Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Uni Eropa merupakan institusi internasional yang konsisten membuat kebijakan-kebijakan luar negeri yang berorientasi multilateral dalam isu iklim. Namun, pada 14 Juli 2021, Komisi Eropa mengadopsi proposal CBAM yang akan mengenakan biaya tambahan secara sepihak terhadap lima kategori barang padat karbon yang diimpor ke Uni Eropa. Skripsi ini berusaha mengungkap alasan di balik pembuatan proposal CBAM yang bersifat unilateral. Skripsi ini menggunakan kerangka teori actor-centered institutionalism dari Mayntz dan Scharpf yang melihat kebijakan sebagai aksi yang disengaja. Skripsi ini menemukan bahwa Komisi Eropa membuat proposal CBAM karena dorongan pluralitas faktor yang berinteraksi di dalam situasi dan konstelasi isu iklim di Uni Eropa. Di dalam interaksi tersebut, terdapat pengaturan institusional Uni Eropa, yang terdiri dari mode-mode interaksi, kapabilitas organ-organ, dan norma-norma yang diatur. Selain itu, juga terdapat faktor-faktor non-institusional Komisi Eropa, yang terdiri dari kepentingan dan identitas Presiden Komisi Eropa. Kedua variabel tersebut mendorong Komisi Eropa untuk membuat proposal CBAM. Selain kedua variabel tersebut, juga terdapat berbagai situasi dan konstelasi yang membentuk konteks yang melingkupi Komisi Eropa, yang memunculkan kesempatan dan motif untuk pembuatan proposal CBAM.

---

The European Union is an international institution that consistently makes multilateral-oriented foreign policies on climate issues. However, on July 14th, 2021, the European Commission adopted a CBAM proposal that would unilaterally apply additional fees on five categories of carbon-intensive goods imported into the European Union. This study seeks to uncover the reasons behind the making of the unilateral CBAM proposal. This study utilized the actor-centered institutionalism theoretical framework from Mayntz and Scharpf which describes policy as an intentional action. This study found that the European Commission made the CBAM proposal due to the plurality of factors that interacted within the situation and constellation of climate issues in the European Union. In this interaction, there were institutional settings of the European Union, which consisted of the modes of interactions, capabilities of the organs, and norms that are regulated. In addition, there were non-institutional factors of the European Commission, which consisted of the interests and identity of the President of the European Commission. These two variables prompted the European Commission to make the CBAM proposal. Apart from these two variables, there were also various situations and constellations that shape the context surrounding the European Commission, which created opportunities and motives to make the CBAM proposal."

"Semakin berkembangnya kelembagaan dan misi eksternal Uni Eropa khususnya dalam mempromosikan norma-normanya mendorong literatur-literatur untuk membahas peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Normative power dianggap sebagai salah satu peran internasional Uni Eropa yang membedakannya dengan aktor-aktor internasional lainnya. Kendati telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai literatur mengenai Uni Eropa, namun konsep normative power belum mendapat perhatian serius dari literatur-literatur disiplin Ilmu Hubungan Internasional yang lebih luas. Kajian literatur ini membahas bagaimana perkembangan literatur mengenai Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Dengan metode taksonomi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur Uni Eropa sebagai normative power berada dalam empat kategori: 1 konseptualisasi normative power; 2 penggunaan normative power, 3 persepsi aktor mitra terhadap normative power, dan 4 Uni Eropa sebagai normative power dalam perspektif Hubungan Internasional. Berdasarkan berbagai literatur yang sudah dikaji, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power merupakan suatu konstruksi yang dikembangkan oleh akademisi dan pejabat Uni Eropa untuk menemukan relevansi dan mengangkat posisi politik Uni Eropa dalam peran internasionalnya. Konstruksi ini dipertegas melalui seleksi memori yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap klaim normative power-nya. Kajian literatur ini juga menunjukkan terbatasnya keberhasilan penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa terhadap para mitranya. Perkembangan literatur turut mengidentifikasi kecenderungan skeptisisme aktor-aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa. Selain itu, kajian literatur ini berargumen bahwa konsep normative power memiliki kecenderungan adanya bias Eurosentris dan perkembangan literatur didominasi oleh literatur-literatur liberal dan konstruktivis. Berdasarkan literatur-literatur yang ditinjau, tulisan ini menemukan adanya celah riset pada persepsi aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap normative power dan penulisan melalui perspektif non Eropa.

---

The development of European Union's institutions and external mission, especially in promoting its norms, encourages literature to discuss the role of the EU as normative power. Normative power is considered one of the EU's international roles that distinguishes it from other international actors. Although widely used in literature on the European Union, the concept of normative power has not received serious attention from the wider International Relations readers.

This literature review discusses how the development of literature on the European Union as normative power. Using taxonomy method, this literature review shows the literature development of the EU as normative power fall into four categories: 1 the conceptualization of normative power; 2 the use of normative power, 3 partner actors' perceptions of normative power; and 4 EU as normative power according to IR perspectives.

Based on the literature that has been studied, this literature review argues that the role of the EU as normative power is a construction developed by academics and EU officials to find relevance and elevate the political position of the European Union in its international role. It is reasserted by how EU do memory selection to its own history in claiming its normative power.

This literature review also shows the limited success of normative usage power by the EU against its partners. The development of literature also identifies the tendency of skepticism of EU partner actors against the use of normative power by the European Union. In addition, this literature review argues that the concept of normative power has a tendency for Eurocentric bias and the development of literature dominated by liberal and constructivist literature.

Based on the literature reviewed, this paper found a research gap on the perceptions of EU partner actors and writing through a non-European perspective. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengontraskan pembangunan tembok/pagar pembatas Uni Eropa dengan prinsip borderless yang diterapkan oleh Uni Eropa. Prinsip ini menjadi simbol keterbukaan dan mobilitas bebas bagi negara Uni Eropa, serta menjadi pilar integrasi dalam menciptakan identitas kolektif tanpa sekat. Untuk menyukseskan pembangunan tembok/pagar pembatas, negara anggota menggunakan beberapa strategi seperti penggunaan retorika ancaman, media juga memainkan peran penting untuk melegitimasi kebijakan proteksionis terkait pembangunan tembok/pagar pembatas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif eksploratif dengan pendekatan kritis. Sebagai alat analisa penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Sekuritisasi, Teori Geopolitik Kritis serta konsep tentang People, States And Fears. Penelitian ini mengambil data dari tahun 2014 sejak peningkatan jumlah total tembok/pagar pembatas di Uni Eropa yang berasal dari Kebijakan Uni Eropa, dokumen resmi dan penelitian terdahulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat faktor utama yang mendorong pembangunan tembok dan pagar pembatas, yaitu krisis migrasi massal, ancaman terorisme, dinamika politik domestik dan kebangkitan populisme, serta ketegangan geopolitik dengan Rusia dan Belarus. Proses negosiasi pembangunan tembok melibatkan dilema antara kepentingan nasional untuk menjaga keamanan dan kepatuhan terhadap prinsip kebebasan bergerak serta hak asasi manusia yang dijunjung oleh Uni Eropa. Ketegangan antara negara anggota dan lembaga Uni Eropa seperti Komisi Eropa mencerminkan tantangan dalam mempertahankan solidaritas dan kohesi kawasan. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar Uni Eropa mengadopsi kebijakan keamanan yang lebih holistik dengan menekankan pada penyelesaian akar masalah migrasi, meningkatkan kerja sama antarnegara anggota, dan menjunjung tinggi prinsip hak asasi manusia. Evaluasi berkala terhadap efektivitas pembangunan tembok dan peningkatan solusi diplomatik dengan negara asal migran juga diperlukan untuk menjaga keseimbangan antara keamanan dan nilai nilai fundamental Uni Eropa

---

This research aims to contrast the construction of the European Union's border wall/fence with the borderless principle implemented by the European Union. This principle is a symbol of openness and free mobility for European Union countries, as well as a pillar of integration in creating a collective identity without divisions. To make the construction of the wall/border fence a success, member countries use several strategies such as the use of threatening rhetoric, the media also plays an important role in legitimizing protectionist policies regarding the construction of the wall/border fence. This research uses an exploratory qualitative research method with a critical approach. As an analytical tool, this research uses Securitization Theory, Critical Geopolitical Theory and the Concepts Of Poeple, States And Fear. This research takes data from 2014 since the increase in the total number of walls/border fences in the European Union which comes from European Union Policy, official documents and previous research. The research results show that there are four main factors that encourage the construction of walls and fences, namely the mass migration crisis, the threat of terrorism, domestic political dynamics and the rise of populism, as well as geopolitical tensions with Russia and Belarus. The negotiation process for building a wall involves a dilemma between national interests to maintain security and compliance with the principles of freedom of movement and human rights upheld by the European Union. Tensions between member states and EU institutions such as the European Commission reflect the challenges in maintaining regional solidarity and cohesion. This research suggests that the European Union adopt a more holistic security policy by emphasizing solving the root causes of migration, increasing cooperation between member states, and upholding human rights principles. Regular evaluation of the effectiveness of wall construction and improving diplomatic solutions with migrants' countries of origin are also necessary to maintain a balance between security and the fundamental values of the European Union."

"Latar belakang: Health Risk Assessment HRA tahun 2016, melaporkan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada pekerja pengguna komputer di Perusahaan X adalah 73,28 . Untuk mengatasi ini, Perusahaan X mulai menerapkan Program Ergonomi Perkantoran, yang sampai saat ini belum dievaluasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas program ergonomis dengan menggunakan standar SMK3 sebagai referensi.Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan pendekatan mixmethods kuantitatif dan kualitatif . Wawancara mendalam dilakukan dengan pimpinan perusahaan dan pengelola program. Efektivitas program didapat dengan mewawancarai pekerja yang berpartisipasi dalam HRA pada tahun 2016.Hasil: Program ini berhasil dan efektif dalam mengurangi gangguan muskuloskeletal secara signifikan sebesar 37,7 . Hubungan yang signifikan didapatkan antara latihan peregangan OR 6,53, 95 CI 1,74-24,57 dan penerapan posisi kerja ergonomis OR 6,93 95 CI 2,08-23,01 dengan penurunan gangguan muskuloskeletal. Implementasi standar SMK3 pada pelaksanaanp program, mencapai 81,08 untuk elemen input kategori baik , 74,02 untuk elemen proses kategori baik dan 85,7 untuk elemen output kategori memuaskan . Konsultasi dengan perwakilan pekerja sebelum implementasi, distribusi fasilitas penyanggah laptop yang merata, dan pengawasan pelaksanaan program, merupakan faktor kunci bagi program untuk meraih tingakt keberhasilan yang lebih tinggi.Kesimpulan: Program Kantor Ergonomis berhasil menurunkan keluhan muskuloskeletal antara 37,7 . Implementasi Sistem Manajemen K3 standar dalam konsultasi program, penyediaan fasilitas program dan pengawasan mempengaruhi kerberhasilan program.

---

Background Health Risk Assessment HRA in 2016, revealed that musculoskeletal disorders among in computer workers in Company X was 73.28 . To control this, Company X started to implement an Office Ergonomic Program, which has not been evaluated yet. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the ergonomic program by using standard OSH Management System checklists as a reference.Method The design of this study is cross sectional using mix methods quantitative and qualitative . In depth interviews were conducted with the company management and ergonomic program managers and also relevant documents were reviewed. The effectiveness of the program was conducted by interviewing worker who participated in the HRA in by 2016.Results The program was successful and effective in signifficantly reducing musculoskeletal disorders by 37.7 . A significant association was found between implementing stretching exercises OR 6.53 95 CI 1.74 24.57 and ergonomic working positions OR 6.93 95 CI 2.08 23.01 with decreased musculoskeletal disorders. Implementation of standard OSH Management System to implementation of program, achieved 81.08 for input element good category , 74.02 for process element good category and 85.7 for output elements satisfactory category . Consultation with worker representatives before implementation, adequate distribution of laptop support facilities, and program supervision are the key factor of the program to have higher success rate.Conclusion The Ergonomic Office program succeeded decreasing musculoskeletal complaints in 37.7 of the workers. The implementation of standard OSH Management in program consultation, provision of program facilities and supervision are the factor which influenced the success of the program. "

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas dampak European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) sebagai smartpower Uni Eropa (UE) terhadap demokrasi di negara-negara Commonwealth ofIndependent States (CIS) yang menjadi mitra ENP. Penelitian ini adalah penelitiankualitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian inimenyimpulkan bahwa strategi smart power UE di dalam ENP yang dibentuk sejaktahun 2004 dapat mempengaruhi demokrasi di negara-negara CIS mitra ENP,yakni Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova dan Ukraina. Strategi smart powerdalam action plan ENP dan besaran bantuan yang dialokasikan untuk mendukungpromosi demokrasi di negara-negara eks-Soviet memberikan pengaruh terhadapkemajuan yang terjadi di sektor demokrasi. Keterbatasan strategi smart powerterlihat dalam kasus Ukraina yang justru mengalami penurunan terkaitdemokratisasi pasca diberlakukannya ENP. Penurunan yang dialami Ukrainadipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal.

---

Abstract This thesis studies the impact of the ENP as the EU's smart power on democracyin the CIS countries that are ENP's partner. This is a qualitative research based onthe study of literature method. The result of this research concludes that the EU'ssmart power strategy in the ENP which was established in 2004 could influencedemocracy within the CIS countries who are partners of the ENP, i.e., Armenia,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The smart power strategy in ENP'saction plans and the amount of assistance allocated to support the promotion ofdemocracy in ex-Sovyet countries have impacted the progresses of democracysector in those countries. The limitation of the smart power strategy can be seen inthe case of Ukraine, which in fact experienced deterioration regardingdemocratization after the ENP was established. The deterioration of democracy inUkraine was caused by various internal and external factors."

"Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI) memiliki tugas pokok dan fungsi dalam pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan kearsipan nasional berdasarkan arah kebijakan yang ditetapkan dalam rangka pencapaian visi dan misi pemerintah. Sejalan dengan perkembangan transformasi era digital di mana arsip saat ini telah beralih pengelolaannya dari konvensional menjadi elektronik atau digital serta infrastruktur teknologi informasi yang semakin meningkat memunculkan risiko dan tantangan terhadap rentannya keamanan infomasi arsip. Ancaman dan gangguan pada teknologi informasi saat ini dapat menghambat kinerja ANRI dalam pelayanan arsip kepada masyarakat. Hal ini tertuang dalam peraturan Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik (SPBE) tentang penggunaan infrastruktur SPBE bertujuan meningkatkan efisiensi, keamanan, dan kemudahan integrasi dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan infrastruktur bagi Instansi Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah. Oleh karena itu, ANRI membutuhkan sebuah Business Continuity Plan (BCP) untuk penanganan proses bisnis kritikal yang secara komprehensif dalam langkah menjaga kesinambungan bisnis pelayanan publik bidang kearsipan. Kerangka penelitian perancangan BCP ini menggunakan ISO 22301:2019 yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi organisasi. Berdasarkan siklus PDCA, tahapan  perancangan dimulai analisis kebijakan organisasi, analisis dampak bisnis, penilaian risiko, dan strategi penyusunan BCP. Hasil akhir penelitian ini perancangan BCP dalam layanan SIKN dan JIKN. 

---

The National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI) has the primary duties and functions in implementing the national archives based on the policy direction set to achieve the governments vision and mission. In line with the development of the transformation of the digital era in which the current archive has shifted its management from conventional to electronic or digital, and information technology infrastructure that is increasing raises risks and challenges to the vulnerability of archival information security. Threats and disruptions to information technology today can hinder ANRI's performance in archiving services to the public. This is stated in the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) regulation regarding the use of SPBE infrastructure to increase efficiency, security, and ease of integration to meet the infrastructure needs of Central Agencies and Regional Governments. Therefore, ANRI requires a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) to handle critical business processes in a comprehensive manner to maintain the continuity of the public service business in the archival sector. This BCP design research framework uses ISO 22301: 2019, which is adapted to organizational conditions. Based on the PDCA cycle, the design stage begins with organizational policy analysis, business impact analysis, risk assessment, and BCP preparation strategy. The final result is formed BCP design in SIKN and JIKN services."

"Tesis ini membahas family policies yang ditetapkan oleh Uni Eropa dan penerapannya di negara-negara anggota khususnya di wilayah Visegrad. Family policies yang dibahas dalam tesis ini terdiri dari empat kebijakan yaitu, cuti orang tua, tunjangan orang tua, tunjangan anak-anak dan ketersediaan layanan childcare. Kebijakan-kebijakan ini menjadi ranah kebijakan sosial yang menjamin kesejahteraan masyarakat khususnya dalam tingkat keluarga. Negara-negara Visegrad menjadi anggota Uni Eropa pada tahun 2004 dan harus menerapkan standar yang diberikan terkait kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan menganalisis penerapan kebijakan dengan melihat perspektif masyarakat Visegrad, khususnya perempuan. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan alasan mengapa family policies di negara-negara Visegrad belum dapat mengatasi permasalahan kependudukan di sana.

---

This thesis discusses about family policies and their implementation in the European Union and its member states, particularly in Visegrad countries. The family policies discussed consist of 4 policies; parental leave policy, parental benefits policy, children benefit and policy on childcare service. These policies belong to social policy which guarantees the social security of a family. The four Visegrad countries became the European Union member states in 2004, so that they have to implement the measures given on the policies related. This is a qualitative research which analyse the implementation of family policies from the perspective of Visegrad people, particularly women. This research explains about reasons why the family policies have not overcame the problems of population growth in Visegrad countries."

"Setelah bergabung dengan World Trade Organization (WTO) tahun 2001, Cina mendapat label non-market economy (NME) karena sistem ekonominya yang terpusat. Penerapan metodologi NME yang diterima Cina, berlaku selama 15 tahun terhitung sejak aksesi. Pada tahun 2015, Uni Eropa merumuskan sebuah dokumen resolusi 2017/C399/12 yang berjudul, “Developing a sustainable European Industry of Base Metals” dan memperbarui instrumen pertahanan perdagangannya melalui, “The Basic Antidumping Regulation (BAR)” di tahun 2016. Kebijakan perdagangan yang dilakukan Uni Eropa tersebut bertepatan dengan berakhirnya metodologi NME Cina di tanggal 11 Desember 2016. Penelitian ini membahas alasan di balik diskriminasi Uni Eropa terhadap logam dasar Cina, meski penerapan metodologi NME telah berakhir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teori neo-merkantilisme milik Friedrich List. Teori neo-merkantilisme bertujuan memaksimalkan penggunaan sumber daya yang dimiliki suatu negara untuk mencapai tingkat kekayaan dan kekuasaan tertinggi. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat tiga penyebab yang mendorong Uni Eropa tetap menerapkan diskriminasi perdagangan terhadap Cina. Pertama ancaman Cina terhadap industri logam dasar Eropa, kedua, tingkat perkembangan perekonomian Uni Eropa yang terganggu oleh dominasi Cina di sektor logam dasar, dan terakhir, diskriminasi perdagangan Uni Eropa terhadap Cina di bidang logam dasar merupakan bagian dari instrumen pertahanan perdagangan untuk mengoptimalkan kekuatan produktif dalam memberikan perlindungan pada Industri Logam Dasar. Penelitian ini berkontribusi untuk memahami pola kebijakan Uni Eropa terhadap mitra dagangnya.

---

After joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China was labeled a non-market economy (NME) due to its central planned economic system. The implementation of the NME methodology in which China accepted, is validated for 15 years since accession. In 2015, the European Union drafted a resolution document 2017/C399/12 entitled, "Developing a Sustainable European Industry of Base Metals" and updated its trade defense instruments through, "The Basic Antidumping Regulation (BAR)" in 2016. Trade policy The European Union's implementation coincided with the end of the Chinese NME methodology on December 11 2016. This research discusses the reasons behind the European Union's discrimination against Chinese base metals, even though the application of the NME methodology has ended. This research uses qualitative methods and Friedrich List's neo-mercantilism theory. Neo-mercantilism theory aims to maximize the use of a country's resources to achieve the highest level of wealth and power. The findings of this research show that there are three reasons that encourage the European Union to continue implementing trade discrimination against China. Firstly, China's threat to the European base metals industry, secondly, the level of development of the European Union economy which is disrupted by China's dominance in the basic metals sector, and finally, the European Union's trade discrimination against China in the base metals sector is part of the trade security instrument to optimize productive forces in providing protection to the Basic Metal Industry. This research contributes to understanding the European Union's policy patterns towards its trading partners."

"Mathematical models can be very helpful to understand the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. This book presents examples of epidemiological models and modeling tools that can assist policymakers to assess and evaluate disease control strategies. Contents: Development and Analysis of Models for Infectious Diseases; Application of Models to Real Disease Data; User-Friendly Modeling Tools for Public Health Policymakers. Readership: Researchers in mathematical biology, mathematical modeling, infectious diseases and complex systems."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."