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"Latar belakang: Situasi pandemi COVID-19 membawa dampak terhadap berbagai aspek kehidupan, terutama pada masyarakat dengan penyakit kronis seperti kanker paru. Perubahan akibat pandemi memengaruhi tingkat kualitas hidup pasien yang penting untuk kesejahteraan hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran kualitas hidup pasien kanker paru pada pandemi COVID-19.Metode: Studi dengan metode potong-lintang dilakukan di Poli Rawat Jalan Onkologi Toraks RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta. Sampel diambil menggunakan metode consecutive sampling. Tingkat kualitas hidup dinilai menggunakan kuesioner European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 items (EORTC QLQ-C30) versi Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menilai karakteristik sosiodemografis dan klinis pasien, serta faktor terkait COVID-19 yang meliputi kekhawatiran akan terhambatnya pengobatan, paparan informasi mengenai COVID-19, hambatan akses menuju fasilitas kesehatan, hambatan kelanjutan pengobatan, tekanan mental yang dialami, serta hubungan dengan keluarga dan teman selama pandemi COVID-19.Hasil: Sebanyak 94% dan 6% pasien kanker paru memiliki tingkat kualitas hidup sedang dan buruk selama pandemi COVID-19. Keseluruhan pasien mengalami gangguan kualitas hidup selama pandemi, tetapi tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik pada tingkat kualitas hidup dengan karakteristik subjek, maupun dengan pandemi COVID-19. Sebagian besar pasien mengkhawatirkan keterlambatan pengobatan dan mengalami tekanan psikologis, namun hanya sedikit pasien yang mengalami hambatan pengobatan selama pandemi.Kesimpulan: Studi ini menunjukkan adanya gangguan kualitas hidup pada pasien kanker paru selama pandemi COVID-19. Diperlukan adanya penelitian lebih lanjut serta pengembangan intervensi yang lebih holistik dan komprehensif untuk pasien kanker paru, terutama selama pengobatan jarak jauh.Kata kunci: Kanker Paru, Kualitas Hidup, COVID-19

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected various aspects of life, especially for people with chronic diseases such as lung cancer. The changes due to the pandemic impact their quality of life (QoL) which is important for their well-being. This study aimed to provide an overview of lung cancer patients’ QoL during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Thoracic Oncology Outpatient Clinic of Persahabatan National Respiratory Referral Hospital, Jakarta. Patients were recruited using consecutive sampling methods. QoL was assessed using the Indonesian version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 items (EORTC QLQ-C30). This study also assessed the patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the factors related to COVID-19, including concerns about treatment delays, exposure to COVID-19 information, barriers to access to healthcare facilities and treatment continuation, psychological pressure, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends.

Results: 94% and 6% of lung cancer patients have moderate and poor QoL during the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients have impaired QoL, but no statistically significant relationship was found between QoL and the subjects’ characteristics or the factors related to the pandemic. Most patients are concerned about treatment delays and experiencing psychological pressure, but only a few patients experience treatment barriers during the pandemic.

Conclusion: This study showed an impaired QoL in lung cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research and development of more holistic and comprehensive interventions for lung cancer patients, particularly during remote treatment, are needed."

"Latar belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 membawa perubahan yang besar terhadap sistem pelayanan kesehatan, salah satunya pada terapi kanker paru. Berbagai keterbatasan yang dihadapi tenaga kesehatan dan risiko COVID-19 yang tinggi pada pasien kanker paru menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan terapi pada pasien kanker paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan terapi dan tingkat kekhawatiran pada pasien kanker paru. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang yang melibatkan pasien rawat jalan kanker paru dilakukan di Poli Onkologi RSUP Persahabatan. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode consecutive sampling. Perubahan terapi pasien kanker paru selama pandemi dinilai menggunakan survei daring yang disusun oleh Dutch Federation of Cancer Patients Organisations dan Dutch Multidisiplinary Oncology Foundation yang dimodifikasi dan diterjemahkan dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Karakteristik subjek yang meliputi karakteristik demografi, karakteristik kanker paru, jenis terapi, dan riwayat infeksi COVID-19 turut dinilai dalam penelitian ini. Hasil: Sebanyak 68,2% pasien kanker paru mengalami perubahan terapi selama pandemi COVID-19. Tidak ditemukan adanya korelasi antara karakteristik dan tingkat kekhawatiran subjek dengan perubahan terapi selama pandemi COVID-19. Kekhawatiran terhadap perubahan terapi ditemukan pada 77,3% subjek penelitian. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menemukan tingginya proporsi pasien kanker paru yang mengalami perubahan selama pandemi COVID-19. Perubahan terapi selama pandemi sebaiknya mempertimbangkan dampak psikologis pasien dan efektivitas terapi. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perubahan terapi selama pandemi COVID-19.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought major changes to the health care system, one of which is lung cancer treatment. Various limitations faced by health workers and the high risk of COVID-19 in lung cancer patients led to changes in lung cancer treatment. This study aims to assess changes in therapy and level of concern in lung cancer patients.

Method: A cross-sectional study involving lung cancer outpatients was conducted in Thoracic Oncology Outpatient Clinic in Persahabatan National Respiratory Referral Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia. Sample recruitment was done using consecutive sampling method. Changes in therapy for lung cancer patients during the pandemic were assessed using an online survey by the Dutch Federation of Cancer Patients Organizations and the Dutch Multidisciplinary Oncology Foundation which was modified and translated into Bahasa. Patients characteristics, including demographic characteristics, lung cancer characteristics, type of therapy, and history of COVID-19 infection were also assessed in this study.

Result: A total of 68.2% of lung cancer patients reported changes in therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic and 77,3% were concerned about treatment changes. No correlation was found between the characteristics and level of concern of the subjects with changes in treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: This study found a high proportion of lung cancer patients who experienced changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in therapy during a pandemic should take into account the psychological impact of the patient and the effectiveness of therapy. Further research is needed to determine the factors that influence the changes during the COVID-19 pandemic."

"ABSTRAKDalam perencanaan terapi teknik lanjut telah diimplementasikan algoritma Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA dan Acuros XB pada perencanaan terapi dengan teknik IMRT dan VMAT. Dalam penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk memverifikasi simulasi perencanaan terapi dan pemberian dosis IMRT dan VMAT pada kasus kanker prostat dan kanker paru. Verifikasi dosis dilakukan dengan meletakkan TLD 100 LiF rod dan film Gafchromic EBT3 pada fantom Rando Alderson. Evaluasi dosis dilakukan dengan membandingkan analisis dosimetri PTV dan organ at risk menggunakan algoritma Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA dan Acuros XB pada teknik IMRT dan VMAT. Dari hasil penelitian PTV pada kanker prostat algoritma Acuros XB memiliki kualitas perencanaan lebih baik dibandingkan Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA sebesar 1 . Pola yang sama juga diperoleh organ at risk dengan algoritma terbaik diperoleh Acuros XB dengan penyimpangan rata-rata terbesar pada OAR femoral head sebesar 6 . Lebih lanjut PTV pada kanker paru kiri dan kanan memiliki penyimpangan rata-rata lebih kecil pada teknik VMAT. Sementara pada penggunaan algoritma Acuros XB memiliki kualitas perencanaan lebih baik dibandingkan Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA sebesar 0,56 . Pada OAR kasus paru kiri dan kanan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari penggunaan algortima Acuros XB dan Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA dengan rentang deviasi terbesar diperoleh jantung 9.

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ABSTRACTIn the planning of advanced engineering therapy has been implemented Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA and Acuros XB algorithms on therapy planning with IMRT and VMAT techniques. In this study intended to verify the simulation of therapy planning and dosage of IMRT and VMAT in cases of prostate cancer and lung cancer. Dose verification is done by placing TLD 100 LiF rod and Gafchromic EBT3 film on fantom Rando Alderson. Dose evaluation was done by comparing dosimetry analysis of PTV and organ at risk using Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA and Acuros XB algorithm on IMRT and VMAT techniques. From the results of research PTV on prostate cancer algorithm Acuros XB has better planning quality than Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA of 1 . The same pattern is also obtained by the organ at risk with the best algorithm obtained by Acuros XB with the largest mean deviation on femoral head OAR of 6 . Furthermore, PTV in left and right lung cancer has a smaller mean deviation in VMAT technique. While the use of Acuros XB algorithm has better planning quality than Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA of 0.56 . In the left and right lung OAR cases there was no significant difference from the use of the Acuros XB algorithm and the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm AAA with the largest deviation range obtained by heart 9 . "

"Latar Belakang: Kanker paru dapat memiliki gejala dan tanda yang salah satunya disebabkan sindrom paraneoplastik. Salah satu sindrom paraneoplastik melibatkan sistem hematologi yang terdiri dari anemia, leukositosis, netrofilia, hipereosinofilia, trombositosis dan hiperkoagulabilitas. Belum ada data/penelitian di Indonesia mengenai sindrom paraneoplastik hematologi pada kanker paru.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang analitik yang dilakukan di poliklinik onkologi toraks RSRRN Persahabatan dalam periode September 2018 hingga Februari 2019 terhadap semua pasien kanker paru kasus baru yang sudah tegak diagnosis serta memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang diambil secara total sampling.Hasil: Subjek memiliki rerata usia 56,7+11,4 tahun. Sebagian besar laki-laki, berstatus gizi normal (42,6%), memiliki riwayat merokok (75%) dan IB sedang (52%). Jenis histologi tersering KSS (39,7%) dengan stage lanjut (83,8%) dan PS <2 (94,1%). Proporsi anemia paraneoplastik adalah 40,4% yang berhubungan dengan status gizi kurang dan tersering berjenis normositik normokromik. Proporsi leukositosis paraneoplastik adalah 39% yang berhubungan dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki dan riwayat merokok. Proporsi netrofilia paraneoplastik 51,5% yang berhubungan dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki, riwayat merokok dan jenis histologi KSS. Proporsi hipereosinofilia dan trombositosis paraneoplastik masing-masing adalah 2,9% dan 18,4%. Proporsi hiperkoagulabilitas paraneoplastik adalah 91,2% yang didominasi peningkatan kadar D-dimer.Kesimpulan: Sindrom paraneoplastik hematologi yang paling sering ditemukan pada pasien kanker paru adalah hiperkoagulabilitas, netrofilia dan anemia. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk menilai hubungan sindrom paraneoplastik hematologi dengan prognosis pasien.

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Background: Lung cancer could have signs and symptoms which was caused by paraneoplastic syndromes. One of those paraneoplastic syndromes involves hematologic system consisting of anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hypereosinophilia, thrombocytosis and hypercoagulability. There has been no data/research in Indonesia regarding hematologic paraneoplastic syndrome in lung cancer.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analytic study conducted at the thoracic oncology clinic in Persahabatan Hospital during September 2018 to February 2019 for all patients with new case of lung cancer whose diagnosis established and fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria taken in total sampling.

Results: Subjects had a mean age of 56.7+11.4 years. Most of them were male, had normal nutritional status (42.6%), had a smoking history (75%) and moderate IB (52%). The most common type of histology was SCC/squamous cell carcinoma (39.7%) with advanced stage (83.8%) and PS <2 (94.1%). The proportion of paraneoplastic anemia was 40.4% which was associated with poor nutritional status and commonly normocytic normochromic. The proportion of paraneoplastic leukocytosis was 39%, associated with male sex and smoking history. The proportion of paraneoplastic neutrophilia was 51.5%, related to male sex, smoking history and SCC histology type. The proportions of paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia and thrombocytosis were 2.9% and 18.4%, respectively. The proportion of paraneoplastic hypercoagulability was 91.2% and dominated by the increase of D-dimer level.

Conclusion: The most common hematologic paraneoplastic syndrome found in lung cancer patients were hypercoagulability, netrophilia and anemia. Further research is needed to assess the correlation of hematologic paraneoplastic syndrome and the prognosis of the patients."

"Aim: to assess the quality of life (QOL) of lung cancer patients.Subject and methods: Twenty-four subjects were interviewed, and questionnaires were filled to evaluate the subjective quality of life of the patients. Objective evaluation was conducted using the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS). Subjective evaluation included physical, social, and spiritual dimensions. Evaluation was conducted at the time of diagnosis (initial phase, 24 subjects), and reevaluation was conducted during the adaptive phase (21 subjects).Time and place: the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital and Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, from January 2001 to January 2002.Results: At the time of diagnosis 1 subject had poor QOL, 18 (75%) had moderate QOL, and 5 had high QOL. At the reevaluation, 8 had mild QOL and 13 had high QOL.Conclusions: There was a significant increment of quality of life from the time of diagnosis to the second evaluation.Abbreviations: (QOL) quality oflife,(KPS)Karnofsky Perfomance Status"

"ABSTRAKKanker merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di dunia. IARC WHO menyebutkan 8,2 juta kematian terjadi akibat kanker dan 14,1 juta kasus kanker baru terjadi di dunia pada tahun 2012. Dari angka tersebut, Asia berkontribusi terhadap 54,9% kematian akibat kanker, dan 48,0% kasus kanker baru. Di Indonesia, prevalensi kanker sebesar 1.40/00 dan menempati penyebab kematian kedua setelah penyakit kardiovaskular di kelompok penyakit tidak menular sebesar 13%. Salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya kanker adalah adanya paparan zat yang bersifat karsinogen yang diperoleh di lingkungan kerja, sehingga skrining terhadap adanya kanker menjadi hal penting untuk dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan prototipe sistem kewaspadaan dini untuk pegawai yang berisiko terhadap paparan zat karsinogen yang merupakan salah satu faktor risiko munculnya penyakit kanker paru dan kanker payudara. Tingkat risiko kanker paru dan payudara diperoleh dengan mengolah variabel pada data hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan rutin pegawai. Prototipe menampilkan informasi tingkatan risiko kanker paru dan payudara serta dashboard gambaran risiko penyakit seluruh pegawai. Pengembangan sistem dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode prototipe model incremental dan pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara kepada pengguna sistem serta observasi dokumen. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terbangunnya prototipe sistem yang dapat memberikan informasi tingkatan risiko setiap pegawai terhadap penyakit kanker paru dan payudara sebagai early warning untuk pengobatan yang lebih dini.

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ABSTRACTCancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO mentions 8.2 million deaths from cancer and 14.1 million new cases of cancer in 2012. Asia contributes to 54.9% of deaths from cancer, and 48.0% of new cancer cases. In Indonesia the prevalence of cancer is 1.40/00 and occupies the second cause of death after cardiovascular diseases due to Non Communicable Diseases. One of the risk factors of cancer is the exposed of carcinogenic substances obtained in the work environment. According to these, health screening activity become a priority. The purpose of this study is to develop an early warning prototype system of lung and breast cancer for employees at risk of exposure to carcinogenic substances. Prototype displays information on risk level against lung and breast cancer and also a dashboard of employee's risk to the disease. System development was done by using prototyping method and incremental model. Data collection was done through interview to the system user and document observation. Result of this research is a prototype system which can give information of lung and breast cancer risk level for early treatment and higher survival rate."

"Latar Belakang: Jumlah kasus KPKBSK diperkirakan 85% dari seluruh kasus kanker paru dan 40% diantaranya adalah jenis adenokarsinoma. Sebanyak 10%-30% pasien adenokarsinoma mengalami mutasi EGFR dan mendapatkan terapi EGFR-TKI. Mayoritas pasien KPKBSK memiliki respons dan toleransi baik terhadap terapi EGFR- TKI tetapi sebagian kecil pasien mengalami penyakit paru interstisial akibat EGFR- TKI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi gambaran penyakit paru interstisial pada pasien KPKBSK dengan terapi EGFR-TKI di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendeketan kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan bulan Januari 2021 hingga Juni 2022. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien KPKBSK yang mendapatkan terapi EGFR-TKI. Subjek penelitian dipilih sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pengambilan data melalu data sekunder berupa rekam medis dan hasil CT scan toraks pasien yang kontrol di poliklinik onkologi RSUP Persahabatan.Hasil: Pada penelitian ini diperoleh 73 subjek penelitian, pasien KPKBSK dengan mutasi EGFR yang mendapatkan terapi EGFR-TKI di RSUP Persahabatan. Sebanyak 12 dari 73 subjek penelitian mengalami gambaran ILD yang dievaluasi berdasarkan CT scan toraks RECIST I dan II dengan karakteristik jenis kelamin laki-laki (22,2%), kelompok usia 40-59 tahun (19,4%), perokok (24,1%), indeks brinkman berat (42,9%) dan mendapatkan terapi afatinib (26,1%). Proporsi gambaran ILD pada pasien KBPKBSK dengan terapi EGFR-TKI adalah opasitas retikular (58,3%), parenchymal band (33,3%), ground-glass opacities (25%), traction bronchiectasis (25%) dan crazy paving pattern (8,3%). Hasil analisis bivariat dan multivariat menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan antara faktor-faktor seperti jenis kelamin, usia, jenis EGFR-TKI, riwayat merokok, indeks brinkman, riwayat penyakit paru dan tampilan status terhadap gambaran ILD.Kesimpulan: Gambaran ILD pada pasien KPKBSK dengan terapi EGFR-TKI meliputi opasitas retikular, parenchymal band, ground-glass opacities, traction bronchiectasis dan crazy paving pattern. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi terhadap gambaran ILD.

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Background: The number of cases of NSCLC is estimated around 85% of all lung cancer cases and 40% among them are adenocarcinoma. Approximately 10%-30% of adenocarcinoma patients have EGFR mutations and receive EGFR-TKI therapy. The majority of NSCLC patients have a good response and tolerance to EGFR-TKI therapy, but a small group of patients experience EGFR-TKI induced interstitial lung disease. This study aims to determine the proportion of features of interstitial lung disease ini NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-TKI at Persahabatan Hospital.

Methods: This study was an analytic observational with a retrospective cohort approach that was conducted from January 2021 until June 2022. The subject were NSCLC patients who received EGFR-TKI treatment. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to determine which subjects will be included in the study. Data collection through secondary data from medical record and chest CT scan results of patients controlled at oncology polyclinic at Persahabatan Hospital.

Result : In this study, there were 73 subjects of NSCLC with EGFR mutations and received EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan Hospital. There were 12 out of 73 subjects had ILD features which were evaluated based on RECIST I and II chest CT scan with predominant of male (22.2%), age group 40-59 years old (19.4%), smokers (24.1%), severe Brinkman index (42.9%) and received afatinib (26.1%). The proportion of ILD features in NSCLC patients with EGFR-TKI therapy are reticular opacities (58.3%), parenchymal bands (33.3%), ground-glass opacities (25%), traction bronchiectasis (25%) and crazy paving pattern (8.3%). The results of bivariate and multivariate analyzes showed that there was no differences between factors such as sex, age, type of GEFR-TKI, smoking history, Brinkman index, history of lung disease and performance status with features of ILD.

Conclusion: Features of ILD in NSCLC patients with EGFR-TKI therapy include reticular opacities, parenchymal bands, ground-glass opacities, traction bronchiectasis and crazy paving pattern. There is no statistically significa"

"Latar belakang: Kanker paru menduduki peringkat ketiga sebagai penyebab kematian utama akibat keganasan di Indonesia, 85% di antaranya adalah kanker paru karsinoma bukan sel kecil (KPKBSK). Pasien kanker paru rentan terhadap infeksi oportunistik, termasuk kriptokokosis, yaitu infeksi jamur Cryptococcus. Penelitian tentang data klinis dan keberadaan Cryptococcus pada pasien KPKBSK di Indonesia masih terbatas. Salah satu metode untuk mendeteksi keberadaan Cryptococcus adalah pemeriksaan serologi Lateral Flow Assay (LFA). Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil klinis pasien KPKBSK dan kaitannya dengan hasil pemeriksaan LFA Cryptococcus di RSUP Persahabatan. Metode: Penelitian dengan disain potong lintang ini dilakukan pada pasien KPKBSK yang belum dikemoterapi di RSUP Persahabatan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data klinis pasien diperoleh dari anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik yang diambil dari rekam medis, selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan LFA Cryptococcus di laboratorium Parasitologi FKUI. Hasil: Dari 77 subjek yang memenuhi kriteri inklusi, terdapat 48 (62,3%) pasien laki-laki, dengan rerata usia 59,4 tahun. Data klinis lain menunjukkan IMT 18,5-22,9 kg/m2 (53,2%), status tampilan 1 (42,9%), perokok aktif (61,0%), Indeks Brinkman ringan (42,9%), adenokarsinoma (75,3%), stadium IIIB-IV (79,2%). Riwayat komorbid yang ditemukan adalah TB (13,0%), asma/PPOK (1,3%), DM (16,9%), dan penyakit lainnya (31,2%). Proporsi hasil pemeriksaan LFA Cryptococcus positif adalah 11,7%. Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara profil klinis dengan keberadaan Cryptococcus pada pasien KPKBSK. Simpulan: Proporsi keberadaan Cryptococcus pada pasien KPKBSK yang belum dikemoterapi adalah 11,7%. Profil klinis terbanyak berupa IMT 18,5-22,9 kg/m2, status tampilan 1, perokok aktif, Indeks Brinkman ringan, jenis keganasan adenokarsinoma, dan stadium IIIB-IV. Riwayat komorbid meliputi TB, asma/PPOK, DM, dan penyakit lain. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara profil klinis dengan keberadaan Cryptococcus pada subjek penelitian.

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Background: Lung cancer is the third of leading cause of death due to malignancy in Indonesia. Eighty-five percent of them were non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer patients are prone to have the opportunistic infections, such as cryptococcosis. However, the clinical data on the exictance of Cryptococcus in NSCLC patients in Indonesia are scarce. One of the methods to detect Cryptococcus in those patients is the Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) serology test.

Aim: The study aimed to determine the association between the clinical profile of NSCLC patients with the Cryptococcal LFA test results at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on naïve NSCLC patients at Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta, who met the inclusion criteria. The clinical data were obtained from history taking and physical examination from the medical records. Furthermore, the Cryptococcal LFA serology test was conducted at laboratory of Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.

Results: Of the 77 subjects, there were 48 male patients (62.3%), and the mean age was 59.4 years old. The most common clinical profile of NSCLC patients were BMI of 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 (53.2%), performance status 1 (42.9%), active smokers (61.0%), mild Brinkman Index (42.9%), adenocarcinoma (75.3%), and cancer stage of IIIB-IV (79.2%). The comorbidities of those patients were TB (13.0%), asthma/COPD (1.3%), DM (16.9%), and other diseases (31.2%). The proportion of positive Cryptococcal LFA test results was 11.7%. There was no significant association between the clinical profiles and the presence of Cryptococcus.

Conclusion: The proportion of the Cryptococcus existance in naïve NSCLC patients was 11.7%. The most common clinical profiles were BMI of 18.5-22.9 kg/m2, performance status 1, active smokers, mild Brinkman Index, adenocarcinoma histology type, and lung cancer stage at IIIB-IV. The comorbidities of those patients were TB, asthma/COPD, DM, and other diseases. No association was found between the clinical profile of those patients and the presence of Cryptococcus."

"Aerosol karbon hitam menimbulkan risiko potensial bagi kesehatan manusia. Karbon hitam telah dilaporkan menjadi penyebab penting bagi beberapa penyakit kardiovaskular dan pernapasan manusia. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) menyatakan bahwa klasifikasi karbon hitam adalah 2b, yaitu berpotensi menyebabkan kanker. Ini menandakan bahwa efek karsinogenik karbon hitam untuk manusia masih kontroversial. Laporan kasus berikut ini memaparkan kasus kanker paru-paru akibat pajanan karbon hitam dan meninjau literatur laporan kasus okupasi untuk mendapatkan jawaban tentang efek pajanan karbon hitam dan meningkatnya risiko kanker paru-paru di antara pekerja yang terpajan karbon hitam. Pencarian literatur dilakukan untuk menjawab pertanyaan klinis melalui database elektronik: PubMed dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah 'karbon hitam' DAN 'kanker paru-paru' DAN 'pekerja'. Kriteria inklusi dari strategi pencarian ini adalah pekerja yang terpapar karbon hitam, studi meta analisis, kasus control,prosfektif kohort. Kriteria pengecualian dari artikel ini adalah artikel yang tidak dapat diakses, RCTs yang telah digunakan dalam systemic review. Artikel yang dipilih kemudian dianalisa kritis menggunakan kriteria yang relevan oleh Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine. Penelitian ini mengulas literatur oleh Rota Matteo, et all 2014; Bukti epidemiologis tentang karbon hidro poliaromatik (PAH) tinggi terpapar, studi kohort perspektif oleh Delli LD, et all 2015 dan studi kasus kontrol oleh Marie EPt, dkk 1996. Ketiga penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi karsinogenik hitam karbon sama dengan pernyataan monograf IARC bahwa studi epidemiologi karbon hitam memberikan bukti karsinogenisitas yang kurang memadai (Kelompok 2B).

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Carbon black aerosol has potential risks on human health. Carbon black has been reported to be an important cause for several human cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated that carbon black classification is 2b, that is carcinogenic. This report explains a case of lung cancer due to carbon black exposure and reviews the literature of occupational cases to get the answers about the effects of carbon black exposure and the increasing risk of lung cancer among carbon black exposed workers. The literature search was performed to answer the clinical question via electronic databases: PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used were ‘carbon black’ AND ‘lung cancer’ AND ‘workers’. The inclusion criteria of this searching strategy were the workers which exposed to carbon black, meta analysis, randomizes controlled trial, systematic reviews, cohort. The exclusion criteria of this article were inaccessible articles, RCTs that have been used in recent systematic review. The selected articles were then critically appraised using relevant criteria by the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine. This study reviews the literature by Rota Matteo, et all 2014; The epidemiological evidence on the polyaromatic hydro carbon (PAH) high exposed, perspective cohort study by Delli LD, et all 2015 and the control case study by Marie EPt, et al 1996. The three researches showed that carbon black carcinogenic potential is the same with the IARC monograph statement that the epidemiological studies of carbon black provide inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity (Group of 2B)."