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"Teknologi pemanfaatan limbah pabrik kertas sangat dibutuhkan dengan meningkatnya produksi limbah yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Serat selulosa dari limbah pabrik kertas berpotensi sebagai sumber nanofiller nanokristal selulosa (CNC) pada bahan sorben minyak yang dapat digunakan kembali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi limbah pabrik kertas sebagai nanofiller pada aerogel PVA/CNC/CNT dengan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi limbah kertas, CNC dan aerogel, UV-Vis Spectroscopy untuk mengetahui solubilitas CNT, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) untuk mengetahui morfologi aerogel, perhitungan densitas dan porositas aerogel, uji kebasahan untuk mengetahui sifat permukaan aerogel, uji penyerapan minyak untuk mengetahui kapasitas penyerapan, dan uji reusability untuk mengetahui kemampuan penggunaan kembali aerogel. Aerogel yang dihasilkan memiliki struktur jaringan berpori dengan densitas 0,0475 g/cm3, porositas 96,64% pada rasio CNC:CNT (20:1), sudut kontak 111,22°. Kapasitas penyerapan minyak aerogel didapatkan sebesar 12,11 g/g dan hanya bisa digunakan sekali pakai. Aerogel PVA/CNC/CNT yang dihasilkan menunjukkan potensi pengolahan limbah pabrik kertas sebagai nanofiller dalam aerogel untuk meningkatkan kapasitas penyerapan minyak.

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The technology of utilizing paper mill sludge is needed due to the rise of waste sludge production which can cause environmental problem. Cellulose fibers from paper mill sludge can be used as a source of nanocrystal cellulose (CNC) nanofillers in reusable oil sorbents. This study aims to determine the potential of paper mill sludge as a nanofiller in PVA/CNC/CNT aerogels using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the functional groups of paper mill sludge, CNC and aerogels, UV-Vis Spectroscopy to determine the solubility of CNTs, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the morphology of the aerogel, the density and porosity calculation, wettability test to determine the surface properties, oil absorption test to determine the absorption capacity, and reusability test to determine the ability to reuse the aerogel. The resulting aerogel has a porous network structure with a density of 0.0475 g/cm3, 96.64% porosity at a ratio of CNC:CNT (20:1), contact angle of 111.22°. The aerogel’s oil absorption capacity was obtained at 12.11 g/g and could only be used once. The resulting PVA/CNC/CNT aerogels show the potential for paper mill sludge to act as nanofillers in aerogel to increase oil absorption capacity."

"Teknologi penyerapan ceceran minyak jelantah di area sekitar penggorengan sangat penting dilakukan untuk menghindari penyumbatan dan polusi air akibat pembuangan langsung ke saluran drainase. Sorben aerogel polivinil alkohol/nanokristal selulosa/carbon nanotubes yang hidrofobik dapat digunakan untuk menyerap ceceran minyak pada area sekitar penggorengan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh pengaruh penambahan methyltrichlorosilane terhadap sifat hidrofobik aerogel polivinil alkohol/nanokristal selulosa/carbon nanotubes dan penambahan variasi jumlah carbon nanotubes (0,5%, 1%, dan 1,5%) terhadap karakteristik kapasitas penyerapan minyak dan reusability aerogel polivinil alkohol/nanokristal selulosa/carbon nanotubes. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah UV-Vis Spectroscopy untuk mengetahui solubilitas carbon nanotubes, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi pada aerogel, Scanning Electron Microscope untuk mengetahui morfologi aerogel, wettability untuk mengetahui sifat kebasahan pada permukaan aerogel, serta perhitungan densitas porositas, kapasitas penyerapan minyak, dan siklus reusability dengan pemerasan mekanis. Aerogel yang dihasilkan memiliki sudut kontak sebesar 144,78o dan struktur berpori dengan densitas 0,0708 g/cm3 dan porositas 80,70% pada penambahan carbon nanotubes sebanyak 0,5% fraksi berat aerogel. Kapasitas penyerapan minyak oleh aerogel yang didapatkan sebesar 10,01 g/g dan hanya dapat digunakan sekali pakai.

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The technology of absorbing used cooking oil in the area around the fryer is very important to avoid blockages and water pollution due to direct discharge into the drainage channel. Hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanocrystals/carbon nanotubes aerogel sorbent can be used to absorb oil splatters in the area around the fryer. This study was conducted to obtain the effect of adding methyltrichlorosilane on the hydrophobic properties of polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanocrystals/carbon nanotubes aerogel sorbent and the addition of variations in the ratio of carbon nanotubes (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) to the characteristics of oil absorption capacity and reusability of polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanocrystals/carbon nanotubes aerogel sorbent. The tests carried out are UV-Vis Spectroscopy to determine the solubility of carbon nanotubes, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to determine the functional groups on aerogel, Scanning Electron Microscope to determine the morphology of aerogel, wettability to determine the wetness properties on the surface of the aerogel, as well as the calculation of porosity density, oil absorption capacity, and reusability cycle by mechanical squeezing. The resulting aerogel has a contact angle of 144.78o and a porous structure with a density of 0.0708 g/cm3 and a porosity of 80.70% in the addition of carbon nanotubes as much as 0.5% of the weight fraction of the aerogel. The oil absorption capacity by aerogel obtained is 10.01 g/g and can only be used once."

"A continuous pilot scale the study has been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion of biological sludge. The sludge has a total solid content of 0.53 % - 1.1 %, pH of 7.20 to 7.32. Its organic content is about 97%, the research were conducted in two stages, which are acidification (performed in 3 m3 the continously stirred tank reactor/CSTR at pH of 5.5 to 6.0) and methanation (performed in 5 m3 the up flow anaerobic sludge blanket/UASB reactor at pH 6.5 to 7.0). The retention time (RT) was gradually shortened form 6 days to 1 day for acidification and from 8 days 2 days for methanation. The result showed that operating the CSTR at the RT of 1 day and the organic loading of 8.23 g volatile solid (VS)/m3. Day could produce biogas at an average value of 66.3 L/day, with an average methane content of 69.9%, methane rate of 0.17 L CH/g COD reduction or 19.06 L CH4/kg VS. Furthermore, methanation could reduce COD at an average value of 51.2%, resulting in the effluent average value of COD filtrate and COD total of 210.1 mg/L and 375.2 mg/L, respectively"

"ABSTRAKLimbah pulp kertas dari proses daur ulang kertas diketahui memiliki potensi nilai kalor yang dapat dijadikan solid recovered fuel. Limbah pulp kertas pada penelitian ini diketahui memiliki kadar air yang tinggi (84,82%) dengan kadar volatile solid sebesar 79,60%, dan rasio C/N 33,58%. Komposisi limbah pulp kertas terdiri dari kertas sebanyak 69,40% dan komposisi plastik sebanyak 30,60%. Dalam upaya menurunkan kadar air dan meningkatan nilai kalor limbah pulp kertas, akan dilakukan pretreatment dengan metode biodrying. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan biodrying pada feedstock limbah pulp kertas dengan menggunakan campuran sampah daun. Rasio limbah pulp kertas pada tiap reaktor dibuat berbeda. Rasio antara limbah pulp kertas dengan sampah daun pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah 50:50; 60:40; 80:20. Suhu tertinggi pada biodrying dihasilkan pada Reaktor 3, tetapi Reaktor 3 mengalami penurunan kadar air akhir terkecil (9,13%) dengan penurunan volatile solid terbesar (13,12%). Namun hasil uji ANOVA menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) untuk suhu pada tiap reaktor. Performa biodrying yang paling baik dicapai oleh Reaktor 2 karena mengalami penurunan kadar air akhir terbesar (23,04%) dengan penurunan volatile solid terkecil (7,84%). Nilai kalor (LHVwet) produk biodrying pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut 5,95 MJ/kg; 4,68 MJ/kg; 2,86 MJ/kg. Berdasarkan nilai kalor, produk biodrying yang memenuhi standar SRF adalah Reaktor 1 dan Reaktor 2. Panas yang dihasilkan pada proses biodrying merupakan tanda terjadinya aktivitas mikroorganisme dalam mendegradasi senyawa organik. Jenis mikroorganisme yang terdapat pada feedstock biodrying berdasarkan fase suhu yang dihasilkan terdiri dari mikroorganisme mesofilik dan mikroorganisme termofilik. Pada penelitian ini juga diteliti jumlah bakteri mesofilik dan bakteri termofilik selama proses biodrying. Dari pengujian jumlah bakteri dengan metode Total Plate Count (TPC) dihasilkan bakteri mesofilik terbanyak ada pada Reaktor 3 dengan rata-rata 17 x 109 CFU/gram, begitu pula dengan bakteri termofilik dengan rata-rata 13 x 106 CFU/gram. Uji ANOVA menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05) untuk jumlah bakteri mesofilik antar reaktor. Jumlah bakteri termofilik juga menghasilkan perbedaan yang signifikan antar reaktor (p>0,05).

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ABSTRACTThe waste of paper pulp from the paper recycling process is known to have potential heating values ​​that can be used as solid recovered fuel. The paper pulp waste in this study is known to have high water content (84.82%) with a volatile solid content of 79.60%, and C/N ratio of 33.58%. The composition of paper pulp waste consists of 69.40% paper and 30.60% plastic. In an effort to reduce water content and increase the calorific value of paper pulp waste, a pretreatment will be carried out using the biodrying method. In this study, biodrying was carried out on paper pulp waste feedstock by using a mixture of leaf waste. The ratio of paper pulp waste to each reactor is made different. The ratio between paper pulp waste and leaf waste in Reactors 1, 2, and 3 respectively is 50:50; 60:40; 80:20 The highest temperature on biodrying was generated in Reactor 3, but Reactor 3 decreased the smallest final moisture content (9.13%) with the largest decrease in volatile solids (13.12%). However, the ANOVA test results showed no significant difference (p <0.05) for the temperature of each reactor. The best biodrying performance was achieved by Reactor 2 because it experienced the largest decrease in final moisture content (23.04%) with the smallest volatile solid decline (7.84%). Calorific value (LHVwet) of biodrying products in Reactor 1, 2, and 3 respectively 5.95 MJ/kg; 4.68 MJ/kg; 2.86 MJ/kg. Based on the heating value, biodrying products that meet the SRF standard are Reactor 1 and Reactor 2. The heat generated in the biodrying process is a sign of the activity of microorganisms in degrading organic compounds. The types of microorganisms found in biodrying feedstock based on the resulting phase temperature consist of mesophilic microorganisms and thermophilic microorganisms. In this study also examined the number of mesophilic bacteria and thermophilic bacteria during the biodrying process. From testing the number of bacteria using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method produced the most mesophilic bacteria in Reactor 3 with an average of 17 x 109 CFU/gram, as well as thermophilic bacteria with an average of 13 x 106 CFU/gram. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences (p> 0.05) for the number of mesophilic bacteria between reactors. The number of thermophilic bacteria also produced a significant difference between reactors (p> 0.05)."

"ABSTRAKIndustri daur ulang pulp dan kertas Indonesia menghasilkan pembentukan limbah baru berupa limbah pulp kertas mencapai 300.000 ton/tahun dimana sebagian besar dibuang langsung ke TPA. Padahal potensi limbah pulp kertas dengan energi mencapai 20 MJ/kg dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengelolaan sampah yang lebih efektif yaitu Waste to Energy (WTE). Namun, prinsip mengubah limbah industri menjadi Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) menjadi tantangan baru dalam pengolahan limbah yang memiliki karakteristik yang lebih kompleks. Salah satunya adalah kadar air yang cukup tinggi dan bervariasi antara 40-85 persen yang menjadi tantangan dalam teknologi WTE khususnya unit pengolahan termal sehingga dibutuhkan pre-treatment seperti biodrying untuk mengubah karakteristik awal limbah pulp kertas menjadi RDF yang lebih mudah diaplikasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki performa proses biodrying limbah pulp kertas dan sampah daun dalam berbagai rasio pencampuran dengan hasil menunjukkan bahwa degradasi sampah daun sangat berperan dalam menurunkan kadar air (6-15 persen), namun menghasilkan suhu yang cenderung lebih rendah (36-42 derajtC). Penurunan kadar air terhadap kadar VS (7-10 persen) menghasilkan performa dengan indeks biodrying 3,85. Terhadap hubungannya proses biodrying dengan bio-stabilitas sampah, rasio pencampuran yang hampir setara (50:50 atau 60:40) menghasilkan produk yang relatif stabil setelah proses biodrying 7-15 hari dengan kualitas RDF kelas 5 (>3 MJ/kg).

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ABSTRACTIndonesian pulp and paper recycling industry produces paper waste up to 300,000 tons/year, which is discharged directly into landfill while its potential of energy, which can reached up to 20 MJ/kg, can be used for more effective waste management, such as Waste to Energy (WTE). However, the principle of converting waste into Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) is a new challenge in waste management because of its complex characteristics, such as moisture content that is quite high (40-85%) which is another challenge in WTE technology, especially thermal treatment units. So, it has to be treated using pre-treatment such as biodrying to reach the initial characteristics of paper pulp waste into easier-applied RDF. This study discusses the process performance of paper waste and waste biodrying mixing ratio which showing the degradation of leaf waste correlated to decreased water content (6-15 persen), but producing lower temperatures than normal biodrying (36-42 derajat C). The decrease in moisture content against the volatile solid degradation (7-10 persen) resulted in a performance with biodrying index up to 3.85. Regarding connection of biodrying processes with waste biostabilization, a higher mixing ratio (50:50 or 60:40) produces a relatively stable product after 7-15 days refining process with grade 5 RDF quality (>3 MJ/kg)."

"Industri pulp dan kertas menghasilkan limbah lumpur dengan volume mencapai 1,0 m3/ ton produk yang dapat diolah dengan metode digestasi anaerobik. Proses tersebut dapat menghasilkan biogas dan residu digestat yang memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan kembali sebagai bahan baku kompos. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kualitas dan potensi pemanfaatan digestat sebagai bahan baku kompos. Percobaan ini menggunakan reaktor anaerobik 15 liter berisi lumpur kertas serta dengan penambahan kotoran sapi untuk meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi dan mengoptimalkan nilai rasio C/N. Digestat reaktor 1 dianalisis kualitasnya setelah hari ke-30, sedangkan digestat reaktor 2 dianalisis pada hari ke-45. Digestat utuh reaktor 2 memililiki kandungan nutrisi yang lebih tinggi dan paling mendekati persyaratan bahan baku kompos dan pupuk organik, kecuali kandungan fosfor dan kadar airnya, dengan nilai rasio C/N 27,26, fosfor (P) 0,0069%, kalium (K) 2,74%, Pb 0,97 mg/l, Zn 12,51 mg/l dan kadar air 91,14%. Digestat padatan dapat dikeringkan untuk mencapai persyaratan kadar air dan dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik serta bahan baku kompos dengan penambahan bahan organik berupa sekam padi, sedangkan digestat cairan tidak bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk cair karena nilai karbon yang rendah.

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Paper sludge is generated in large quantity, reaching up to 1 m3 of wastewater/ton paper produced and can be treated by anaerobic digestion method. This process produced biogas and residual digestate which has potential to be used as feedstock of composting. The aims of this study were to investigate the quality and potential of the digestate generated from anaerobic digestion process as a feedstock of composting. This experiment used 15 L anaerobic batch reactors contained only paper sludge and with the mixture of cow manure to reach high nutrient content and adjust the C/N ratio optimum. Residual digestate generated from reactor 1 was measured after 30 days, while digestate from reactor 2 was measured in day 45 of anaerobic digestion process. The whole digestate from reactor 2 contained higher nutrient and met the requirements for composting and fertilizer, except the phosphorus and moisture content, with the C/N ratio 27,26, phosphorus (P) 0,0069%, potassium (K) 2,74%, Pb 0,97 mg/l, Zn 12,51 mg/l and moisture content 91,14%. Solid digestate can be dried to meet the moisture content requirements and can be used as biofertilizer and feedstock of composting mixed with organic materials, such as rice hulls, while the liquid digestate can't be used as a fertilizer due to the low carbon content."

"Kejahatan lingkungan telah menyebabkan kerusakan dan penderitaan (bersifat harmful) kepada manusia maupun non-manusia, namun sering tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran hukum pidana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan environmental victimization yang dialami oleh masyarakat Desa X, Kabupaten Mojokerto, Jawa Timur akibat limbah impor bahan baku pabrik kertas. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori Environmental Victimology dan State-Corporate Crime. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan konsep kekerasan struktural dan Treadmill of Law. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam dan studi peraturan perundang-undangan terkait importasi limbah bahan baku pabrik kertas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa viktimisasi yang dialami masyarakat Desa X diawali dari perizinan importasi limbah bahan baku pabrik kertas melalui regulasi yang dibuat oleh negara. Rendahnya pengawasan implementasi importasi limbah oleh pemerintah memfasilitasi pembuangan limbah impor bahan baku pabrik kertas ke Desa X. Pihak Kepala Desa X sebagai representasi negara di tingkat lokal malah bekerjasama dengan perusahaan kertas dalam pembuangan limbah demi meraih keuntungan pribadi. Environmental victimization telah dialami masyarakat Desa X selama puluhan tahun dan bisa berdampak jangka panjang pada kesehatan masyarakat maupun lingkungan di Desa X. Environmental victimization yang dialami oleh masyarakat Desa X merupakan suatu bentuk kekerasan struktural.

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Environmental crimes have caused suffering and harming humans and non-human entities, but are often not considered as violation of criminal law. This study aims to explain the environmental victimization experienced by the people of Village X, Mojokerto Regency, East Java due to the imported waste paper dumping. The theory used in this study is the theory of Environmental Victimology and State-Corporate Crime. This study also uses the concept of structural violence and the Treadmill of Law. This research is qualitative research with in-depth interviews and studies of legislation related to the importation of paper waste as data collection methods. The results showed that the victimization experienced by the people of Village X started when the state allowed the importation of waste paper. The government's low surveillance on the implementation of the importation of waste facilitated the waste paper dumping in Village X. The Head of Village X as a representative of the state at the local level has been cooperating with paper corporations in waste dumping in Village for his personal gain. The people of Village X have been environmentally victimized for decades. The waste dumping in Village X may have long-term harm to the public health and the ecosystem of Village X. Environmental victimization experienced by the people of Village X is seen as a form of structural violence."

"Kapang menyebabkan deteriorasi pada manuskrip dluwang lama di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kapang asal manuskrip dluwang lama dari Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan dan Mertasinga) dalam menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat. Deskripsi empat strain kapang yang telah diidentifikasi secara molekuler pada penelitian sebelumnya, dikonfirmasi berdasarkan karakterisasi morfologi pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Biakan kapang dalam PDA miring di suhu 26,5 oC, umur 7 hari digunakan untuk pembuatan suspensi sel dalam akuades steril 5 ml. Tiga ml suspensi sel diinokulasikan ke dalam 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas merang (diameter 5,2 cm) sebagai substrat, dan pada 27 ml CDB tanpa kertas merang sebagai kontrol, inkubasi di suhu ruang (28 oC), selama 30 hari. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi mengkonfirmasi empat strain kapang adalah Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, dan Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. Semua kapang menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat untuk sumber karbon dan nutrien berdasarkan adanya pertumbuhan (hifa dan sporulasi), perubahan kondisi kertas (kertas menjadi robek, rapuh, adanya titik sporulasi berwarna kehijauan dan cokelat kehitaman), dan persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas (3,44--15,92%).

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Moulds causes deterioration on old dluwang manuscripts in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the ability of moulds from the old dluwang manuscripts from Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan and Mertasinga) in using rice straw paper as a substrate. Four mould strains which were identified by molecular method in previous study, were described to confirm their species identities based on morphology characterisation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Seven days-old mould cultures in PDA slants, at 26.5 oC, were used for cell suspensions in 5 ml sterile water. Three ml cell suspensions were inoculated into 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with the addition of rice straw paper (5.2 cm in diameter) as a substrate, and into 27 ml CDB without a carbon source and rice straw paper as a control, incubated at room temperature (28 oC), for 30 days. The results showed that description of four mould strains was confirmed as Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, and Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. All mould strains were able to use rice straw paper as a substrate to obtain carbon source and nutrient for growth based on the presence of hyphae and sporulation, changes in paper conditions (tear, fragile, sporulation spots in light green and brownish-black) and percentage of paper dry weight loss (3.44--15.92%)."

"The organic complex compound contained in pulp and paper's mill wastewater such as lignin and cellulose is difficult to be degraded, that causes low biodegradability of aerobic microorganism in high organic loading rate actinated sludge system. Xylanase and cellulase aplication experiment on activated sludge system process had taken in batch process, aimed to enchance organic complex com[pound's biodegradation effectivity. The experiment used a combination of pulping's wastewater (black liquor) and paper's mill waste to have COD+1500 mg/L. The treatment variations are: activated sludge concentrations (MLSS), enzyme dosages, and residence time. Activated sludge concentrations are MLSS 0, 2000, and 4000 mg/L, xylanase and cellulase's dosages are control, 50 and 100 ppm. and residence time are 12, 18, and 24 hours. This experiment yield highest COD reduction of 35,55% in activated sludge with 50 ppm xylanase application, where 50,96% reached with 100 ppm cellulase application, both occurred in MLSS 2000 mg/L and residence time 24 hours. Compared with control whose only reached COD reduction of 31,12 %, xylanase enchanced the reduction 4,43 % when cellulase enhanced 19,84%."