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"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara penerimaan pajak dan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2011-2019. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fixed-effect, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa total penerimaan pajak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Artinya, sistem dan struktur perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia saat ini, baik secara nasional maupun regional belum mampu berkontribusi terhadap upaya pemerataan pendapatan. Sementara itu, jika dilihat secara komposisi, baik penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan dan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai juga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Namun, rasio Pajak Daerah terhadap PDRB berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan menandakan karakteristik dari mayoritas jenis pajak konsumsi pembentuk komponen Pajak Daerah yang cenderung regresif dan menambah ketimpangan.

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This study examines the relationship between tax revenues and income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia from 2011 to 2019. Applying a fixed-effect approach, this study finds that total tax revenue has no significant effect on income inequality. This result implies that Indonesia's current tax system and structure, both national and regional, have been unable to contribute to efforts toward income distribution. Likely due to their composition, both income tax and value-added tax revenues have an insignificant effect. However, the ratio of local taxes to GRDP has a considerable positive effect on income inequality, indicating that the majority of consumption taxes in the local tax component are regressive and increase inequality."

"[ABSTRAKTarif pajak tetap telah menjadi salah satu reformasi pajak yang popular di banyak negara. Kesederhanaan dan tarif pajak tetap yang rendah dapat mengurangi biaya kepatuhan, mengurangi penggelapan pajak, mengurangi disintesif, dan memberikan rasa keadilan. Namun tarif pajak tetap juga diyakini dapat meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan di masyarakat. Penelitian ini menguji efek dari tarif tetap pajak penghasilan pribadi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2012. Dengan menggunakan teknik simulasi mikro, diketahui bahwa efek dari tarif tetap pajak penghasilan pribadi bisa mengakibatkan peningkatan atau penurunan tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan. Penerapan tarif pajak tetap di bawah 9% akan menghasilkan peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan; Sebaliknya, jika tarif pajak rata lebih dari 10% diterapkan, ketimpangan pendapatan akan berkurang. Dua hasil yang berbeda ini disebabkan lebih dari 53% populasi rumah tangga memiliki penghasilan di bawah penghasilan tidak kena pajak karena beberapa pengurangan dan pengecualian penghasilan yang dikenakan pajak.

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ABSTRACTA flat tax rate has become a popular tax reform in many countries. Simplicity and a lower flat tax rate could reduce compliance costs, reduce evasion, reduce disincentives, and provide fairness. However, it is strongly believed that a flat tax rate could increase inequality in a society. This study examines the effect of a personal income flat tax rate on inequality in Indonesia by using National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas, Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) 2012. Using a microsimulation technique, the effect of a flat tax rate on personal income could result in an increase or decrease on inequality. Applying a flat tax rate below 9% will result in an increase in inequality; in contrast, if a flat tax rate of more than 10% is applied, inequality will decrease. These two different results take place because more than 53% of households in the population have an income below the taxable tax due to the some deductions and exemptions.;A flat tax rate has become a popular tax reform in many countries. Simplicity and a lower flat tax rate could reduce compliance costs, reduce evasion, reduce disincentives, and provide fairness. However, it is strongly believed that a flat tax rate could increase inequality in a society. This study examines the effect of a personal income flat tax rate on inequality in Indonesia by using National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas, Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) 2012. Using a microsimulation technique, the effect of a flat tax rate on personal income could result in an increase or decrease on inequality. Applying a flat tax rate below 9% will result in an increase in inequality; in contrast, if a flat tax rate of more than 10% is applied, inequality will decrease. These two different results take place because more than 53% of households in the population have an income below the taxable tax due to the some deductions and exemptions., A flat tax rate has become a popular tax reform in many countries. Simplicity and a lower flat tax rate could reduce compliance costs, reduce evasion, reduce disincentives, and provide fairness. However, it is strongly believed that a flat tax rate could increase inequality in a society. This study examines the effect of a personal income flat tax rate on inequality in Indonesia by using National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas, Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) 2012. Using a microsimulation technique, the effect of a flat tax rate on personal income could result in an increase or decrease on inequality. Applying a flat tax rate below 9% will result in an increase in inequality; in contrast, if a flat tax rate of more than 10% is applied, inequality will decrease. These two different results take place because more than 53% of households in the population have an income below the taxable tax due to the some deductions and exemptions.]"

"[ABSTRAKPajak di Indonesia merupakan kontributor terbesar total penerimaan pemerintah, sementara pajak penghasilan orang pribadi (PPh OP) hanya berkontribusi sekitar 10% dari total penerimaan pajak nasional. Banyak peneliti yang telah menguji hubungan antara tarif progresif PPh OP dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi dampak dari tarif progresif PPh OP terhadap distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan data mikro Susenas 2006 dan 2011. Dengan dekomposisi data Susenas berdasarkan faktor komponen: pengeluaran konsumsi, pajak penghasilan, dan tabungan, efek dari perubahan komponen tersebut terhadap ketimpangan total pendapatan dapat diketahui. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa satu persen kenaikan komponen PPh OP di Indonesia cenderung untuk meningkatkan indeks Gini ketimpangan total pendapatan sebesar 1,4% di 2006 dan 1,8% di 2011. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa struktur PPh OP tahun 2011 sedikit berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan kata lain, PPh OP di Indonesia memiliki efek meningkatkan indeks Gini dari ketimpangan total pendapatan. Namun, komponen pengeluaran konsumsi memiliki efek menurunkan indeks Gini sampai dengan 6,4%.

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ABSTRACTTax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.;Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%., Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.]"

"Serelah adanya krisis moneter pada tahun 1991 yang mana salah satu penyebabnya adalah kekurang hati-hatian dari banyak pemaahaan besar dalam mengelola keuangannya pada saat tersebut banyak peruqahaan mengambil pinjaman dalam valuta asing terutama USD, walaupun pendapatan yang diperoleh untuk membayar hutangnya tersebut dalam mata uang rupiah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh karena besarnya selisih tingkat bunga rupiah dengan tingkat bunga pinjaman valuta asing dan dilain pihak kurs rupiah terhadap mata uang asing sangatlah kuat.Krisis ekonomi mengakibatkan perusahaan- perusahaan mengalami kesulitan dalam membayar hutangnya yang dalam valula asing tersebut, dan pada akhirnya mengakibatkan kebangkitan.Belajar dari hal tersebut diatas, timbul kebutuhan akan instrument derivatif guna menutup resiko yang diakibatkan oleh perubahan kurs mata uang asing dan juga perubahan tingkat bunga. Pada saal ini banyak jenis-jenis derivatif yang digunakan oleh perbankan dan perusahaan-perusahaan lainnya dalam mengelola resikonya. lnstrument derivatif dirasakan semakin cepat variasi nya demikian juga jumlah transaksinya.Dilain pihak salah satu tujuan ulama dari pajak adalah untuk meningkatkan penerimaan negara Untuk ini diperlukan peraturan perpajakan yang memberikan kepastian hukum, bersifat adil, tidak menimbulkan distorsi dalam perekonomian atau tidak menggangu arus modal masuk yang dibutuhkan hagi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pada akhirnya juga haruslah ekonomis dalam hal administrasinya.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara studi kepustakaan yang diperoleh melalui buku, artikel penelitian. peraturan-peraluran perpajakan yang berlaku , Selain itu juga dilakukan pencarian informasi kepada pejabat dibidang perpajakan, konsulen pajak dan wajib pajak.Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, menunjukkan belum adanya peraturan perpajakan yang komprehensif dalam hal derivalif. Hal ini disebabkan karena demikian majunya instrument derivatif, sehingga kebanyakan lebih melihat hakekat ekonominya dan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang berlaku saja untuk memperhitungkan pajak atas transaksi derivatif.Selain itu juga dari uraian dapat dilihat peraturan-peraturan yang dibuat terkadang lebih mementingkan penerimaan pajak dan kurang memperhatikan hakikat ekonomi dari derivatif itu sendiri.Pada akhirnya disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian yang Iebih mendalam dan komprehensif untuk perpajakan atas transaksi derivalif yang mana melibatkan ahli-ahli dalam instrument derivatif seperti Bank Indonesia. Sehingga dapat diciptakan peraturan perpajakan yang dapat meningkaikan penerimaan negara dan dilain pihak hakekat ekonomi tetap diperhatikan sehingga tidak menggangu penumbuhan perekonomian.

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Alier financial crisis in 1997, in which one of the causes is imprudence of big companies in managing their financial matter, many companies have taken loan in foreign currency whereas their income for paying their debt is in rupiah. This happen due to interest rate of rupiah higher than interest rate of foreign currency and also exchange rate of rupiah is relatively strong compare to other currency.The economic crisis caused many companies face difficulty in paying their debt in foreign currency and finally resulted in bankruptcy.Learning from this problem, there is a need of derivative instruments to mitigate risk offoreign exchange rate and interest rate. Currently there are many types of derivatives used by banks and other companies for risk management. Derivative instruments growth so fast both in types and amount of transactions.On the other side, one of the main objectives of tax is increase the government revenue. Due to that, there is a need for tax regulation which give certainty in law, equality, and not distorting economic or incoming fund which is needed for economic growth and linally should be efficient in administrative matter.This research was done through library study from books, articles and current tax regulations. In addition to that, searching of information was also done by interviewing tax officer, tax consultant and companies.Result of the research shows that there are no comprehensive tax regulation for derivative. This is due to the advances of derivative instrument therefore mostly look at the economic substance and using accounting principle in calculating tax on derivative.On the other hand, from the analysis it is found that in some taxes regulation that has been made occasionally put the importance ofgetting the tax revenue and less attention to the economic substance of derivative itsellf.Finally, it suggests that a comprehensive research should be conducted for taxation on derivatives transaction which shall involve expetts in derivative instruments such the Central Bank. This will result in creating tax regulation that will increase govemment revenue and on the other side will as well put attention to the economic substance, so that will not distort the economic growth."

"ABSTRAKKetimpangan pendapatan telah menjadi masalah yang terus berkembang selama dua dekade terakhir. Tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan yang tinggi dapat menghalangi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan menyebabkan keresahan sosial. Dalam kasus Indonesia, koefisien Gini terus menunjukan tren yang positif. Jaminan sosial merupakan salah satu elemen utama dalam kebijakan publik untuk mengurangi ketimpangan pendapatan. Oleh karena itu, penilitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dampak jaminan sosial terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan data panel dengan efek tetap di 33 provinsi dari tahun 2001-2012. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa jaminan sosial di Indonesia berdampak negatif terhadap ketimpangan sosial karena sebagian besar manfaat dari jaminan sosial dinikmati oleh golongan menengah keatas. Dalam kasus ini, pemerintah sebaiknya memperbaiki proses administrasi dalam pemberian jaminan sosial untuk menghindari kesalahan dalam mengidentifikasi calon penerima manfaat sebelum anggaran kebijakan sosial ditingkatkan.

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ABSTRACTIncome inequality has become a growing concern over the last two decades. High level of inequality could potentially cripple economic growth and increase social distress. As for the case in Indonesia, the Gini coefficient shows an upward trend of income inequality. Sincesocial security is one of the central elements of public policy to reduce inequality, this paper examines the impact of social security spending towards inequality in Indonesia using panel data with fixed effect method across 33 provinces from 2001-2012. The results suggest that social security spending has positive correlation with income inequality. Previous studies indicate that social security spending in Indonesia has negative impact because it benefits mostly for the non-poor.In this case, the government should improve the administration process to eliminate the errors in identifying the intended beneficiaries before the budget allocated to social security is increased."

"Literatur yang mempelajari hubungan antara pembangunan keuangan dan ketimpangan pendapatan memberikan kesimpulan yang tidak sama. Tesis ini menganalisis dampak pemnbangunan keuangan pada ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia pada periode 2010-2020. Analisis eksplorasi data spasial mengindikasikan adanya ketergantungan spasial pada koefisien Gini dan juga mengidentifikasi adanya kluster wilayah dengan nilai koefisien Gini yang relatif sama. Kami menemukan hubungan positif yang signifikan antara pembangunan keuangan dan ketimpangan pendapatan setelah mengaplikasikan ketergantungan spasial dengan menggunakan kredit dan jumlah kantor cabang bank sebagai ukuran pembangunan keuangan. Hasil tersebut teruji menggunakan spesifikasi regresi panel yang berbeda.

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Literature on the relationship between financial development and income inequality suggests mixed findings. This thesis investigates the impact of financial development on income inequality in Indonesia for the period 2010-2020. Our exploratory spatial data analysis suggests a significant spatial autocorrelation of the Gini coefficients and identifies the local clusters of similar Gini values. Using private credit and the number of bank branches to proxy financial development, we find a significant positive relationship between financial development and income inequality after implementing spatial considerations. The results are robust for different specifications of the spatial panel regression."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi antar-daerah di Indonesia yang dibagi ke dalam Wilayah Pesisir Kota, Pesisir Non Kota, dan Non Pesisir. Ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi tersebut digambarkan oleh kecenderungan wilayah pesisir yang lebih maju dibanding non pesisir serta keberagaman karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh wilayah pesisir itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect dan Random Effect Model pada data panel, kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan yang terjadi di dalam wilayah lebih besar dibandingkan ketimpangan antar-wilayah, dimana perbedaan struktur ekonomi berpengaruh positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi di masing-masing wilayah.

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This research aims to analyze the income inequality between regions in Indonesia which are divided into the Urban Coastal, Non-Urban Coastal, and Non-Coastal. Income inequality is described by the tendency of coastal region that is more advanced than non-coastal region as well as the diversity of characteristics possessed by the coastal region itself. By using the Fixed Effects and Random Effects Model in the data panel, the conclusions of this research indicate that income inequality within region is greater than inequality between region, where differences in economic structure has a positive effect on income inequality in each region."

"Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh keringanan pajak melalui pengurangan pajak penghasilan badan dan penghapusan dividen sebagai objek pajak terhadap kebijakan dividen perusahaan terbuka di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keringan pajak mampu memberikan pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan pembagian dividen kepada pemegang saham. Peningkatan ini menurut tax preferences hypothesis dan tax clientele hypothesis mendorong manajer perusahaan meningkatkan dividen yang dibagikan guna memenuhi peningkatan ekspektasi para pemegang saham untuk menerima dividen dari perusahaan. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan variabel kontrol yang mempengaruhi pembagian dividen meliputi likuiditas, arus kas, efisiensi dan struktur modal perusahaan.

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This research aims to see the effect of tax rellief through reducing corporate income tax and eliminating dividends as a tax object on the dividend policy of listed companies in Indonesia. The research results show that tax relief can have a positive influence on increasing dividend distribution to shareholders. According to the tax preferences hypothesis and tax clientele hypothesis, this increase encourages company managers to increase the dividends distributed in order to meet the increasing expectations of shareholders to receive dividends from the company. This research also shows that the control variables that influence dividend distribution are liquidity, cash flow, efficiency, and the company's debt level."

"Analisis Kebijakan Pajak Penghasilan Sektor Usaha Kecil Mikro Kecil Dan Menengah Di Indonesia : Pembelajaran Dari Jepang Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah mempunyai kontribusi yang besar terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto di Indonesia. Untuk menaikkan kontribusi kepada negara, pemerintah membuat kebijakan pajak penghasilan untuk wajib pajak sektor Usaha Kecil dan Menengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengalisis kebijakan pajak penghasilan untuk wajib pajak sektor Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah di Indonesia dengan membandingkan kebijakan pajak penghasilan untuk Wajib Pajak sektor Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah di Jepang sebagai pembelajaran. Dan menganalisis strategi Jepang dalam kebijakan pajak penghasilan untuk Wajib Pajak sektor Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah sebagai pembelajaran Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara menganalisis data kualitatif dengan tipe penelitian deskripif dimana diuraikan data yang berupa informasi dan teori yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh dari haasil wawancara dan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari literatur, buku dokumen dan jurnal penelitian yang memiliki kaitan degan tema penelitian ini.

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Analysis of Income Tax Policy of Small Micro Enterprise SectorSmall And Medium In Indonesia Learning From Japan Small and Medium Micro Enterprises have a large contribution to Gross Domestic Product in Indonesia. To increase the contribution to the state, the government creates an income tax policy for the taxpayer of the Small and Medium Business sector. This study aims to analyze income tax policy for taxpayer of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises sector in Indonesia by comparing income tax policy for Taxpayer of Small and Medium Enterprises sector in Japan as learning. And analyze Japanese strategy in income tax policy for Taxpayer of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises sector as learning. The research is done by analyzing qualitative data with descriptive research type where the data is described in the form of information and theory obtained from literature study. Sources of data in this study are primary data obtained from interviews and secondary data obtained from literature, document books and research journals that have relevance degan theme of this study. "

"Penelitian ini membahas kebijakan pajak PPh atas kegiatan pendidikan perguruan tinggi di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebijakan PPh yang saat ini berlaku di Indonesia dan Malaysia dalam mendukung kegiatan pendidikan perguruan tinggi di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perguruan tinggi di Indonesia dan Malaysia merupakan subjek PPh dan penghasilan yang diterima oleh perguruan tinggi bukan merupakan objek PPh sepanjang penghasilan dari kegiatan pendidikan perguruan tinggi tersebut tidak berorientasi terhadap laba.

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This study discusses the income tax policies on higher education activities in Indonesia and Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the income tax policies is currently in effect in Indonesia and Malaysia in supporting higher education activities in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive research. Results of this study concludes that universities in Indonesia and Malaysia are subject to income tax and the income received by universities is not an object of income tax if the income from the activities of higher education is not profit oriented."