 7-54) dan asma onset dewasa (2,65, 1,14-7,24) jika dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak terpapar metil metakrilat. Kesimpulan: Dari kedua penelitian yang kami analisis terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara paparan metil metakrilat atau akrilik dengan kejadian asma.

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Background: Asthma is one of the major health problems in the world. An estimated 300 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, with 250.000 deaths each year from asthma. The prevalence of asthma has continued to increase in recent years, Asthma affects 1 in 14 people in America in 2001 while in 2009 the rationale was 1 patient in 12 people The aim of this report is to get a systematically searching in order to get an answer about the risk factor of the Asthma bronchiale and the prevention measure. Methods: A 40-year-old woman who works as a dental technician complains of experiencing symptoms of shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and cold. A search was carried out to obtain clinical answers with databases obtained from: PubMed, and ProQuest. With the keyword “Worker”, “Methyl Methacrylate OR Acrylic” AND “Occupational Asthma” with inclusion criteria cohort studies, case control studies, cross sectional studies, methyl methacrylate, occupational asthma, occupational, and case report. Results: One study was found that there was a relationship between asthma and exposure to methacrylate. Risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma within 12 months (OR 27.6, 95% CI 1.19 - 7-54) and adult-onset asthma (2.65, 1.14-7.24) when compared with those not exposed to methyl methacrylate. Conclusion: From the two studies that we have been reviewed there was a significant relationship between exposure of methyl methacrylate or acrylic to the incidence of asthma."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis risiko pajanan timbal dalam air minum terhadap kejadian hipertensi pada penduduk yang bermukim di sekitar TPA Cipayung Kota Depok, Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode PHA (Public Health Assessment) yaitu terdapat dua metode penelitian: ARKL (Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan) dan EKL (Epidemiologi Kesehatan Lingkungan) dengan desain studi cross sectional. Hasil penelitian didapatkan tingkat risiko terhadap efek non karsinogenik pada pajanan timbal dalam air sumur yang dikonsumsi oleh penduduk di sekitar TPA Cipayung masih berada dibawah batas aman yaitu RQ real-time ≤1 (RQ real-time maksimal pada 0.669). Sedangkan pada perhitungan RQ lifespan 40 tahun didapatkan nilai RQ>1 yaitu RQ=1.071. Artinya responden yang mengkonsumsi air sumur terpajan timbal akan berisiko tidak aman terhadap gangguan kesehatan non karsinogenik pada 40 tahun yang akan datang. Perhitungan tingkat risiko terhadap efek karsinogenik pada pajanan timbal dalam air sumur yang dikonsumsi oleh penduduk di sekitar TPA Cipayung, pada jangka waktu 100 tahun yang akan datang berada pada batas aman (ECR 100 tahun = 1.37x10-6). Analisis bivariat yang dilakukan antara tingkat risiko pajanan timbal dalam air sumur dengan kejadian hipertensi tidak didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan nilai p=0.322. Hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan peluang pada responden yang mengkonsumsi air sumur terpajan timbal sebesar 0.193 kali menderita hipertensi dibandingkan dengan responden yang tidak mengkonsumsi air sumur terpajan timbal setelah dikontrol oleh variabel konsumsi lemak jenuh, umur, kebiasaan merokok, aktivitas fisik kurang dan konsumsi garam tinggi.

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This study aims to analyze the risk of lead exposure in drinking water to the incidence of hypertension in residents living around the TPA Cipayung in Depok City, 2019. This study uses the PHA (Public Health Assessment) method, there are two research methods: ARKL (Health Risk Analysis Environment) and EKL (Epidemiology of Environmental Health) with a cross sectional study design. The results showed that the level of risk for non-carcinogenic effects on lead exposure in well water consumed by residents around the TPA Cipayung was still below the safe limit of real-time RQ ≤1 (maximum real-time RQ at 0.669). The calculation of 40 years lifespan RQ is >1 (RQ = 1.071). This means that respondents who consume lead-exposed well water will be at risk of being unsafe for non-carcinogenic health problems in the next 40 years. Calculation of risk level for carcinogenic effects on lead exposure in well water consumed by residents living around the TPA Cipayung, in the period of 100 years to come is at the safe limit (ECR 100 years = 1.37x10-6). Bivariate analysis conducted between the level of risk of lead exposure in well water and the incidence of hypertension did not show a significant relationship with the value of p = 0.322. The results of multivariate analysis showed that respondents who consumed lead water exposed to 0.193 times had hypertension compared to respondents who did not consume lead-exposed well water after being controlled by variables of saturated fat consumption, age, smoking habits, lack of physical activity and high salt consumption"

"Pendahuluan. Kadmium memiliki peranan penting karena banyak digunakan di berbagai macam industri. Kadmium dapat masuk dan terakumulasi dalam tubuh termasuk di prostat. Kadmium sangat toksik dan bisa menyebabkan kanker. Tujuan dari laporan kasus berbasis bukti ini adalah untuk mendapatkan jawaban yang tepat terkait hubungan antara pajanan kadmium di tempat kerja dan kanker prostat pada pekerja. Metode. Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui database PubMed, Scopus dan Cochrane Library. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah cadmium, cancer, prostate, work* dan occupation*. Pemilihan artikel menggunakan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Kemudian dilakukan penilaian kritis menggunakan kriteria yang relevan untuk studi etiologi atau systematic review berdasarkan Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Hasil. Terpilih dua artikel yang relevan dan valid dengan desain studi systematic review dan meta-analisis. Penelitian dari Ju-Kun, dkk menunjukkan rasio kematian terstandarisasi (standardized mortality ratio) antara pajanan Cd dan risiko terjadinya kanker prostat adalah 1.66 (95% CI 1.10–2.50) pada populasi pekerja yang terpajan Cd. Berdasarkan penelitian Chen, dkk menunjukkan bahwa pekerja dengan pajanan kadmium memiliki risiko terjadinya kanker prostat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan populasi umum, namun secara statistik tidak signifikan yakni dengan nilai OR pada studi case-control 1.17 (95%CI [0.85-1.62]), dan standardized mortality ratio (*100) pada studi kohort adalah 98 (95%CI [75-126]). Kesimpulan. Hasil studi yang ada tidak menunjukkan bukti yang cukup untuk memastikan bahwa pajanan kadmium bisa menyebabkan kanker prostat pada pekerja.

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Introduction. Cadmium has an important role because widely used in various industries. Cadmium penetrates and can be accumulated in human body including prostate. Cadmium is highly toxic and can cause human carcinogens. The aim of this evidence-based case report is to get an appropriate answer about the association between occupational cadmium exposure and prostate cancer in worker. Method. The literature searching was conducted through PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library. The keywords used were cadmium, cancer, prostate, work* and occupation*. The selection of articles was performed using the defined inclusion and exclusion criterias. Then, they were critically appraised using relevant criteria by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine for etiological study or systematic review. Result. Two relevant and valid articles with systematic review and meta-analysis study design were included. Studies by Ju-Kun, et al. showed that the combined standardized mortality ratio of the association between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer was 1.66 (95% CI 1.10–2.50) in populations exposed to occupational Cd. While a study by Chen, et al. showed that workers with cadmium exposure have more risk for prostate cancer than general population but was not significant statistically with the weighted OR in case-control studies was 1.17 (95%CI [0.85-1.62]), and the weighted standardized mortality ratio (*100) in cohort studies was 98 (95%CI [75-126]). Conclusion. The current evidences do not show sufficient evidence to ensure that cadmium exposure can cause prostate cancer in worker."

"Pendahuluan. WHO menyatakan bahwa kanker adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian di seluruh dunia. Radiasi dapat menyebabkan leukemia, kanker payudara, dan kanker tiroid. Untuk kondisi yang lebih spesifik, radiasi pada masa kanak-kanak meningkatkan risiko kanker tiroid dan peningkatan risiko kanker payudara telah diamati setelah radiasi pada wanita pra-menopause. Berdasarkan data kanker Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) pada tahun 2020, kanker tiroid termasuk dalam 10 besar penyakit keganasan di Indonesia. Pekerja radiasi medis terpapar radiasi di tempat kerjanya dan pekerja tersebut pasti mempunyai kompetensi profesional/sertifikat terkait pengetahuan paparan radiasi, sehingga paparan radiasi harus dikendalikan dan Serendah yang Dapat Dicapai (ALARA). Sejauh ini hanya sedikit yang diketahui tentang etiologi kanker tiroid; paparan radiasi pengion (terutama selama masa kanak-kanak) adalah salah satu dari sedikit faktor risiko karsinoma tiroid. Meskipun International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) telah menyatakan bahwa radiasi bersifat karsinogenik pada kanker tiroid, pengetahuan terkini mengenai radiasi dan kanker tiroid didasarkan pada penelitian terhadap paparan akut tunggal (penyintas bom atom). Namun, dampak paparan radiasi di tempat kerja yang berkepanjangan dan berdosis rendah terhadap petugas layanan kesehatan masih belum jelas. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara petugas kesehatan yang terpapar dan tidak terpapar radiasi dengan risiko kanker tiroid. Metode. Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui PubMed dan ProQuest dan juga dilengkapi dengan pencarian tangan. Kriteria inklusi adalah tinjauan sistematis, kohort dan kontrol kasus, melibatkan petugas kesehatan, artikel teks lengkap tersedia, dan dalam bahasa Inggris. Kriteria eksklusi adalah artikel yang tidak dapat diakses dan tidak relevan. Artikel-artikel yang dipilih dari pencarian online dinilai secara kritis untuk mengevaluasi apakah penelitian tersebut memenuhi aspek validitas, kepentingan dan penerapan pada pasien menggunakan kriteria yang relevan untuk studi etiologi oleh Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Hasil. Terdapat tiga artikel terpilih yang sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, semuanya merupakan penelitian kohort. Salah satunya dilakukan di Norwegia pada perawat Norwegia yang tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang jelas antara paparan radiasi pengion di tempat kerja dan risiko kanker tiroid. Penelitian lain dilakukan di Finlandia pada dokter yang bekerja dengan radiasi dibandingkan dengan dokter yang tidak terpapar radiasi. Rasio risiko kanker tiroid adalah 1,5 (0,4-6,3) untuk dokter yang dimonitor radiasi dibandingkan dengan dokter yang tidak dimonitor radiasi. Artikel terakhir dilakukan di Tiongkok pada pekerja rontgen diagnostik medis yang dibandingkan dengan spesialis medis lainnya. Tidak terdapat peningkatan risiko paparan radiasi terhadap kanker tiroid secara signifikan [Risiko Rasio 1,6 95% CI (0,9 - 2,6)]. Kesimpulan. Bukti saat ini menunjukkan bahwa, jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak terpajan,pekerja medis dengan paparan radiasi di tempat kerja tidak mengalami peningkatan risiko kanker tiroid. Kesimpulan ini dibuat dari tiga studi kohort (bukti tingkat 2b).

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Introduction. WHO stated that cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide Radiation could cause leukaemia, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer. For more specific conditions, radiation during childhood increase the risk of thyroid cancer and increase in breast cancer risk has been observed after irradiation of pre-menopausal women. Based on cancer data from World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, thyroid cancer included in the top 10 malignancies in Indonesia. Medical radiation workers exposed to radiation in workplace and these workers definitely have professional competences / certificates related to radiation exposure knowledge, so the radiation exposure should be controlled and As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). Little is known about thyroid cancer etiology so far; exposure to ionizing radiation (especially during childhood) is one of few well-established risk factors for thyroid carcinomas. Despite of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) had stated that radiation as carcinogenic for thyroid cancer, the current knowledge of radiation and thyroid cancer are based on studies of single acute exposures (A-bomb survivors). However, the effects of protracted and low dose occupational radiation exposure in healthcare workers remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the associations between exposed and non-exposed radiation of healthcare workers and the risk of thyroid cancer. Method. Literature search was conducted through PubMed and ProQuest and also complemented with the hand searching. The inclusion criteria were systematic review, cohort and case control, involving healthcare workers, full text article available, and in English. The exclusion criteria were inaccessible and irrelevant articles. The selected articles from online search were critically appraised to evaluate whether the study meet the aspect of validity, importance and applicability to the patient using relevant criteria for etiological study by the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine. Result. There were three selected articles that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria, all of them are cohort studies. One was conducted in Norway among Norwegian nurses which showed no clear association between nurses’s occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and risk of cancers of thyroid. Another one was conducted in Finland among physicians working with radiation was compared to that of unexposed physicians. The risk ratio for thyroid cancer was 1.5 (0.4-6.3) for physicians monitored for radiation compared to physicians not monitored for radiation. Last article was conducted in China among medical diagnostic x-ray workers who are compared with other medical specialists. There was no significant increase of radiation exposure risk to thyroid cancer [Risk Ratio 1.6 95% CI (0.9 - 2.6)]. Conclusion. The current evidences show that, when compared with the unexposed group, medical workers with occupational radiation exposure was not in an increased risk of thyroid cancer. The conclusion was made from three cohort studies (evidence level 2b)."

"ABSTRAK Prevalensi Rinitis Akibat Kerja (RAK) berkisar antara 5-48%. Penyebab RAKantara lain adalah partikulat debu yang beterbangan di lingkungan kerja. Hal iniakan meningkatkan beban pembiayaan baik terhadap pekerja itu sendiri maupunperusahaan tempat ia bekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuiprevalensi RAK serta hubungan antara kadar partikulat debu dengan kejadianRAK dengan populasi pekerja parkir basement di sebuah Hotel dan RSUD diJakarta dengan waktu pengumpulan sampel dilakukan selama bulan Desember 2014 hingga Maret 2015. Sampel penelitian adalah yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yakni area kerja di parkir basement, usia 20-40 tahun, masa kerja lebihdari 1 tahun dan bersedia mengikuti prosedur penelitian. Subyek penelitian diwawancara dan diperiksa kadar eosinofil kerokan mukosa hidung sebelum dansesudah bekerja. RAK positif apabila terdapat gejala rinitis, memberat ketikabekerja dan ada peningkatan eosinofil kerokan mukosa hidung. Analisa penelitiandilakukan berdasarkan karakteristik usia, jenis kelamin, masa kerja, kebiasaanmerokok dan bagian kerja (terpapar langsung atau tidak dengan partikulat debu).Dari 57 subyek penelitian, 6 orang (10.5%) mengalami peningkatan eosinofildengan karakterisktik sebagai berikut: 4 orang memiliki masa kerja > 4 tahun; 4orang memiliki kebiasaan merokok; dan 3 orang bekerja di bagian kerja yangterpapar langsung dengan partikulat debu. Dari 6 orang tersebut terdapat 3 orang(5.2%) yang memenuhi kriteria RAK dengan karakteristik sebagai berikut: 2orang berusia 30-40 tahun, 2 orang adalah laki-laki, 2 orang mempunyai masakerja ≤ 4 tahun, dan 2 orang berasal dari bagian kerja yang terpapar tidaklangsung dengan partikulat debu. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara riwayatatopi dengan peningkatan eosinofil (OR 23.33 dan 95%CI 2.40-224.62). Namuntidak ditemukan hubungan antara kadar partikulat debu dan masa kerja dengan RAK yang bermakna. ABSTRACT The prevalence of occupational rhinitis ranges between 5-48%. It is caused byparticulate dust in the workplace. It will increase financial burden both for theworkers themselves and the company. This study aims to determine theprevalence of OR and the relation between the levels of particulate dust with ORincident among workers who work in a hotel or hospital basement parking lot inJakarta, during December 2014 to March 2015. The sample inclusion criteriawere: age 20-40 years, working period of more than one year and are willing toparticipate in the study. The subjects were interviewed and nasal mucosal scrapings eosinophil levels were measured before and after work. OR was defined as has symptoms of rhinitis, increase during work and there is anincrease in eosinophils nasal mucosal scrapings. Analysis of the research carriedout based on the characteristics of age, sex, years of smoking and workingdirectly or indirectly exposed to dust particulates. Of the 57 subjects of the study,6 (10.5%) experienced an increase in eosinophils with the followingcharacteristics: 4 people has a work period > 4 years; 4 people smoke; and 3people work directly exposed to particulate dust. Three subjects (5.2%) meet allthe OR criteria with the following characteristics: 2 were aged 30-40 years, 2were male, 2 have a working period of ≤ 4 years and 2 were indirectly exposed toparticulate dust. There is a very significant association between history of atopywith increased eosinophils (, OR 23.3 and 95% CI 2.40-224.62). However, no association was found between levels of particulate dust and working period.;The prevalence of occupational rhinitis ranges between 5-48%. It is caused byparticulate dust in the workplace. It will increase financial burden both for theworkers themselves and the company. This study aims to determine theprevalence of OR and the relation between the levels of particulate dust with ORincident among workers who work in a hotel or hospital basement parking lot inJakarta, during December 2014 to March 2015. The sample inclusion criteriawere: age 20-40 years, working period of more than one year and are willing toparticipate in the study. The subjects were interviewed and nasal mucosal scrapings eosinophil levels were measured before and after work. OR was defined as has symptoms of rhinitis, increase during work and there is anincrease in eosinophils nasal mucosal scrapings. Analysis of the research carriedout based on the characteristics of age, sex, years of smoking and workingdirectly or indirectly exposed to dust particulates. Of the 57 subjects of the study,6 (10.5%) experienced an increase in eosinophils with the followingcharacteristics: 4 people has a work period > 4 years; 4 people smoke; and 3people work directly exposed to particulate dust. Three subjects (5.2%) meet allthe OR criteria with the following characteristics: 2 were aged 30-40 years, 2were male, 2 have a working period of ≤ 4 years and 2 were indirectly exposed toparticulate dust. There is a very significant association between history of atopywith increased eosinophils (, OR 23.3 and 95% CI 2.40-224.62). However, no association was found between levels of particulate dust and working period.;The prevalence of occupational rhinitis ranges between 5-48%. It is caused byparticulate dust in the workplace. It will increase financial burden both for theworkers themselves and the company. This study aims to determine theprevalence of OR and the relation between the levels of particulate dust with ORincident among workers who work in a hotel or hospital basement parking lot inJakarta, during December 2014 to March 2015. The sample inclusion criteriawere: age 20-40 years, working period of more than one year and are willing toparticipate in the study. The subjects were interviewed and nasal mucosal scrapings eosinophil levels were measured before and after work. OR was defined as has symptoms of rhinitis, increase during work and there is anincrease in eosinophils nasal mucosal scrapings. Analysis of the research carriedout based on the characteristics of age, sex, years of smoking and workingdirectly or indirectly exposed to dust particulates. Of the 57 subjects of the study,6 (10.5%) experienced an increase in eosinophils with the followingcharacteristics: 4 people has a work period > 4 years; 4 people smoke; and 3people work directly exposed to particulate dust. Three subjects (5.2%) meet allthe OR criteria with the following characteristics: 2 were aged 30-40 years, 2were male, 2 have a working period of ≤ 4 years and 2 were indirectly exposed toparticulate dust. There is a very significant association between history of atopywith increased eosinophils (, OR 23.3 and 95% CI 2.40-224.62). However, no association was found between levels of particulate dust and working period.;The prevalence of occupational rhinitis ranges between 5-48%. It is caused byparticulate dust in the workplace. It will increase financial burden both for theworkers themselves and the company. This study aims to determine theprevalence of OR and the relation between the levels of particulate dust with ORincident among workers who work in a hotel or hospital basement parking lot inJakarta, during December 2014 to March 2015. The sample inclusion criteriawere: age 20-40 years, working period of more than one year and are willing toparticipate in the study. The subjects were interviewed and nasal mucosal scrapings eosinophil levels were measured before and after work. OR was defined as has symptoms of rhinitis, increase during work and there is anincrease in eosinophils nasal mucosal scrapings. Analysis of the research carriedout based on the characteristics of age, sex, years of smoking and workingdirectly or indirectly exposed to dust particulates. Of the 57 subjects of the study,6 (10.5%) experienced an increase in eosinophils with the followingcharacteristics: 4 people has a work period > 4 years; 4 people smoke; and 3people work directly exposed to particulate dust. Three subjects (5.2%) meet allthe OR criteria with the following characteristics: 2 were aged 30-40 years, 2were male, 2 have a working period of ≤ 4 years and 2 were indirectly exposed toparticulate dust. There is a very significant association between history of atopywith increased eosinophils (, OR 23.3 and 95% CI 2.40-224.62). However, no association was found between levels of particulate dust and working period."

"Timbal yang bersifat neurotoksik dapat dikeluarkan dari daur ulang baterai bekas. Ada kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas di Desa Cinangka yang sudah beroperasi sejak 1978. Studi ini menyangkut faktor risiko untuk eksposur terkait timbal dan mempengaruhi kejadian gangguan perkembangan mental di area daur ulang aki bekas, Desa Cinangka. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus kontrol dengan analisis bivariat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar timbal dalam tanah dan air, kuesioner, dan observasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan tingkat rata-rata timbal dalam tanah adalah 4.448,21 ppm dan rata-rata kadar timbal dalam air adalah 0,02 ppm. Variabel yang berhubungan dan mempengaruhi gangguan perkembangan mentalitas di area daur ulang aki bekas adalah riwayat aktivitas daur ulang aki bekas di rumah (p = 0,036; OR = 7.000). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah di Desa Cinangka, Area daur ulang aki bekas, ada area yang memiliki kadar timbal dalam tanah melebihi standar kualitas 400 ppm dari US EPA dan variabel pengaruh yang signifikan gangguan perkembangan mental di bidang daur ulang baterai bekas adalah sejarah kegiatan mendaur ulang baterai bekas di rumah.

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Lead which is neurotoxic can be removed from recycling used batteries. There is a used battery recycling activity in Cinangka Village that has been operating since 1978. This study concerns the risk factors for lead-related exposure and affects the incidence of mental development disorders in the used battery recycling area, Cinangka Village. This study used a case control study design with bivariate analysis. Data collection was carried out by measuring lead levels in soil and water, questionnaires, and observations. The results showed that the average level of lead in the soil was 4,448.21 ppm and the average level of lead in water was 0.02 ppm. The variable related to and affecting mental development disorders in the used battery recycling area was the history of recycling used batteries at home (p = 0.036; OR = 7,000). The conclusion of this study is that in Cinangka Village, a used battery recycling area, there are areas that have lead levels in the soil exceeding the 400 ppm quality standard of the US EPA and the significant influence variable mental development disorders in the field of used battery recycling is the history of recycling activities. used batteries at home."

"Konsentrasi timbal melebihi baku mutu di perairan Kabupaten Gresik akibat limbah industri dapat menjadi risiko gangguan kesehatan kronis seperti hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pajanan timbal di air minum dan makanan terhadap kejadian hipertensi penduduk kawasan industri dan non industri. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi Public Health Assessment dan analisis spasial pada 1050 responden usia dewasa di Kabupaten Gresik. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder Riset Khusus Pencemaran Lingkungan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan tahun 2012. Tingkat risiko akibat pajanan timbal di air minum kawasan industri (RQrealtime:0,21039; RQlifespan:0,28690) memiliki kecenderungan berisiko lebih tinggi daripada kawasan non industri (RQrealtime:0,01692; RQlifespan:0,01692). Tingkat risiko tertinggi akibat pajanan timbal di makanan kawasan industri pada beras (RQrealtime:12,1544; RQlifespan:16,2481) sedangkan kawasan non industri pada jagung (RQrealtime:9,6615; RQlifespan:9,4970). Penduduk terpajan timbal tidak memenuhi syarat pada air minum memiliki risiko lebih tinggi dibandingkan terpajan timbal memenuhi syarat (OR: 2,693 95%CI: 0,982-7,386) untuk mengalami kejadian hipertensi setelah dikontrol oleh variabel usia, jenis kelamin dan obesitas. Analisis spasial menunjukkan sebaran timbal di media lingkungan tidak memiliki pola persebaran tertentu.

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Lead concentrations have been exceeded water quality standards in Gresik because of industrial waste could be a risk of chronic health problems such as hypertension. The objective of this study was to analyze lead exposure in drinking water and food with hypertension in population at industrial and non-industrial area. This design study of research was Public Health Assessment and spacial analysis on the 1050 adults at Gresik. Data used in the research was secondary data from Special Research Environmental Contamination of Agency for Health Research and Development in 2012. The average of risk quotient due to lead exposure in drinking water at industrial area (RQrealtime: 0.21039; RQlifespan: 0.28690) was higher than non-industrial area (RQrealtime: 0.01692; RQlifespan: 0.01692). The highest of risk quotient due to lead exposure at industrial area on food was rice (RQrealtime: 12.1544; RQlifespan: 16.2481) while at non-industrial area was corn (RQrealtime: 9.6615; RQlifespan: 9.4970). Respondent with not qualified lead exposure in drinking water had higher risk than respondent with qualified lead exposure in drinking water (OR: 2.693 95% CI: 0.982-7.386) to experience hypertension after being controlled by the variables of age, sex and obesity. Spatial analysis showed distribution of lead in environmental media did not follow the specific distribution pattern."

"Konsentrasi timbal melebihi baku mutu di perairan Kabupaten Gresik akibat limbah industri dapat menjadi risiko gangguan kesehatan kronis seperti hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pajanan timbal di air minum dan makanan terhadap kejadian hipertensi penduduk kawasan industri dan non industri. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi Public Health Assessment dan analisis spasial pada 1050 responden usia dewasa di Kabupaten Gresik. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder Riset Khusus Pencemaran Lingkungan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan tahun 2012. Tingkat risiko akibat pajanan timbal di air minum kawasan industri (RQrealtime:0,21039; RQlifespan:0,28690) memiliki kecenderungan berisiko lebih tinggi daripada kawasan non industri (RQrealtime:0,01692; RQlifespan:0,01692). Tingkat risiko tertinggi akibat pajanan timbal di makanan kawasan industri pada beras (RQrealtime:12,1544; RQlifespan:16,2481) sedangkan kawasan non industri pada jagung (RQrealtime:9,6615; RQlifespan:9,4970). Penduduk terpajan timbal tidak memenuhi syarat pada air minum memiliki risiko lebih tinggi dibandingkan terpajan timbal memenuhi syarat (OR: 2,693 95%CI: 0,982-7,386) untuk mengalami kejadian hipertensi setelah dikontrol oleh variabel usia, jenis kelamin dan obesitas. Analisis spasial menunjukkan sebaran timbal di media lingkungan tidak memiliki pola persebaran tertentu.

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Lead concentrations have been exceeded water quality standards in Gresik because of industrial waste could be a risk of chronic health problems such as hypertension. The objective of this study was to analyze lead exposure in drinking water and food with hypertension in population at industrial and non-industrial area. This design study of research was Public Health Assessment and spacial analysis on the 1050 adults at Gresik. Data used in the research was secondary data from Special Research Environmental Contamination of Agency for Health Research and Development in 2012. The average of risk quotient due to lead exposure in drinking water at industrial area (RQrealtime: 0.21039; RQlifespan: 0.28690) was higher than non-industrial area (RQrealtime: 0.01692; RQlifespan: 0.01692). The highest of risk quotient due to lead exposure at industrial area on food was rice (RQrealtime: 12.1544; RQlifespan: 16.2481) while at non-industrial area was corn (RQrealtime: 9.6615; RQlifespan: 9.4970). Respondent with not qualified lead exposure in drinking water had higher risk than respondent with qualified lead exposure in drinking water (OR: 2.693 95% CI: 0.982-7.386) to experience hypertension after being controlled by the variables of age, sex and obesity. Spatial analysis showed distribution of lead in environmental media did not follow the specific distribution pattern."

"Indonesia saat ini masih menggunakan bensin bertimbal dengan tingkat pencemaran timbal di udara tinggi. Jakarta Barat merupakan wilayah di DKI Jakarta yang paling padat dilalui kendaraan bermotor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya hubungan kadar timbal di dalam darah terhadap terjadinya hipertensi pada polisi yang bekerja di jalan dan faktor-faktor lain, seperti obesitas, riwayat keluarga hipertensi, kebiasaan merokok, konsumsi kopi, perilaku memakai masker dan olahraga dengan terjadinya hipertensi. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah kerja polsek Jakarta Barat. Populasi penelitian adalah polisi yang bekerja di jalan. Disain penelitian adalah studi Cross Sectional, dengan analisis kasus kontrol, 30 kasus dan 60 kontrol diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Kasus diperoleh dengan cara consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara, pengukuran berat badan, pengukuran tinggi badan, pengukuran tekanan darah dan analisis kadar timbal dalam darah. Hasil penelitian: Rerata kadar timbal di dalam darah adalah 19.83 pg/dl, dengan nilai median 18.80 pg/dl. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor obesitas (OR = 5,l) riwayat keluarga hipertensi (0R=17,68) dan kadar Pb dalam darah (0R=4,5) dengan kejadian hipertensi. Kesimpulan dan Saran: Ada pengaruh kadar timbal di dalam darah, dengan kejadian hipertensi. Saran yang diajukan adalah melakukan pemeriksaan kadar timbal dalam darah minimal sekali setahun, termasuk melakukan upaya penurunan pajanan timbal, dan menumnkan berat badan polisi yang bekerja di jalan.

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The Background and The Objectives: Most of the cities in Indonesia are still using lead gases,which causes high lead level pollution . West Jakarta is one of the areas that high burden of motor vehicles and is among the worst polluted area in Jakarta city. The aim of this study is to identity the relation of blood lead levels and hypertension among traffic police and other related factors such as obesity ,family history of hypertension, smoking, consumption of coffee, use of mask as protection and physical exercise.

The Research Method: This research was carried out in the work territory Sector Police West Jakarta. The research population was traffic police assigned on the road. A cross sectional study design was used with case control analysis. Sixty cases and 30 controls were recruited for this study Cases were recruited consecutively. Data was`collected by interviews, physical examination and measuring blood lead level.

Results of the Research: The average the blood lead level was 19,83 ug/dl, with a median of 18,80 pg/dl. Statistical analysis showed significant relation between hypertension and obesity (OR=5, l ), family of hypertension (OR=l 7,68) and blood lead level (OR=6,5).

The Conclusion and the Recommendation: A significant relationship was`found between blood lead level and hypertension incident. Police with the blood lead level 3 18,80 pg/dL had a risk almost of 6,5 times higher to get hypertension. It is recommended that blood lead level should be measured at least once a year and reduce police weight that worked in the road."