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"Latar Belakang: Pada penelitian sebelumnya, Hidroksiapatit (HA) berhasil dibuat menggunakan Metode Disolusi Presipitasi dan menghasilkan Prototipe HA yang diprediksi lebih cepat teresorpsi daripada HA yang dibuat dengan Metode Sintering. Akan tetapi, dalam penelitian tersebut belum dikatahui kemampuan resopsinya. Kemampuan resorpsi material berhubungan dengan sifat kelarutannya, oleh karena itu, untuk mengetahui kemampuan resorpsi Prototipe HA dilakukan Uji Kelarutan pada Prototipe HA yang dibandingkan dengan kelarutan HA tersinter (GranuMaSTM). Tujuan: Mengetahui kelarutan Prototipe Hidroksiapatit [Ca10(PO4)6OH2] dari blok CaSO4.2H2O yang dibuat oleh peneliti sebelumnya dengan Metode Disolusi Presipitasi dalam kondisi hidrotermal. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan merendam Prototipe HA dan GranuMaSTM dalam Larutan Buffer Asetat 0,08 mol/L dan Larutan Buffer TRIS-HCl 0,05 mol/L selama 7 hari dalam suhu 370C. Larutan tersebut kemudian difiltrasi dan dilakukan uji kelarutan menggunakan atomic absorption spectrometry. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Uji T Test Independen untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok. Hasil: Uji statistik menunjukkan perbedaan konsentrasi kalsium yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok pada masing-masing larutan. Pada Larutan Buffer Asetat didapatkan konsentrasi kalsium dengan rata-rata 74,37 mg/L pada larutan yang merendam Prototipe HA dan 62,52 mg/L pada larutan yang merendam GranuMaSTM, sedangkan pada Larutan Buffer TRIS-HCl didapatkan konsentrasi kalsium dengan rata-rata 2,89 mg/L pada larutan yang merendam Prototipe HA dan 3,95 mg/L pada larutan yang merendam GranuMaSTM. Kesimpulan: Pada Larutan Buffer Asetat, kelarutan Prototipe HA lebih besar daripada kelarutan yang terjadi pada GranuMaSTM. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Prototipe HA diprediksi akan lebih cepat teresorpsi daripada GranuMaSTM ketika terjadi pembentukan tulang. Pada Larutan Buffer TRIS-HCl, kelarutan Prototipe HA lebih kecil daripada kelarutan yang terjadi pada GranuMaSTM. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Prototipe HA diprediksi akan lebih lambat terlarut daripada GranuMaSTM ketika berinteraksi dengan cairan tubuh sebelum pembentukan tulang baru.

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Background: In a previous study, Hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully prepared using the Precipitation Dissolution Method and produced a prototype HA which was predicted to have a faster resorption than HA made by the Sintering Method. However, in that study, its resorption ability was not known. The resorption ability of the material is related to its solubility properties, therefore, to determine the resorption ability of the HA Prototype, a Solubility Test was carried out on the HA Prototype which was compared with the solubility of sintered HA (GranuMaSTM). Objective: To determine the solubility of the Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6OH2] prototype from the CaSO4.2H2O block made by previous researchers using the Precipitation Dissolution Method under hydrothermal conditions. Methods: This research was conducted by immersing the HA and GranuMaSTM Prototypes in 0.08 mol/L Acetate Buffer Solution and 0.05 mol/L TRIS- HCl Buffer Solution for 7 days at 37°C. The solution was filtered, then the solubility test was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry. The data obtained were analyzed using the Independent T Test to determine whether there were significant differences between groups. Results: Statistical tests showed a significant difference in calcium concentration between the two groups in each solution. In the Acetate Buffer Solution, the average calcium concentration was 74.37 mg/L in the solution that soaked the HA Prototype and 62.52 mg/L in the solution that soaked the GranuMaSTM, while in the TRIS-HCl Buffer Solution, the calcium concentration was obtained with an average 2.89 mg/L in the solution that soaked the HA Prototype and 3.95 mg/L in the solution that soaked the GranuMaSTM. Conclusion: In the Acetate Buffer Solution, the solubility of the HA Prototype is greater than the solubility that occurs in GranuMaSTM. This indicates that the HA prototype is predicted to be absorbed more rapidly than GranuMaSTM when bone formation occurs. In TRIS-HCl Buffer Solution, the solubility of Prototype HA is smaller than the solubility in GranuMaSTM. This suggests that the HA prototype is predicted to be absorbed more slowly than GranuMaSTM when interacting with body fluids prior to new bone formation."

"Hidroksiapatit merupakan salah satu material bone graft yang sekarang paling sering digunakan. Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk membuat hidroksiapatit adalah disolusi presipitasi dalam kondisi hidrotermal. Pembuatan hidroksiapatit dengan metode ini menggunakan gipsum sebagai prekursor nya dan direndam dalam larutan Na3PO4 1 mol/L selama 48 jam dalam suhu yang berbeda. Blok gipsum dengan ukuran diameter 6 mm dan tinggi 3 mm dibuat dengan mencampurkan bubuk CaSO4.1/2H2O dan akuades dengan rasio 0.5. Enam Spesimen kemudian direndam dalam larutan Na3PO4 1 mol/L selama 48 jam dalam 3 suhu yang berbeda yaitu 100oC, 140oC, dan 180oC. Uji kekuatan tarik diametral dengan Universal Testing Machine AGS-X (Shimadzu, Japan) dilakukan kepada spesimen. Data dari uji kekuatan tarik diametral diolah menggunakan SPSS dengan One-Way ANOVA dan post hoc Bonferroni. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan secara signifikan kekuatan tarik diametral spesimen sebelum dan sesudah diberikan perlakuan disolusi presipitasi dalam kondisi hidrotermal. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perubahan fasa dari gipsum menjadi hidroksiapatit dan hal ini menyebabkan penurunan kekuatan tarik diametral dari spesimen.

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Hydroxyapatite is one of the most widely used material for bonegrafting. One of the methods of making hydroxyapatite is using dissolution precipitation under hydrothermal condition. Fabrication of hydroxyapatite from this method is using gypsum block as precursor and then immersed in 1 mol/L trinatrium phosphate for 48 hours under different temperature. Gypsum block with a size of 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height was made by mixing CaSO4.1/2H2O powder with distilled water at 1:2 ratio. Six specimens were then immersed in 1 mol/L trinatrium phosphate for 48 hours under 100oC, 140oC, and 180oC respectively. Diametral tensile strength was then measured using Universal Testing Machine AGS-X (Shimadzu, Japan). Data obtained from the test was processed using SPSS with One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Bonferroni. The result shows that there is a significant decrease in diametral tensile strength of specimens before and after dissolution precipitation under hydrothermal condition. The conclusion of this study is that there is a change of phase from gypsum to hydroxyapatite and this result in the decrease in diametral tensile strength between the specimen."

"Hidroksiapatit (HA) merupakan salah satu material bone graft alloplast yang sering digunakan dalam prosedur bone grafting karena sifat osteokonduktif dan biokompatibel yang baik serta komposisinya yang mirip dengan komponen anorganik tulang dan gigi. Namun, HA yang diproduksi dengan metode sintering sulit teresorpsi di dalam tubuh karena kristalinitas yang tinggi. HA dengan kristalinitas rendah dapat diproduksi dengan metode disolusi presipitasi. Pembuatan HA dalam bentuk blok membutuhkan waktu lebih lama dibandingkan granul, penambahan kondisi hidrotermal dapat mempercepat waktu konversi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kekuatan tekan HA yang dihasilkan dari blok gipsum yang direndam dalam larutan Na3PO4 1 mol/L pada kondisi hidrotermal selama 48 jam pada suhu 100oC dan 140oC dan 180oC dan. Blok gipsum dibuat dengan mencampurkan bubuk kalsium sulfat hemihidrat dan aquades dengan rasio akuades dibanding bubuk 0,5. Blok gipsum direndam di dalam larutan Na3PO4 1 mol/L dan dipanaskan selama 48 jam pada suhu 100oC, 140oC dan 180oC. Uji compressive strength dilakukan untuk evaluasi kuat tekan dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine AGS-X (Shimadzu, Japan). Setelah perendaman, HA teridentifikasi pada semua kelompok spesimen, namun pada kelompok 100oC dan 140oC selain HA, fasa gipsum juga masih teridentifikasi. Pada kelompok 180oC hanya HA yang teridentifikasi. Berdasarkan uji statistik One-Way ANOVA dan Post-Hoc Tamhane, terdapat penurunan nilai kuat tekan yang signifikan antara kelompok kontrol (gipsum) dan setelah perlakuan suhu 100oC, 140oC dan 180oC. Penurunan nilai kuat tekan juga signifikan antara kelompok perlakuan suhu 180oC dengan kelompok perlakuan suhu 100oC dan 140oC. Namun, tidak ada perbedaan bermakna nilai kuat tekan antara kelompok perlakuan suhu 100oC dan 140oC. Disimpulkan bahwa penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai kekuatan tekan yang turun secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (gipsum).

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the alloplastic materials that is often used in bone grafting procedures because of its osteoconductive and biocompatible properties and its composition which is similar to the inorganic components of bones and teeth. However, sintered HA cannot be reabsorbed in the body due to its high crystallinity. Low crystalline HA can be fabricated through dissolution-precipitation reaction. HA block require conversion time that HA granules. Applying hydrothermal condition to dissolution-precipitation reaction would compensate for longer conversion time. The aim of this study was to analyze the compressive strength of HA block produced from gypsum block that immersion in Na3PO4 1 mol/L solution based on dissolution precipitation method under hydrothermal condition. Block gypsum were made from calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder mixed with distilled water at water to powder ratio 0,5. The gypsum blocks were immersed in Na3PO4 1 mol/L solution for 48 hours at 100oC, 140oC and 180oC. Compressive strength test was used for mechanical strength evaluation and was done with Universal Testing Machine AGS-X (Shimadzu, Japan). After immersion, there was a HA phase identified in all groups, however, groups that had immersion at 100oC and 140oC there was gypsum identified too. Based on statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tamhane test, there was a significant decrease in compressive strength value between groups of specimens before and after immersion at 100oC, 140oC and 180oC. Compressive strength value was Also significant between group immersion at 180oC and 100oC, 140oC. But the difference between the group after immersion at 100oC and 140oC was not significant. It was concluded that the compressive strength value decreased significantly compared to the control group (gypsum)."

"Hidroksiapatit (HA) berkristalinitas rendah lebih cepat diserap oleh tubuh dibanding HA berkristalinitas tinggi. Disolusi Presipitasi merupakan salah satu cara untuk menghasilkan HA berkristalinitas rendah. Hidroksiapatit dapat dibuat dalam berbagai macam sediaan. Hidroksiapatit berbentuk blok membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk dikonversi dibanding granul HA. Penambahan kondisi hidrotermal dapat mempercepat waktu konversi prekursor menjadi HA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan blok hidroksiapatit berkristalinitas rendah dari blok CaSO4.2H2O yang direndam dalam larutan Na3PO4 0,5 mol/L pada durasi waktu berbeda melalui metode disolusi presipitasi pada kondisi hidrothermal pada suhu 150°C. Blok CaSO4.2H2O padat berukuran diameter 6 mm x lebar 3 mm dibuat dari pencampuran bubuk CaSO4.1/2H2O dan akuades dengan rasio air banding bubuk 1:2. Spesimen diberikan perlakuan berupa perendaman dalam larutan Na3PO4 0,5 mol/L pada kondisi hidrotermal suhu 150°C selama 6, 12, dan 24 jam. Spesimen dikarakterisasi dengan X-Ray Diffractometer PANalytical: X’PERT PRO. Hasil karakterisasi selanjutnya diolah menggunakan Rietveld Refinement untuk mendapatkan persentase fasa-fasa dalam specimen. Kekuatan tarik diametral diuji menggunakan Universal Testing Machine AGS-X (Shimadzu, Japan). Hasil karakterisasi difraksi sinar X menunjukkan 3 fasa pada ketiga kelompok disolusi presipitasi, yaitu CaSO4, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 dan Ca(OH)2. Fasa prekursor sudah tidak terdapat dalam ketiga kelompok perlakuan. Terdapat perbedaan persentase fasa HA dan CaSO4 pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan. Persentase fasa HA meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya waktu reaksi, sedangkan persentase fasa CaSO4 menurun. Persentase fasa Ca(OH)2 tidak mengalami banyak perubahan dengan penambahan waktu reaksi. Kristalinitas HA hasil disolusi presipitasi kondisi hidrotermal 1500C sedikit lebih tinggi dibanding kristalinitas referensi HA berkristalinitas rendah. Data hasil kekuatan tarik diametral diolah menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan Post-Hoc Bonferroni.. Terdapat penurunan bermakna nilai kekuatan tarik diametral kelompok kontrol dari 2,05 ± 0,23 MPa menjadi 0,68 ± 0,13 MPa setelah disolusi presipitasi selama 24 jam, menjadi 0,57 ± 0,14 MPa setelah disolusi presipitasi selama 12 jam dan menjadi 0,51 ± 0,18 MPa setelah disolusi presipitasi selama 6 jam. Sedangkan, antara kelompok perlakuan disolusi presipitasi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode disolusi presipitasi blok CaSO4.2H2O dalam larutan Na3PO4 0,5 mol/L pada kondisi hidrotermal 150°C menghasilkan HA dengan kristalinitas lebih tinggi dibanding referensi dan waktu selama 24 jam masih belum dapat menghasilkan konversi HA sempurna.

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Low-crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) resorbs faster compared to highly crystalline HA. Dissolution precipitation is one of the methods used for fabricating low-crystalline HA. Hydroxyapatite can be produced into many shapes. Hydroxyapatite blocks require longer conversion time than HA granules. Applying hydrothermal condition to dissolution precipitation reaction would compensate for longer conversion time. The objective of this study was to produce low-crystalline hydroxyapatite block through immersion of CaSO4.2H2O block in Na3PO4 0,5 mol/L solution based on dissolution precipitation method under hydrotermal conditions at 150°C for 6, 12, and 24 hours. Dense CaSO4.2H2O blocks with 6 mm in diameter and 3mm in thickness were made from mixing of CaSO4.1/2H2O powder with distilled water at water to powder ratio 1:2. The blocks were then immersed in Na3PO4 0,5 mol/L solution under hydrothermal conditions at 150°C for 6, 12 and 24 hours. Specimens were characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer PANalytical : X’PERT PRO. Phase percentage analyzed using Rietveld Refinement. Diametral tensile strength (DTS) test was done with Universal Testing Machine AGS-X (Shimadzu, Japan). X-Ray characterization identify CaSO4, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 present in all experimental groups. All experimental group diffraction pattern show no precursor phase present. Differences of phase percentage were found between each experimental groups. Hydroxyapatite phase percentage increases with increasing reaction times, whereas CaSO4 undergo a decrease in phase percentage as reaction time increases. Phase percentage of Ca(OH)2 did not show any significant difference relative to reaction time. Crystallinity of fabricated HA based on dissolution precipitation reaction under hydrothermal conditions at 150°C was slightly higher than low-crystalline HA used for reference. The data obtained was analyzed with One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Bonferroni tests. Significant reduction of DTS was observed with the control group (2,05 ± 0,23 MPa) and experimental group with 24 hour reaction time (0,68 ± 0,13 MPa), experimental group with 12 hour reaction time (0,57 ± 0,14 MPa) and experimental group with 6 hour reaction time (0,51 ± 0,18 MPa). Statistically, there was not any significant difference of DTS between all experimental groups. The conclusion of this study was dissolution precipitation of CaSO4.2H2O block immersed in Na3PO4 0,5 mol/L solution under hydrothermal conditions at 150°C resulted in higher crystallinity compared to low-crystalline HA and reaction time of 24 hours was not enough to produce full HA conversion."

"Latar belakang: Pengembangan material kalsium sulfat yang digabungkan dengan hidroksiapatit, disebut sebagai biphasic hidroksiapatit/kalsium sulfat (biphasic HA/CS), bertujuan untuk dapat menurunkan kelarutan kalsium sulfat. Salah satu pembuatan blok biphasic HA/CS telah berhasil dilakukan melalui metode disolusi presipitasi. Namun, besarnya kelarutan blok biphasic HA/CS tersebut belum diketahui. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kelarutan blok biphasic HA/CS pada larutan penyangga 0,05 mol/L Tris-HCl. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga kelompok spesimen blok biphasic HA/CS dengan jumlah komposisi HA dan CS yang berbeda, serta satu kelompok spesimen blok kalsium sulfat (blok CS) sebagai kelompok kontrol. Keempat kelompok spesimen tersebut kemudian direndam dalam larutan penyangga Tris-HCl pH 7,4 dan disimpan dalam inkubator dengan suhu 370C selama 7 hari. Setelah 7 hari, spesimen dikeluarkan dari larutan penyangga Tris-HCl dan konsentrasi ion kalsium spesimen yang terlarut dalam larutan penyangga Tris-HCl diukur menggunakan atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji statistik One-Way ANOVA. Hasil: Rerata konsentrasi ion kalsium terlarut antara kelompok blok biphasic HA/CS dengan blok CS menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05). Rerata konsentrasi ion kalsium kelompok blok CS yang terlarut pada larutan penyangga Tris-HCl, yaitu 206,15 mg/L. Sedangkan, rerata konsentrasi ion kalsium kelompok blok biphasic HA/CS yang terlarut untuk komposisi HA/CS 1 (25,5% HA, 73,9% CS), HA/CS 2 (46,7% HA, 52,4% CS), dan HA/CS 3 (78,1% HA, 20,8% CS), yaitu 121,08; 106,99; dan 94,7 mg/L. Kesimpulan: Blok biphasic HA/CS memiliki kelarutan yang lebih kecil dibanding blok CS. Selain itu, semakin besar komposisi HA pada blok biphasic HA/CS, semakin kecil kelarutan blok biphasic tersebut. Nilai kelarutan terkecil hingga terbesar dari blok biphasic HA/CS secara berurut, yaitu kelompok HA/CS 3, HA/CS 2, dan HA/CS 1.

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Background: The development of calcium sulfate material combined with hydroxyapatite, called biphasic hydroxyapatite/calcium sulfate (biphasic HA/CS), aimed to reduce the solubility of the calcium sulfate. The fabrication of biphasic HA/CS block has been successfully carried out through the dissolution-precipitation method. However, the solubility of the biphasic HA/CS block is not yet known. Objective: This study aimed to test the solubility of the biphasic HA/CS block in 0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl buffer solution. Methods: This study used three groups of biphasic HA/CS block with different amounts of HA and CS composition, and one group of calcium sulfate block (CS block) as a control group. The all four groups were then immersed in a Tris-HCl buffer solution with pH 7.4 and stored in an incubator at a temperature of 370C for 7 days. After 7 days, the specimens were removed from the Tris-HCl buffer solution, and the calcium ion concentration of the specimen dissolves in the Tris-HCl buffer solution was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Data analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA statistical test. Results: The mean concentration of dissolved calcium ion between the biphasic HA/CS block with CS block group showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The mean concentration of calcium ion in the CS block group dissolves in the Tris-HCl buffer solution was 206.15 mg/L. Meanwhile, the mean concentration of dissolved calcium ion in the biphasic HA/CS block group, HA/CS 1 (25.5% HA, 73.9% CS), HA/CS 2 (46.7% HA, 52.4% CS), and HA/CS 3 (78.1% HA, 20.8% CS), were 121.08, 106.99, and 94.7 mg/L. Conclusions: The biphasic HA/CS block has smaller solubility than the CS block. In addition, the greater the HA composition in the biphasic HA/CS block, the smaller the solubility of the biphasic block. The smallest to the greatest solubility value of biphasic HA/CS blocks respectively are HA/CS 3, HA/CS 2, and HA/CS 1 groups."

"Latar Belakang: Perbaikan defek tulang dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan material bone graft. Secara klinis, material bone graft dipakai dalam berbagai variasi ukuran granul yang disesuaikan dengan pertimbangan untuk aplikasi spesifik dan tujuan penggunaan bone graft. Di sisi lain, informasi mengenai pengaruh ukuran granul bone graft belum diketahui dan belum ada penelitian mengenai efek perbedaan ukuran granul pada prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit terhadap kelarutan in vitro dan sitotoksisitas. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pengaruh ukuran granul terhadap kelarutan in vitro dan sitotoksisitas prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit. Metode: Uji kelarutan in vitro dengan merendam prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit dalam larutan asetat buffer dan Tris-HCl buffer selama 7 hari dalam suhu 37°C. Nilai kelarutan in vitro diuji dengan alat Horiba Ion Selective Electrode. Uji sitotoksisitas dengan MTT Assay pengaruh medium ekstrak terhadap sel preosteoblas MC3T3-E1 selama 1 hari. Nilai absorbansi dibaca dengan ELISA Microplate Reader. Analisis data dengan uji statistik One-Way ANOVA. Hasil: Konsentrasi ion kalsium terlarut dalam larutan asetat buffer pada kelompok ukuran granul 250-500 µm yaitu 45,79 ± 3,11 mg/L, 500-1000 µm yaitu 37,41 ± 4,28 mg/L, dan 1000-2000 µm yaitu 35,85 ± 1,28 mg/L. Konsentrasi ion kalsium terlarut dalam larutan Tris-HCl buffer pada kelompok ukuran granul 250-500 µm yaitu 3,88 ± 0,36 mg/L, 500-1000 µm yaitu 2,94 ± 0,19 mg/L, dan 1000-2000 µm yaitu 2,02 ± 0,58 mg/L. Uji statistik menunjukkan perbedaan konsentrasi ion kalsium terlarut yang signifikan antara granul ukuran 250-500 µm dan 1000-2000 µm pada kedua larutan buffer. Persen viabilitas sel menunjukkan hasil diatas 70% pada semua kelompok ukuran granul dan konsentrasi ekstrak. Uji statistik menunjukkan perbedaan nilai absorbansi dan persen viabilitas sel pada konsentrasi ekstrak 50 mg/mL prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit ukuran 250-500 µm terhadap 1000-2000 µm, 100 mg/mL prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit ukuran 250-500 µm terhadap 500-1000 µm, dan konsentrasi ekstrak 200 mg/mL prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit ukuran 250-500 µm terhadap 1000-2000 µm dan 500-1000 µm terhadap 1000-2000 µm. Kesimpulan: Semakin besar ukuran granul prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit yang direndam dalam larutan asetat buffer dan Tris-HCl buffer, hasil uji kelarutan in vitro menunjukkan.rata-rata konsentrasi ion kalsium terlarut yang semakin kecil. Uji sitotoksisitas prototipe karbonat hidroksiapatit menunjukkan hasil nontoksik dengan viabilitas sel ukuran granul 1000-2000 µm>500-1000 µm>250-500 µm.

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Background: Repair of bone defects can be done using bone graft material. Clinically, bone graft material is used in a variety of granule sizes that are adjusted to consider the specific application and intended use of the bone graft. On the other hand, information regarding the influence of bone graft granule size is not yet known and there has been no research regarding the effect of differences in granule size in hydroxyapatite carbonate prototypes on in vitro solubility and cytotoxicity. Objective: To evaluate the effect of granule size on the in vitro solubility and cytotoxicity of the carbonate hydroxyapatite prototype. Methods: The in vitro solubility test was conducted by immersing the carbonate hydroxyapatite prototype in a solution of acetate buffer and Tris-HCl buffer for 7 days at a temperature of 37°C. The in vitro solubility value was tested using the Horiba Ion Selective Electrode. The cell cytotoxicity test was carried out using MTT assay for the effect of medium extracts on MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. Absorption values were read with an ELISA Microplate Reader. Data analysis using the One-Way ANOVA statistical test. Results: The concentration of dissolved calcium ions in the acetate buffer solution in the granule size group 250-500 µm was 45.79 ± 3.11 mg/L, 500-1000 µm was 37.41 ± 4.28 mg/L, and 1000-2000 µm was 35, 85 ± 1.28mg/L. The concentration of dissolved calcium ions in the Tris-HCl buffer solution in the granule size group 250-500 µm was 3.88 ± 0,36 mg/L, 500-1000 µm was 2.94 ± 0.19 mg/L, and 1000-2000 µm was 2, 02 ± 0.58mg/L. Statistical tests showed significant differences in dissolved calcium ion concentrations between granules measuring 250-500 µm and 1000-2000 µm in both buffer solutions. The percentage of cell viability showed results above 70% in all granule size groups and extract concentrations. Statistical tests show differences in absorption values and percent cell viability at extract concentrations of 50 mg/mL of carbonate hydroxyapatite prototype with a size of 250-500 µm versus 1000-2000 µm, 100 mg/mL hydroxyapatite carbonate prototype with a size of 250-500 µm versus 500-1000 µm, and extract concentration 200 mg/mL carbonate hydroxyapatite prototype size 250-500 µm against 1000-2000 µm and 500-1000 µm against 1000-2000 µm. Conclusion: The larger the size of the carbonate hydroxyapatite prototype granules soaked in acetate buffer and Tris-HCl buffer, the results of the in vitro solubility test show a smaller average concentration of dissolved calcium ions. The cytotoxicity test of the carbonate hydroxyapatite prototype showed nontoxic results with cell viability of granule size 1000-2000 µm > 500-1000 µm > 250-500 µm."

"Berdasarkan data ESDM produksi olahan nikel Indonesia mencapai 2,47 ton pada 2021 yang naik 2,17% dari tahun sebelumnya. Tren produksi olahan nikel ini terus mengalami pertumbuhan setiap tahunnya. Akan tetapi dengan naiknya produksi nikel menyebabkan permasalahan yang tidak dapat diselesaikan oleh pelaku industri smelter di Indonesia. Terhitung pada tahun 2019 Industri nikel menghasilkan 19 juta ton terak yang diperkirakan akan terus bertambah. Penelitian ini menjelaskan proses ekstraksi silika dari terak feronikel secara sederhana dan ekonomis sehingga menghasilkan karakteristik produk yang baik untuk diguakan sebagai absorbent untuk penyerapan logam berat. Metode ekstraksi yang diguankan yaitu hidrotermal dengan penambahan aditif berupa NaOH, pelindian menggunakan air (aquaades), pengendapan menggunakan proses titrasi dengan HCL sebagai agen titrasi, pencucian menggunakan air (aquades), dan kalsinasi untuk menghilangkan klorin. Dalam Penelitian ini, produk silika yang didapatkan memiliki nilai recovery 91% dan tingkat efisiensi 98% sebagai absorbent untuk logam berat.

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Based on ESDM data, Indonesia's nickel processed production will reach 2.47 tons in 2021, an increase of 2.17% from the previous year. This trend of nickel-processed production continues to grow every year. However, the increase in nickel production causes problems that cannot be solved by the smelter industry players in Indonesia. As of 2019 the nickel industry produced 19 million tons of slag which is expected to continue to grow. This study describes the process of extracting silica from ferronickel slag in a simple and economical way so as to produce good product characteristics to be used as an absorbent for heavy metal absorption. The extraction method used is hydrothermal with the addition of additives in the form of NaOH, leaching using water (aquades), precipitation using a titration process with HCL as a titration agent, washing using water (aquades), and calcination to remove chlorine. In this study, the silica product obtained had a recovery value of 91% and an efficiency rate of 98% as an absorbent for heavy metals."

"[ABSTRAKHidroksiapatit (HA) mempunyai peran penting dalam bidang medis karena komposisi kimia dan strukturnya yang mirip dengan tulang manusia. Material ini disintesis melalui metode hidrotermal dengan prekusor Ca(NO3)2, CaO dan NH3PO4. Variasi temperatur hidrotermal pada 150 ̊C dan 300 ̊C, temperatur sintering pada 900 ̊C selama 3 jam. Endapan yang diperoleh diuji dengan XRD dan SEM-EDX. Morfologi partikel hasil karakterisasi SEM berbentuk batangan memanjang dan melingkar teraglomerasi dan hasil uji EDX menunjukkan rasio Ca/P yang lebih besar dari 1.67. Uji XRD menunjukkan adanya fasa kalsium difosfat, fluorapatit dan apatit karbonat tipe- A di dalam endapan yang meningkatkan rasio Ca/P.ABSTRACTHydroxyapatite (HA) posseses significant role in medical application due to its similarity in chemical and structure to human bones. This material was synthesized through hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, CaO and NH3PO4. Hydrothermal temperature varied on 150 ̊C and 300 ̊C, sintering temperature on 900 ̊C for 3 hours. Sample was characterization by XRD and SEM-EDX. Morphology observed by SEM is agglomerated round- spherical- shape particle with Ca/P ratio more than 1.67 measured by EDX. Calcium diphospate, fluorapatite and carbonated type- A presence is observed by XRD.;Hydroxyapatite (HA) posseses significant role in medical application due to its similarity in chemical and structure to human bones. This material was synthesized through hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, CaO and NH3PO4. Hydrothermal temperature varied on 150 ̊C and 300 ̊C, sintering temperature on 900 ̊C for 3 hours. Sample was characterization by XRD and SEM-EDX. Morphology observed by SEM is agglomerated round- spherical- shape particle with Ca/P ratio more than 1.67 measured by EDX. Calcium diphospate, fluorapatite and carbonated type- A presence is observed by XRD., Hydroxyapatite (HA) posseses significant role in medical application due to its similarity in chemical and structure to human bones. This material was synthesized through hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, CaO and NH3PO4. Hydrothermal temperature varied on 150 ̊C and 300 ̊C, sintering temperature on 900 ̊C for 3 hours. Sample was characterization by XRD and SEM-EDX. Morphology observed by SEM is agglomerated round- spherical- shape particle with Ca/P ratio more than 1.67 measured by EDX. Calcium diphospate, fluorapatite and carbonated type- A presence is observed by XRD.]"

"[Komposit Li4Ti5O12 dan Sn untuk material anoda baterai lithium-ion dipreparasi dengan 2 rute, yaitu sintesis Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) dengan metode hidrotermal dan mixing LTO dan Sn menggunakan ball mill. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh suhu kalsinasi yang optimum pembentukan fasa spinel LTO serta penambahan berat serbuk Sn yang tepat untuk memperoleh peningkatan performa LTO. Sampel dikarakterisasi menggunakan DT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, dan EIS. Sedang properti elektrokimia dianalisis menggunakan tes charge/discharge battery analyzer. Hasil menunjukkan telah terbentuk fasa spinelLTO dan butir tumbuh 17, 20, dan 40 nm masing-masing untuk suhu kalsinasi 500, 600, dan 700oC. Foto SEM memperlihatkan butir-butir berbusa dan mengalami aglomerasi yang merupakan efek dari proses sintesis hidrotermal. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh sampel komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% dengan nilai konduktivitas tertinggi yaitu 9,06 x 10-7 S/cm. Uji cyclic voltammetry menunjukkan pasangan anodik-katodik tegangan reduksi-oksidasi LTO 1,5 dan 1,7 V, serta 1,71 dan 2,11 V untuk TiO2. Sedangkan tegangan litiasi Sn terdeteksi0,61 V. Untuk uji charge/discharge komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% memperlihatkan penambahan Sn akan memberi keuntungan saat tegangan rendah(0,6 V) yaitu komposit masih memiliki kapasitas. Kapasitas spesifik untuk komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% mencapai 110 mAh/g dengan C/3.;Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have been prepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) with hydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball milling method. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcination temperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder is to obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties were analyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTO spinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nm respectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photograph showing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect of hydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltage LTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at 0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed the addition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still has capacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110 mAh/g with C/3.;Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have beenprepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) withhydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball millingmethod. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcinationtemperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder isto obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties wereanalyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTOspinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nmrespectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photographshowing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect ofhydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sncomposite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltageLTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed theaddition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still hascapacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110mAh/g with C/3., Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have beenprepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) withhydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball millingmethod. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcinationtemperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder isto obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties wereanalyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTOspinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nmrespectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photographshowing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect ofhydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sncomposite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltageLTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed theaddition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still hascapacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110mAh/g with C/3.]"

"Latar Belakang: Kalsium sulfat merupakan salah satu material alloplast yang banyak digunakan untuk bone graft. Namun, memiliki memiliki tingkat resorpsi yang cepat. Salah satu pengembangan kalsium sulfat yaitu blok biphasicHA/CS yang telah berhasil dilakukan melalui metode disolusi presipitasi dengan tujuan untuk memperlambat resorpsi dari kalsium sulfat. Kelarutan blok biphasic HA/CS tersebut belum diketahui besar kelarutannya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelarutan blok biphasic HA/CS pada larutan penyangga asam asetat 0,08 mol/L selama 7 hari. Metode Penelitian: Blok biphasic HA/CS sebanyak sembilan blok dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok dengan setiap kelompok memiliki komposisi hidroksiapatit dan kalsium sulfat yang berbeda-beda dan blok kalsium sulfat sebanyak tiga blok pada satu kelompok. Setiap kelompok direndam dalam larutan penyangga asam asetat 0,08 Mol/L dengan suhu 37°C selama 7 hari. Setelah 7 hari, kelarutan diukur dengan atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Hasil: Kelarutan berdasarkan hasil uji AAS pada blok biphasic HA/CS mengalami penurunan dibandingkan blok kalsium sulfat. Kelarutan pada blok biphasic HA/CS dengan komposisi 73,9% CS & 25,5% HA, 52,4% CS & 46,7% HA, 20,8% CS & 78,1% HA berturut-turut yaitu 46,44 mg/L; 40,53 mg/L dan 24,28 mg/L. Sedangkan kelarutan blok kalsium sulfat yaitu 59,7 mg/L. Kesimpulan: Blok biphasic HA/CS mengalami penurunan kelarutan dibandingkan blok kalsium sulfat dan semakin banyak komposisi hidroksiapatit pada blok biphasic HA/CS, maka kelarutannya akan semakin menurun.

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Background: Calcium sulfate is one of the most widely used alloplast materials for bone graft. However, it has a fast resorption rate. One of the developments of calcium sulfate is the biphasic HA/CS block which has been successfully carried out through the precipitation dissolution method with the aim of slowing the resorption of calcium sulfate. The solubility of the biphasic HA/CS block is not yet known. Objective: This study aimed to determine the solubility of biphasic HA/CS block in 0.08 mol/L acetic acid buffer solution for 7 days. Research Methods: Nine biphasic HA/CS blocks were divided into three groups with each group having different hydroxyapatite and calcium sulfate compositions and three calcium sulfate blocks in one group. Each group was immersed in 0.08 Mol/L acetic acid buffer solution at 37°C for 7 days. After 7 days, the solubility was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results: The solubility based on the results of the AAS test on the biphasic HA/CS block decreased compared to the calcium sulfate block. Solubility in the biphasic HA/CS block with the composition of 73.9% CS & 25.5% HA, 52.4% CS & 46.7% HA, 20.8% CS & 78.1% HA, respectively, namely 46, 44 mg/L; 40.53 mg/L and 24.28 mg/L. While the solubility of calcium sulfate block is 59.7 mg/L. Conclusion: The biphasic HA/CS block has decreased solubility compared to the calcium sulfate block and the more hydroxyapatite composition in the biphasic HA/CS block, the lower the solubility.

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