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"Kota Metro merupakan salah satu kota dengan tingkat pelayanan air perpipaan yang rendah (5,05%), sehingga sebagian besar masyrakatnya menggunakan air tanah dengan sistem self-supply. Akan tetapi, keamanan sistem sumber self supply saat ini menjadi isu di masyarakat. Metode continuous monitoring dari April – Oktober 2021 melalui telepon setiap bulan dilakukan untuk membantu penilaian tingkat layanan air minum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis variabilitas sumber air bersih dan air minum, menganalisis variabilitas tingkat pelayanan air minum yang dipersepsikan aman, menganalisis variabilitas biaya operasional dan pengelolaan layanan sumber air minum di rumah tangga, dan menganalisis intervensi pengolahan air minum di rumah tangga untuk meningkatkan kualitas air minum. Analisis dilakukan dengan analisis statistik deskriptif dan software SPSS 24 untuk uji Regresi Logistik Biner. Hasil menunjukkan 97% sumber air masyarakat Kota Metro adalah sumber air self-supply, yang didominasi oleh sumur gali tak terlindungi milik pribadi (45% sumber air bersih dan 30% sumber air minum). Berdasarkan persepsi rumah tangga (keamanan, rasa, penampilan, bau, keandalan, dan ketersediaan air minum), air isi ulang dan air kemasan memiliki tingkat keamanan paling konsisten selama 6 bulan survei (100%). Sistem non-self-supply diketahui lebih aman dari sistem self-supply dengan persentase 98% dan 95%. Variabel kejadian banjir diketahui signifikan terhadap penilaian tingkat pelayanan sumber air minum yang dipersepsikan aman dengan peluang 0,059 kali dalam mempengaruhinya. Rata-rata biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk maintenance mesin pompa adalah Rp 683.750,00 dan untuk maintenance lainnya (pipa, kran air, dll) sekitar Rp 85.833,00 per rumah tangga. Sedangkan biaya yang dihabiskan oleh 1 rumah tangga dalam 1 minggu untuk air isi ulang adalah sekitar Rp 19.751,00, sedangkan untuk air kemasan sekitar Rp 40.986,00. Variabel yang mempengaruhi biaya air minum adalah pengolahan air dengan perebusan yang berpeluang 0,029 kali. Berdasarkan persepsi rumah tangga, masalah sumber air minum yang paling banyak terjadi pada sumber air baku adalah penampilan (29,4%) dan bau (28,3%), serta kadar E.coli (72%) pada air minum. Dengan demikian, dibutuhkan intervensi strategi pengolahan air minum untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ada dan meningkatkan kualitas air minum. Adapun intervensi pengolahan air minum yang direkomendasikan untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut adalah Slow Sand Filter (SSF) dengan media tambahan berupa Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) serta unit disinfeksi sinar UV.

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Metro City is one of the cities with a low level of piped water service (5,05%), so that most of the people use groundwater with a self-supply system. However, the safety of the self-supply source system is currently an issue in society. A continuous monitoring method from April – October 2021 by telephone every month was carried out to help assess the level of drinking water services. The purpose of this study are to analyze the variability of clean water and drinking water sources, to analyze the variability of the level of drinking water services that are perceived as safe, to analyze the variability of operational and maintenances costs of drinking water facility in households, and to analyze the intervention of drinking water treatment in households to improve the quality of drinking water. The analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical analysis and SPSS 24 software for the Binary Logistics Regression test. The results show that 97% of Metro City's water sources are self-supply water sources, which are dominated by private unprotected dug wells (45% for clean water sources and 30% for drinking water sources). Based on household perceptions (safety, taste, appearance, smell, reliability, and availability of drinking water), refill and bottled water had the most consistent level of safety during the 6 months of the survey (100%). Non-self-supply systems are known to be safer than self-supply systems with a percentage of 98% and 95%, respectively. The flood incident variable is known to be significant to the assessment of the service level of drinking water sources that are perceived as safe with a 0,059 times chance of influencing it. The average cost required for pump engine maintenance is Rp 683.750,00 and for other maintenance (pipes, water faucets, etc.) it is around Rp 85.833,00 per household. Meanwhile, the cost spent by 1 household in 1 week for refill water is around Rp 19.751,00, while for bottled water it is around Rp 40.986,00. The variable that affects the cost of drinking water is water treatment by boiling which has a chance of 0.029 times. Based on household perceptions, the most common drinking water source problems that occur in raw water sources are appearance (29,4%) and smell (28,3%) and E.coli (72%) in drinking water. Thus, intervention strategies for drinking water treatment are needed to overcome existing problems and improve drinking water quality. The recommended drinking water treatment intervention to solve this problem is the Slow Sand Filter (SSF) with additional media in the form of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and UV disinfection unit."

"Keberadaan Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) di lingkungan mengalami peningkatan seiring berjalannya waktu. AMR mulai ditemukan terkandung pada air tanah sebagai salah satu pencemar mikrobiologis. Kota Metro sebagai mayoritas pengguna air tanah dari sumur bor dan gali, yakni mencapai 90% perlu waspada terhadap keberadaan AMR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E. coli dan E. coli resistan terhadap cefotaxime serta rasio perbandingannya, menganalisis pengaruh faktor curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban, pH, total padatan terlarut, dan kekeruhan terhadap kadar konsentrasi, serta memberikan rekomendasi tindakan pengelolaan air tanah berdasarkan prevalensi bakteri E. coli dan E. coli resistan di Kota Metro. Penelitian ini dilakukan di 11 lokasi selama bulan November – Februari menggunakan IDEXX Colilert-18 dan Quanti-Tray/2000 untuk mendeteksi konsentrasi E. coli dan E. coli resistan melalui penggunaan antibiotik cefotaxime. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 67% air tanah mengandung E. coli dan sebanyak 27% di antaranya bersifat resistan terhadap cefotaxime. Persentase keberadaan (1) E. coli dan (2) E. coli resistan dengan kategori risiko sangat tinggi (>100 MPN/100 ml) mencapai (1) 24% dan (2) 0%; risiko tinggi (>10 – 100 MPN/100 ml) (1) 13% dan (2) 2%; risiko menengah (1 – 10 MPN/100 ml) (1) 31% dan (2) 16%; dan risiko rendah (<1 MPN/100 ml) (1) 33% dan (2) 82%. Peningkatan konsentrasi E. coli berkorelasi dengan faktor curah hujan, suhu, dan kekeruhan sedangkan peningkatan konsentrasi E. coli resistan berkorelasi dengan faktor curah hujan. Hubungan korelasi didapatkan melalui uji peringkat Spearman berdasarkan signifikansi (p-value) < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil prevalensi, masyarakat dapat meminimalisasi konsentrasi dengan cara memodifikasi kondisi fisik sumur agar sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kementerian PUPR dan SNI. Masyarakat juga dapat menggunakan filter sederhana, misalnya filter granular untuk memfiltrasi air sebelum digunakan. Walaupun langkah tersebut dilakukan, perlu diingat bahwa terdapat faktor pengaruh lain yang dapat memengaruhi konsentrasi E. coli dan E. coli resistan, salah satunya adalah kontaminan di sekitar sumur, seperti feses manusia, feses hewan ternak, dan sisa air buangan rumah tangga. Maka, peran pemerintah dalam penyediaan layanan fasilitas air bersih menjadi salah satu langkah untuk mengurangi penggunaan air tanah yang terkontaminasi.

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The prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in the environment has been increasing over time. AMR has been detected in groundwater as one of the microbiological pollutants. Metro City, where the majority relies on groundwater from boreholes and wells, accounting for 90%, must be vigilant against AMR. This study aims to analyze the concentration of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli, along with their ratio, to analyze the influence of rainfall, temperature, humidity, pH, total dissolved solids, and turbidity on concentration levels, and to provide recommendations for groundwater management based on the prevalence of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli in Metro City. The research was conducted at 11 locations from November to February using the IDEXX Colilert-18 and Quanti-Tray/2000 to detect the concentration of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli through the use of antibiotics. The results showed that 67% of the groundwater contained E. coli, with 27% being resistant to cefotaxime. The percentage of presence of (1) E. coli and (2) cefotaxime-resistant E. coli with very high-risk categories (>100 MPN/100 ml) reached (1) 24% and (2) 0%; high risk (>10 – 100 MPN/100 ml) (1) 13% and (2) 2%; moderate risk (1 – 10 MPN/100 ml) (1) 31% and (2) 16%; and low risk (<1 MPN/100 ml) (1) 33% and (2) 82%. The increase in E. coli concentration correlated with rainfall, temperature, and turbidity, while the increase in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli concentration correlated with rainfall. Correlation relationships were determined through Spearman rank tests based on significance (p- value) < 0.05. Based on the prevalence, the community can minimize concentrations by modifying the physical conditions of wells to meet the standards set by the Ministry of Public Works and SNI. The community can also use simple filters, such as granular filters, to filter water before use. Despite these measures, it should be noted that there are other influencing factors that can affect the concentration of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli, such as contaminants around the well, such as human feces, livestock feces and household wastewater. Therefore, the government's role in providing clean water facilities becomes one of the steps to reduce the use of contaminated groundwater."

"Terbatasnya cakupan layanan air bersih perpipaan dari PDAM menyebabkan sebagian besar masyarakat Kota Bekasi masih memanfaatkan air tanah sebagai sumber air bersih. Masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu masyarakat cenderung mengonsumsi air tanah tanpa mengetahui kondisi, keamanan dan kualitas air tanah.Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengetahuan masyarakat terkait kualitas air tanah, hubungan antara persepsi masyarakat dengan kualitas air minum, perilaku masyarakat terkait praktik penanganan dan pengolahan air minum, serta mengevaluasi penyediaan air minum yang aman di Kelurahan Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, dan Jatirangga, Kota Bekasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode campuran yang menggabungkan metode kuantitatif dan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara statistik tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan kualitas air minum pada persepsi masyarakat serta tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara persepsi masyarakat dengan variasi penggunaan metode pengolahan air minum. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu pemanfaatan air minum yang berasal dari air tanah perlu untuk mempertimbangkan aspek pengetahuan, persepsi, dan perilaku masyarakat.

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Limited coverage of piped water service has resulted that majority of people in Bekasi City still using groundwater as main source of clean water. People tend to consume groundwater without knowing the condition, safety and quality of groundwater. The aim of this research was to analyze community knowledge regarding groundwater quality, relationship between public perceptions and drinking water quality, community behavior regarding drinking water handling and processing practices, and evaluate the provision of safe drinking water in Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga Sub-district. The research method used is mixed method. The results showed that statistically there was no significant effect of drinking water quality on public perceptions and no significant relationship between public perceptions and variation of drinking water treatment methods. The conclusion of this research is that the utilization of drinking water originating from groundwater needs to consider the aspects of knowledge, perceptions and behavior of the community."

"Pelayanan air perpipaan di Indonesia yang masih kurang mendorong masyarakat untuk menggunakan sumber air nonperpipaan seperti air tanah dan air isi ulang. Namun berdasarkan beberapa penelitian, air nonperpipaan diketahui memiliki risiko akibat kontaminasi bakteri dan patogen. Studi ini dilakukan sebagai upaya peningkatan kualitas air minum dengan mengetahui persebaran kontaminasi E. coli, faktor yang mempengaruhinya, serta membandingkan risiko kesehatan air minum nonperpipaan di Kota Bekasi dan Metro. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) untuk mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri dan metode Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) dengan indikator bakteri E. coli dan patogen indeks Salmonella. Pengujian kualitas air minum menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kontaminasi E. coli sekitar 26,7% dari total 202 sampel di Kota Bekasi dengan rata-rata 18,7 MPN/100 mL. Sedangkan di Kota Metro 30,0% dari 190 sampel terkontaminasi E. coli dengan rata-rata 77,3 MPN/100 mL. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Spearman¸ faktor seperti sumber air, pewadahan, dan pengolahan air tidak menunjukkan adanya korelasi terhadap konsentrasi E. coli, kecuali untuk faktor pewadahan di Kota Metro yang berhubungan signifikan dengan E. coli ≥100 MPN/100 mL. Kemudian hasil penelitian mengenai rasio patogen indeks Salmonella dengan sampel air tanah di kota Bekasi (n=7) diperoleh nilai rasio sebesar 0,03. Hasil perhitungan analisis QMRA dengan simulasi Monte-Carlo di Kota Bekasi menunjukkan bahwa air tanah memiliki nilai median beban penyakit sebesar 0,01 ± 0,03 DALY/orang/tahun dan air isi ulang dengan nilai sebesar 0,003 ± 0,02 DALY/orang/tahun. Sedangkan, untuk Kota Metro diperoleh sebesar 0,04 ± 0,04 DALY/orang/tahun untuk air tanah dan air isi ulang sebesar 0,03 ± 0,04 DALY/orang/tahun. Seluruh nilai yang diperoleh melebihi batas nilai maksimum menurut WHO yaitu sebesar 10-4 DALY/orang/tahun. Oleh karena itu, intervensi yang tepat perlu dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mengedukasi masyarakat tentang konsumsi air minum yang aman dan layak

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Piped water services in Indonesia are still relatively low. This condition encourages people to use non-piped water sources such as groundwater and refilled water. However, based on several studies, non-piped water is known to have risks due to bacterial and pathogen contamination. This study was conducted as an effort to improve drinking water quality by knowing the distribution of E. coli contamination, the factors that influence it, and comparing the health risks of non-piped drinking water in Bekasi City and Metro. The research was conducted using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to determine the concentration of bacteria and the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) method with E. coli as indicators and Salmonella as reference pathogen. The drinking water quality testing showed that there was around 26.73% E. coli contamination from a total of 202 drinking water samples in Bekasi City with an average of 18.74 MPN/100 mL. Whereas in Metro City 30% of 190 samples were contaminated with E. coli with an average of 77.31 MPN/100 mL. Based on the Spearman correlation test¸ risk factors such as water sources, containers, and water treatment did not show a correlation with E. coli concentrations, except for the container factor in Metro City which is significantly related to E. coli ≥100 MPN/100 mL. Then to find out the reference pathogen ratio, a Salmonella concentration test was carried out for groundwater in the city of Bekasi (n=7) and a ratio value of 0.03 was obtained. The results of QMRA analysis calculations using Monte-Carlo simulations in Bekasi City show that groundwater has a median disease burden value of 0.01 ± 0.03 DALY/person/year and refill water with a value of 0.003 ± 0.02 DALY/person/year year. Whereas for Metro City, the median disease burden of groundwater was 0.04 ± 0.04 DALY/person/year and for refill water it was 0.03 ± 0.04 DALY/person/year. All values ​​obtained exceeded the maximum value limit according to WHO, namely 10-4 DALY/person/year, therefore proper intervention from the government is needed to educate the public about consumption of safe drinking water."

"A big potential of Bank Syariah market (Research in Potential and Community preference toward Bank Syari'ah in 2006) and basic concept of Bank Syari'ah have fulfilled the needs of community, so, Indonesian Bank in 2002 issued the regulations of Indonesia Bank No. 4/1/PBI/2002 dated march, 21st, 2002 about the extension of Bank activities in conventional become public Bank which is based on syari'ah principles, and opening Bank office is based on Public Conventional Bank.Bank Syari'ah could be developed in the future if it will not only promote moral values and focus on the aspect of religious emotion, but it should be focused on the reality of economy to complete conventional Bank and it is supported by correctly comprehension from social either deal with principles, product or any kinds of services which are offered and other things that reflect to Bank Syariah. Therefore, any good products, and good services offered will not touch community if their comprehension is still ambiguity about Banks Syari'ah.The correct comprehension of Bank Syariah is not only coming from Moslem, but also from non Moslem, mainly non Moslem who come from low economy will become a potential market for customer of Bank Syari'ah, one of customers is from Tionghoa community. The comprehension of Bank Syari?ah by Tionghoa community will be shown from their perception and attitude to the Bank Syariah itself.The perception of customers to the product will be influenced by their attitude and automatically to their action. Perception has an impact to marketer strategies, because the customers will decide which product should be felt by them than reality objectively. Meanwhile, attitude is one of crucial concepts, which is used by marketer to understand the customers by comprehending customers' attitude. Marketer can decide the properly action which is related to their product. Besides, customers' attitude is essential factor and it will impact to customer decision to buy or not the product and services offered. There are three market segments; they are conventional, floating mass and Shariah loyalist. The customers of Bank Syariah is categorized into three groups namely; groups which dealt with emotional and loyalist, rational customer, and the unity between rational and emotion.Perception is the process through which individuals are exposed to information, attend to that information, and comprehend. Perception they are exposure model, attention model and coprehension model.The sample in this research used 100 people. And data analysis method is proposed to recognize Tionghoa's community perceptions against syariah banking which is conducted by using descriptive analysis. To analyzed Tionghoa community attitude towards syariah banking by using Fisbein Multi Attribute Model.Based on the result of research analyses which have been conducted, it is shown, the majority of Tionghoa community who lived in Pekanbaru city assume that Bank Syariah is not the same as conventional Bank. Sharing profit as the bank applied is not equal to interest system in conventional bank. Tionghoa's community has a positive attitude to Bank Syariah, which has that community is taking well of syariah banking principle and product. The factor that most influence Tionghoa community in choosing Bank is safety from the Bank itself.Based on the research analyses in this study, it could be suggested to Bank Syariah as in the following:- It takes much more vigorous efforts for syariah bank and on its way own to distribute and introducing syariah banking to Tionghoa society in Pakanbaru city, through even promotion, advertising or other marketing activity. Such as, disposing an image that syariah bank is only performing their services for most moslem or any islamic terms applications that equipped and enriched with a most common and popular in society ect.- A systematic and strategic paces of syariah banking part, would be needed so that Tionghoa society could be directed and so forth, embraced them to be their partner or business counterpart to syariah bank. For instance, firstly, through rewarding to non-moslem customer or even their own business counterpart. Secondly, to bring forward profesionalism aspect of syariah bank dan their customer services.- Everything that emerge convenience and secure of possibility of lost either as customer or business counterpart should be done directly or non directly thorugh financial independent or third party of management."

"Indonesia rentan terhadap perubahan iklim dan kualitas air tanah. Di Kota Metro, air tanah sebagai sumber air utama rentan tercemar oleh bakteri E. coli dari fasilitas sanitasi seperti cubluk dan tangki septik, terutama saat hujan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh intensitas hujan, jarak horizontal, dan muka air tanah terhadap pencemaran E. coli pada air tanah di sekitar fasilitas sanitasi di Kelurahan Yosodadi, Kota Metro. 17 sumur pantau atau piezometer diinstalasikan pada jarak horizontal 2 m dan 5 m dari tangki septik pada 3 rumah tangga. Pengujian E. coli yang berjumlah 130 dilakukan pada bulan Januari-Februari 2024 menggunakan IDEXX Colilert-18. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan pada 3 rumah tangga, tingkat risiko pencemaran air tanah sekitar fasilitas sanitasi 24 jam setelah hujan sebesar 46% dalam kategori sangat tinggi, 17% dalam kategori tinggi, 18% dalam kategori sedang, dan 18% dalam kategori rendah. Berdasarkan uji statistik, intensitas hujan, jarak, dan muka air tanah memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan pencemaran E. coli yang terjadi di sekitar tangki septik dengan hasil p-value <0,05. Pencemaran E. coli melebihi 1000 MPN/100 mL pada air tanah sekitar fasilitas sanitasi memiliki kemungkinan 3,74 kali lebih besar untuk terjadi setelah kejadian hujan deras (>20 mm/jam) dibandingkan hujan ringan (<20 mm/jam). Konsentrasi E. coli pada jarak 2 m antara piezometer dengan tangki septik lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada jarak 5 m. Tinggi muka air tanah memiliki korelasi dengan pencemaran E. coli pada air tanah, konsentrasi E. coli lebih besar ketika muka air tanah tinggi. Penemuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian hujan dapat meningkatkan pencemaran E. coli pada air tanah sehingga diharapkan ada kerjasama diantara pemerintah dan masyarakat Kota Metro untuk melakukan perbaikan terhadap konstruksi tangki septik, melakukan program pengolahan air tanah berskala rumah tangga, melakukan perubahan perilaku masyarakat dengan prinsip sanitasi aman, serta mengganti layanan air menjadi PDAM dari air tanah.

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Indonesia is vulnerable to climate change and groundwater quality issues. In Metro City, groundwater, the primary water source, is prone to contamination by E. coli bacteria from sanitation facilities such as pit latrines and septic tanks, especially during rain. This study was conducted to analyze the influence of rain intensity, horizontal distance, and groundwater table on E. coli contamination in groundwater around sanitation facilities in Yosodadi Village, Metro City. Seventeen monitoring wells or piezometers were installed at horizontal distances of 2 meters and 5 meters from septic tanks in three households. A total of 130 E. coli tests were conducted in January-February 2024 using IDEXX Colilert-18. Based on the analysis conducted on three households, the groundwater contamination risk around sanitation facilities 24 hours after rain was 46% in the very high category, 17% in the high category, 18% in the medium category, and 18% in the low category. Statistical tests indicated that rain intensity, distance, and groundwater table have a significant relationship with E. coli contamination around septic tanks, with a p- value <0.05. E. coli contamination exceeding 1000 MPN/100 mL in groundwater around sanitation facilities is 3.74 times more likely to occur after heavy rain (>20 mm/hour) compared to light rain (<20 mm/hour). E. coli concentrations at a 2-meter distance between the piezometer and septic tank were higher than at a 5-meter distance. The groundwater table height correlates with E. coli contamination in groundwater, with higher concentrations when the groundwater table is high. The findings of this study suggest that rainfall can increase E. coli contamination in groundwater, so cooperation between the government and the Metro City community is needed to improve septic tank construction, implement household- scale groundwater treatment programs, promote safe sanitation practices, and switch from groundwater to PDAM water services."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian lamun dan perifiton di wilayah perairan Teluk Lampung yaitu Hurun, Lahu, dan Ringgung untuk kondisi dan perubahan struktur komunitas padang lamun dan perifiton. Metode yang digunakan adalah transect menggunakan kuadrat berukuran 50x50cm. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis indeks keanekaragaman, kemerataan dan dominasi serta keterkaitan antara padang lamun, perifiton dan beberapa parameter lain menggunakan uji Spearman. Ditemukan 4 jenis dari 2 famili yaitu Hydrocharitaceae (Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, dan Halophila minor) dan Famili Potamagetonaceae (Halodule uninervis). Berdasarkan pengamatan ditemukan sebanyak 22 jenis perifiton baik alga epifit maupun meiofauna epifit. Perifiton dibagi dalam 10 kelompok yaitu Diatomae, Dinoflagellata, Copepoda, Medusae, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Cypris, Polychaeta, Bivalvia, dan Gastropoda. Dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun, terjadi penurunan indeks keanekaragaman, baik pada lamun maupun perifiton, yang menunjukkan penurunan stabilitas ekosistem padang lamun. Berdasarkan hasil uji Spearman, diketahui bahwa terdapat korelasi positif antara tingkat kerapatan setiap jenis lamun dengan tingkat kepadatan perifitonnya, kerapatan lamun dengan kandungan organik substrat, serta biomassa di bawah substrat dengan kandungan organik substrat.

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ABSTRACTThe research of seagrass and periphyton in Lampung bay territorial has been done in Hurun, Lahu, and Ringgung, to know the conditions and changes of community structure of seagrass beds dan periphyton. Transect method using a square 50x50cm. Data observations were analyzed the diversity, evenness and dominance index. Linkages between seagrass, periphyton and some other parameters analyzed using the Spearman test. There 4 specieces from 2 families of seagrass found in Hurun, Lahu and Ringgung, that are Hydrocharitaceae (Enhalus acoroides,Halophila minor, and Thalassia hemprichii) and Potamagetonaceae (Halodule uninervis). Based on the observations found 22 species of algae either epiphytic periphyton and epiphytic meiofauna. Periphyton were divided into 10 groups Diatomae, Dinoflagellates, Copepods, Medusae, Amphipods, Isopods, Cypris, Polychaeta, Bivalves, and Gastropods. In the past 10 years, decline on diversity index and dominance index increased, both in seagrass and periphyton, which showed a decrease in the stability of seagrass ecosystems. Based on the Spearman test, there is a positive correlation between the density of periphyton and seagrass (spesific on type), the density of seagrass and substrate organic content, also biomass below substrate and substrate organic content."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti tentang tingkat agresi sosial dengan meninjau hubungan antara persepsi terhadap agresi sosial dengan kualitas pertemanan, jenis kelamin, dan usia. Agresi sosial merupakan bentuk kekerasan non fisik yang bertujuan untuk merusak hubungan pertemanan, self-esteem, dan status sosial seseorang. Agresi sosial terdiri dari agresi sosial verbal dan non verbal. Contoh agresi sosial verbal adalah penyebaran rumor, pengucilan, dan manipulasi hubungan pertemanan. Sementara, agresi sosial non verbal meliputi ekspresi wajah dan bahasa tubuh yang negatif.Pengumpulan data dalam studi ini menggunakan metode kuesioner. Kuesioner yang digunakan adalah kuesioner agresi sosial dan kuesioner kualitas pertemanan. Terdapat 120 partisipan yang terdiri dari 60 laki-laki dan 60 perempuan dalam studi ini. Usia partisipan berkisar antara 11 sampai dengan 20 tahun. Studi ini dilakukan di beberapa lembaga pendidikan golongan ekonomi menengah ke atas di Bogor dan di Jakarta.Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan adanya korelasi signifikan antara tingkat agresi sosial dengan dimensi-dimensi kualitas pertemanan yakni keintiman, reliabilitas aliansi, kesetaraan, eksklusivitas, dan konflik. Independent sample t-test sementara itu menunjukkan bahwa tingkat agresi sosial lebih tinggi pada remaja laki-laki dibandingkan dengan remaja perempuan. One way ANOVA menggambarkan bahwa tingkat agresi sosial lebih tinggi pada remaja awal dibandingkan dengan tingkat agresi sosial pada remaja madya ataupun remaja akhir.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the rate of social aggression based on friendship quality, gender, and age. Social aggression is defined as a non-physical form of aggression directed toward damaging another's friendship, self-esteem, and social status. Social aggression divided into verbal and non verbal social aggression. Spreading rumors, social exclusion, and friendship manipulation are included as verbal social aggression. Negative facial expression and body language, on the other hand, are classified as non verbal form of social aggression.This study used social aggression and friendship quality questionnaires to gather the data. There were 120 participants, consisted of 60 boys and 60 girls, involved in this study. The age of the participants ranged from 11 to 20 years old. The study was held in several upper middle class education institutions in Bogor and in Jakarta.The results showed that there are significant correlations between the rate of social aggression and dimensions of friendship quality which are intimate exchange, reliable alliance, balance of power, exclusivity, and conflict. Meanwhile, independent sample t-test showed that rate of social aggression was higher for boys than for girls. Furthermore, one way ANOVA revealed that the highest rate of social aggression was found in early teenager group as compared to the social aggression rate of middle or late teenager group."

"Pada era globalisasi dan persaingan bebas dalam bidang pelayanan kesehatan saat ini pihak pengelola pelayanan kesehatan dituntut untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanannya. Di Kabupaten Lampung Utara pemanfaatan puskesmas sebesar 45,2%. Oleh Yudha,dkk, di Puskesmas Banjit tahun 1997 menghasilkan angka dengan kepuasan pasien sebesar 87%. Survai pendahuluan dilakukan bulan Maret 2002 di 4 puskesmas didapatkan 68% responden tidak puas terhadap layanan petugas. Sayang sekali data diatas, belum secara spesifik menggali tentang data kepuasan pasien terhadap layanan kesehatan di Kabupaten Lampung Utara.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana tingkat kepuasan dan mutu layanan balai pengobatan serta bagaimana hubungan kepuasan dan mutu layanan setelah dlcontrol dengan karakteristik pasien, yaitu : jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pekerjaan dan pengetahuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui analisis kuantitatif, dan pendekatan cross sectional untuk menganalisa korelasi antara faktor penyebab dan akibat melalui observasional-pengumpulan data sekaligus pada suatu saat pada 378 pasien balai pengobatan dari tanggal 22-25 April 2602 di 17 puskesmas Kabupaten Lampung Utara, guna mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pasien rawat jalan pada tahun 2002. Untuk memperoleh alasan ketidakpuasan yang timbul akibat proses pelayanan digunakan pendekatan kualitatif.Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan tingkat ketidak kepuasan pasien sebesar 48,7%. Tingkat mutu layanan dimana yang menyatakan tidak ada tanggung jawab manajemen sebanyak 80,2%, sedangkan tidak ada proses penyerahan jasa sebanyak 50,5%. Pada uji bivariat dengan chi-quare didapat terdapat hubungan signifikan antara mutu layanan dengan tingkat kepuasan pasien balai pengobatan puskesmas di Kabupaten Lampung Utara tahun 2002, dimana pada faktor tanggung jawab manajemen variabel yang merupakan konfonder adalah pendidikan dan pekerjaan, sedangkan pada faktor proses penyerahan jasa variabel konfondennya jenis kelamin, pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Pada penelitian ini didapat indikator kepuasan yang diprioritaskan adalah : keterampilan pemeriksa, menerangkan cara minum obat yang akan diberikan, mengajak bila pasien sakit untuk berobat kembali.Disarankan pada pembuat kebijakan pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini pihak dinas kesehatan Kabupaten agar : Mengadakan simulasi aplikasi pemeriksaan pasien sesuai dengan protap pelayanan standar minimal balai pengobatan puskesmas yang telah dibuat oleh Dinas kesehatan Kabupaten, mengadakan penyegaran bagi petugas balai pengobatan tentang perjalanan penyakit dan penatalaksanaan pengobatan sederhana serta tata cara pemberian obat-obatan di puskesmas, mengadakan penyegaran penyusunan program kerja puskesmas yang berorientasi pada kepuasan pelanggan, dan mengadakan survei berkala untuk pengukuran kepuasan pasien dengan periode waktu tertentu (misalnya setiap akhir tahun anggaran), sehingga diketahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai batas perencanaan peningkatan mutu layanan dimasa yang akan datang.

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Relationship between Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction at Puskesmas in the District of North Lampung 2002In the recent globalization and free-trade era, the health care manager requires improving the service quality in the health care. Community Health Center (Puskesmas) utilization in the District of North Lampung is 45,2%. Yudha et.al revealed that patient satisfaction in Puskesmas Banjit in 1997 was 87%. The preliminary survey that conducted in March 2002 in 4 Puskesmas showed that 68% of respondents not satisfied with the provider's service. Unfortunately, the data that mentioned above was not specifically explained yet about the patient satisfaction on service quality at Puskesmas in the District of North Lampung.

The aims of this study were to find the level of satisfaction among patients and the service quality of health center as well as to find the relationship between patient satisfaction and service quality after being controlled by characteristics of patients such as sex, education, occupation, and knowledge. This study used the quantitative analysis and cross sectional approach to analyze relationship between causal factor and effect factor through observation. Data collecting was conducted to 378 patients of health center on April 22-25, 2002 at 17 Puskesmas in the District of North Lampung. To gain the reasons among unsatisfied patients on the service process given, this study used the qualitative approach.

The results of this study showed that the level of satisfaction among patients was 48,7%. Based on the level of service quality stating the lack of management responsibility was 80,2%, while no availability of the process of service delivery was 50,5%. A Chi-square test revealed the availability of significance between service quality and the level of patient satisfaction at Puskesmas in the District of North Lampung. As confounder variables in the management responsibility factor were education and occupation, while confounder variables in the process of service delivery factor were sex, education, and occupation. This study also found that the indicators of satisfaction having priority to be done are health provider's skill, explanation how to take the medicines, and suggest doing the examination again if the patient were sick.

The recommendations for the policy maker of district government, especially for the Health District, are to conduct simulation of examination for patient based on the minimal standard operational procedure of Puskesmas, to review Puskesmas program planning that focused on the customer satisfaction, and to conduct a periodic survey (at the end of the fiscal year) so it could determine the factors related to the patient satisfaction. And it is hoped that they could be used to improve the service quality in the future."