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"Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh norma Konfusianisme dalam kebijakan rok mini di Korea Selatan pada tahun 1973. Kebijakan rok mini adalah salah satu kebijakan yang ada di dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Ringan atau Gyeongbeomjoecheobeolbeop yang disahkan pada tahun 1973. Dalam undang-undang ini, salah satu jenis pelanggarannya berupa paparan tubuh wanita yang memakai rok mini.  Saat itu, biasanya polisi membawa penggaris saat berpatroli dan sering kali menghentikan para wanita yang memakai rok untuk diukur panjangnya. Jika rok yang dipakai mempunyai hemline 17 cm diatas lutut, maka wanita tersebut diberikan sanksi. Kebijakan ini dibuat karena pandangan akan rok mini tidak sesuai norma dan tradisi busana wanita Korea yang berlaku saat itu sehingga menciptakan kontroversi. Oleh karena itu, rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana norma Konfusianisme menjustifikasi kebijakan rok mini untuk wanita muda di Korea Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis yang dibantu dengan studi pustaka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan normakonfusianisme sebagai pengaruh pembentukan kebijakan rok mini Korea Selatan pada tahun 1973. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan kebijakan rok mini pada tahun 1973 dipicu oleh norma Konfusianisme khususnya pada etika berbusana bagi kaum wanita pada era Joseon. Norma ini ditekankan kembali pada masa Park Chung-hee yang konfusianis melalui kebijakan tersebut, guna memperkuat identitas bangsa Korea

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This study analyses the influence of Confucian norms on the miniskirt policy in South Korea in 1973. Miniskirt policy is one of the policies contained in the Minor Offences Act or Gyeongbeomjoecheobeolbeop which was passed in 1973. In this law, one of the violations is overexposure, which refers to women wearing miniskirts. At that time, the police usually carried a ruler on patrol and often stopped women who wore skirts to measure the length. If the skirt worn has a hemline of 17 cm above the knee, the woman will be penalized. This policy was made because the view of the miniskirt does not fit the norms and traditions of the Korean women clothing, which creates controversy. Therefore, the research question in this study is how Confucianism norms justify the miniskirt policy for Korean women. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with the help of literature study. This study aims to explain Confucian norms as the influence of the establishment of the South Korean miniskirt policy in 1973. The results show that the establishment of the miniskirt policy in 1973 was caused by Confucian norms, especially dress etiquette for Korean women which were regulated by Confucian officials in the Joseon era. This norm was re-emphasized during the Park Chung-hee era through this policy, where Confucianism was a value that was applied to his government to strengthen the identity of the Korean nation. 

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"ABSTRAKJurnal ini membahas mengenai kritik sosial yang ingin disampaikan oleh Kim Chi Ha terhadap pemerintahan Park Chung Hee dalam tiga puisinya yang berjudul Tanenun Mokmareumeuro, Yeoul 2 dan Jageun Geoseul Boja. Jurnal ini ingin memperlihatkan keadaan Korea Selatan yang menderita akibat pemerintahan Park Chung Hee yang otoriter dan anti demokrasi, melalui kritik yang disampaikan oleh Kim Chi Ha melalui simbol-simbol yang ada di dalam puisinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah melalui pendekatan semiotik dengan metode kualitatif serta analisis deskriptif dan penggunaan metode studi pustaka sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ketiga puisi karangan Kim Chi Ha menggambarkan pemerintahan Park Chung Hee yang anti demokrasi, tidak memperlakukan rakyatnya secara manusiawi dan tidak adanya hubungan yang harmonis antara rakyat dan pemerintah.

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ABSTRACTThis journal discusses the social criticism from Kim Chi Ha to Park Chung Hee 39 s government in his three poems entitled Tanenun Mokmareumeuro, Yeoul 2 and Jageun Geoseul Boja. This journal wants to show the state of South Korea suffering from authoritarian and anti democratic of Park Chung Hee rsquo s government, through criticism delivered by Kim Chi Ha by symbols in his poetry. The method used is through semiotic method with qualitative methods and descriptive analysis and the use of literature as a method of data collection. The results of the research from this journal are through the criticisms of Taneun Mokmareumeuro poetry, Yeoul 2 and Jageun Geoseul Boja, seen that the Park Chung Hee government is an anti democratic government, does not treat its people humanely and there is no harmonious relationship between the people and government."

"ABSTRACTKedatangan Hwagyo ke Korea diprakarsai oleh empat puluh pedagang dari Dinasti Qing di akhir abad ke-19. Dinamika kehidupannya melewati banyak masa hingga sampai ke masa Park Chung Hee. Studi ini akan berfokus pada kehidupan Hwagyo di masa Park Chung Hee. Studi ini dimulai dari sejarah cikal bakal masyarakat Hwagyo di Korea. Kemudian, studi ini akan menampilkan corak umum pemerintahan Park Chung Hee beserta kebijakan-kebijakannya yang terasa diskriminatif bagi kaum Hwagyo di Korea. Studi ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari tahap heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Selain itu, studi ini juga menampilkan cuplikan wawancara terhadap kaum Hwagyo yang merasa terdiskriminasi oleh kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintahan Park Chung Hee.

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ABSTRACTHwagyo 39 s arrival to Korea was initiated by forty merchants from the Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century. The dynamics of their life went through time up to the time until Park Chung Hee rsquo s era. This study will focus on the life of Hwagyo in Park Chung Hee 39 s era. This study starts from the history of the Hwagyo in Korea. Later, this study will discuss about Park Chung Hee 39 s government and its discriminatory policies againts Hwagyo in Korea. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. In addition, the study also features few interviews with Hwagyo who feel discriminated against by Park Chung Hee 39 s government policiesHwagyo 39 s arrival to Korea was initiated by forty merchants from the Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century. The dynamics of their life went through time up to the time until Park Chung Hee rsquo s era. This study will focus on the life of Hwagyo in Park Chung Hee 39 s era. This study starts from the history of the Hwagyo in Korea. Later, this study will discuss about Park Chung Hee 39 s government and its discriminatory policies againts Hwagyo in Korea. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. In addition, the study also features few interviews with Hwagyo who feel discriminated against by Park Chung Hee 39's government policies."

"Fenomena molka merupakan kasus kekerasan berupa foto atau rekaman video tanpa izin dengan menggunakan kamera berukuran kecil dan tersembunyi. Sementara itu norma Konfusianisme sebagai norma yang mengatur hubungan antarmanusia termasuk hubungan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di Korea Selatan dianggap turut andil dalam berkembangnya fenomena molka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak norma Konfusianisme pada penyebaran luas fenomena molka di Korea Selatan, dengan fokus pada perempuan sebagai objek utama. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan teknik studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa norma Konfusianisme berkontribusi pada pembentukan budaya patriarki yang kuat di struktur sosial Korea Selatan. Budaya patriarki ini, secara erat terkait dengan fenomena molka karena memicu ketidaksetaraan gender. Perempuan menjadi objek dalam fenomena molka karena didukung oleh pandangan masyarakat yang menempatkan perempuan dalam hierarki yang lebih rendah dan posisi subordinate.

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Molka phenomenon involves cases of violence where photos or videos are taken without consent using small and hidden cameras. Meanwhile, Confucianism norms which regulate interpersonal relationships, including those between men and women in South Korea are considered to play a role in the development of the molka phenomenon. This study aims to analyze the impact of Confucianism norms on the widespread occurrence of the molka phenomenon in South Korea, with a focus on women as the primary subjects. The method employed in this study is qualitative descriptive using literature review techniques. The research findings indicate that Confucianism norms contribute to the formation of a strong patriarchal culture in the social structure of South Korea. This patriarchal culture is closely linked to the molka phenomenon as it triggers gender inequality. Women become the subjects of the molka phenomenon due to societal perspectives that place them in a lower hierarchy and subordinate position."

"In 1961 South Korea was mired in poverty. By 1979 it had a powerful industrial economy and a vibrant civil society in the making, which would lead to a democratic breakthrough eight years later. The transformation took place during the years of Park Chung Hee's presidency. Park seized power in a coup in 1961 and ruled as a virtual dictator until his assassination in October 1979. He is credited with modernizing South Korea, but at a huge political and social cost.South Korea's political landscape under Park defies easy categorization. The state was predatory yet technocratic, reform-minded yet quick to crack down on dissidents in the name of political order. The nation was balanced uneasily between opposition forces calling for democratic reforms and the Park government's obsession with economic growth. The chaebol (a powerful conglomerate of multinationals based in South Korea) received massive government support to pioneer new growth industries, even as a nationwide campaign of economic shock therapy-interest hikes, devaluation, and wage cuts-met strong public resistance and caused considerable hardship.This landmark volume examines South Korea's era of development as a study in the complex politics of modernization. Drawing on an extraordinary range of sources in both English and Korean, these essays recover and contextualize many of the ambiguities in South Korea's trajectory from poverty to a sustainable high rate of economic growth."

"Skripsi ini membahas peranan nilai-nilai Konfusianisme sebagai pandangan fundamental bangsa Korea keseluruhan dalam pemerintahan Park Chung Hee secara khusus dan pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi Korea Selatan tahun 1961-1979. Pembahasan tersebut akan mengurai bagaimana pengaruh internal (nilai-nilai Konfusianisme) dan eksternal (pengaruh Amerika Serikat dan Jepang) berpengaruh kepada Park Chung Hee dan pemerintahannya. Penelitian akan dibuktikan dengan analisis kualitatif deskriptif atas nilai-nilai Konfusianisme yang terkandung dalam kepemimpinan Park Chung Hee, kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintahan Park serta resistensinya terhadap Konfusianisme dan pengaruh asing. Hasil studi ini membuktikan adanya hubungan antara nilai-nilai Konfusianisme dengan kepemimpinan Park Chung Hee tahun 1961-1979 dalam peranannya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi Korea Selatan.

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The focus of this study is to explain the role of Confucian values as Korean’s fundamental view in Park Chung Hee’s era specifically and its influences toward South Korea’s economy development 1961-1979. This study would describe how both internal factor (Confucian values) and external factor (USA and Japan) give influences toward Park Chung Hee himself and his government. This study will be conducted by descriptive-qualitative analysis of Confucian values on Park’s era, Park government’s policies, and also their resistance towards Confucianism itself and foreign influences. This study itself concludes that there is a correlation between Confucian values and Park Chung Hee’s era (1961-1979) due to its role toward South Korea’s economy development."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengaruh ajaran Konfusianisme yang berkembang di Korea Selatan terhadap persaingan pemerolehan pendidikan tinggi di masyarakat modern Korea Selatan. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh dari ajaran Konfusianisme terhadap persaingan dalam pendidikan di masyarakat modern Korea Selatan melalui nilai-nilai familisme, chemyeon, grupisme, elitisme, dan paternalisme. Nilai-nilai tersebut mendorong masyarakat Korea untuk bersaing dengan ketat demi meraih pendidikan terbaik yang mengindikasikan pada masa depan yang cerah.

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This thesis discusses about the influence of Confucianism towards education competitiveness in modern Korea society. Using descriptive analysis method, the analysis focuses on the values of Confucianism and its relation to the phenomenons of education competition in modern Korean Society, particularly in the acquisition of higher education. The result shows that Confucianism gives strong influence on education competition in Korean modern society through its familism, chemyeon, groupism, elitism, and paternalism values. Those values encourage Korean society to strictly compete in order to achieve the best education that indicates a bright future."