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"Dengan jumlah generasi muda yang besar, Indonesia menghadapi tantangan sekaligus peluang untuk meningkatkan kapasitas generasi muda dan memaksimalkan kontribusi mereka terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Memberdayakan generasi muda dengan keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang sesuai dengan permintaan industri tidak hanya akan menguntungkan sektor swasta tetapi juga masyarakat pada umumnya. Pendidikan vokasi atau kejuruan adalah langkah untuk menghubungkan secara langsung lingkungan sekolah dan tempat kerja dan mempercepat lulusannya untuk bekerja di tahap awal karir mereka. Namun demikian, lembaga pendidikan vokasi yang ada, khususnya pada pendidikan menengah atas, masih perlu ditingkatkan karena tingkat penyerapan tenaga kerja yang rendah dibandingkan dengan lulusan lain dari jalur pendidikan yang lain. Berdasarkan analisis kuantitatif dengan metode entropy balancing dan instrumental variable, dampak sekolah menengah kejuruan terhadap tingkat pekerjaan dan upah lebih besar pada lulusan yang lebih muda dan berkurang pada kelompok usia yang lebih tua. Situasi ini menimbulkan pertanyaan terkait bagaimana memperkuat pendidikan vokasi yang ada sehingga dapat memberikan keterampilan dan pengetahuan kepada lulusan dan mereka mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitif mereka sepanjang karir mereka.

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With a large youth population, Indonesia faces both the challenge and the opportunity to increase the youth population's capacity and maximize their contribution to the country's economic growth. Empowering youth with skills and knowledge that match industry demand will benefit not only the private sector but society in general. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is an avenue to directly connect school and workplace environments and accelerate its graduates becoming employed and being productive in the very early stage of their careers. However, existing TVET institutions, especially in upper secondary education, still need to be improved due to their low employment rate compared to other graduates from different educational streams. Based on quantitative analysis using entropy balancing and instrumental variable method, the impact of vocational secondary school on employment and wage levels is bigger in the younger graduates and diminished in the older age group. This situation raises concern about how to strengthen existing TVET institutions so they can provide updated skills and knowledge to their graduates and maintain graduates’ competitive advantage all through their careers."

"Percepatan pengembangan sektor industri sebagai salah satu fokus kebijakan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN otomatis akan diikuti dengan meningkatnya permintaan tenaga kerja terampil, sehingga butuh suatu upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas tenaga kerja Indonesia agar tidak kalah saing dengan tenaga kerja asing dan memperparah tingkat pengangguran. Pendidikan kejuruan berkontribusi dalam menekan angka penangguran karena lulusannya merupakan tenaga kerja terampil siap pakai yang dapat langsung diserap industri. Jawa Barat menempati posisi ketiga secara nasional yang memiliki angka pengangguran tertinggi, di mana sebagian besarnya adalah lulusan SMK. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis jejaring kebijakan untuk melihat bagaimana dinamika dan interaksi antar para aktor kunci dalam jejaring kebijakan pada kebijakan pendidikan kejuruan dan ketenagakerjaan dapat menjelaskan tingginya pengangguran lulusan SMK di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan post-positivism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sejauh ini interaksi antar aktor kunci yang terlibat dalam jejaring kebijakan ini masih mengandalkan bentuk hubungan yang sifatnya formal. Konflik kepentingan yang terjadi antar para aktor dari sektor publik berakar dari perbedaan pandangan mereka terkait apa yang sesungguhnya menjadi masalah dan bagaimana mengatasinya.

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Accelerating the development of the industrial sector as one of the ASEAN Economic Community 39 s policy focus will automatically be followed by the increasing demand for skilled labor, so it needs an effort to improve the quality of Indonesian labor so as not to lose competitiveness with foreign workers and aggravate the unemployment rate. Vocational education contributes to reducing unemployment rates because the graduates are ready made skilled laborers who can be directly absorbed by the industry. West Java occupies the third position nationally which has the highest unemployment rate, where most of them are SMK graduates. This study will analyze the policy network to see how the dynamics and interactions among key actors in the policy network on vocational education and employment policy can explain the high unemployment of SMK graduates in West Java Province. This research is a qualitative research with post positivism approach. The results show that so far the interactions among key actors involved in this policy network still rely on formal relationships. The conflicts of interest between actors from the public sector stem from their differing views on what really matters and how to overcome them."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan Status Sosial Ekonomi Orang Tua, Karakteristik individu, dan Pasar Kerja terhadap Motivasi dalam memilih Kejuruan di Balai latihan Kerja. Selain itu juga untuk melihat hubungan antara sub-sub variabel dan Status Sosial Ekonomi Orang Tua yang dilihat dari aspek pendidikan, pekerjaan dan Ekonomi orang tua, Karakteristik Individu; aspek pendidikan dan pengalamannya dan Pasar Kerja; adanya informasi kesempatan kerja, tersediannya lapangan kerja dan kesempatan kerja yang dapat diperoleh dengan Motivasi peserta pelatihan dalam memilih kejuruan di Balai Latihan Kerja. Untuk mengetahui beberapa hal tersebut di atas, sampel yang diambil untuk penelitian sebanyak 64 orang peserta pelatihan dan berbagai kejuruan, yaitu Tata Niaga, Listrik, Otomotif dan Teknologi Mekanik. Pembahasan yang mengacu pada data hasil penelitian yang menggunakan Personal Computer program Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) versi 10.0, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dilihat dari frekuensi hasil jawaban menggambarkan, faktor Status sosial ekonomi orang tua merupakan faktor yang paling dominan. Sedangkan melalui analisis hubungan ditemukan bahwa hubungan antara Status sosial ekonomi orang tua dengan Motivasi dalam memilih kejuruan bersifat sedang. Sementara itu hubungan antara Karakteristik individu dan pasar kerja, menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat rendah. Berdasarkan pada hasil penelitian tersebut, agar peserta pelatihan memiliki motivasi yang tinggi terhadap kejuruan-kejuruan yang ditawarkan oleh Balai Latihan Kerja, maka dalam menyelenggarakan pelatihan, Balai Latihan Kerja perlu memperhatikan hal-hal berikut ini; meningkatkan kerjasama dengan swasta, meningkatkan kualitas instruktur, fasilitas latihan kerja dan memperbaiki sistem rekrutmen peserta pelatihan."

"Perguruan tinggi vokasi di Indonesia merupakan organisasi pendidikan terapan sekaligus sebagai wadah penghasil sumber daya manusia yang berpengetahuan dan berketerampilan tinggi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan industri/bisnis.Sebagai gambaran umum, jumlah pengangguran lulusan pendidikan tinggipada tahun2015 berjumlah 911.000 orang (BPS, 2015). Data ini menunjukkan lulusan perguruan tinggi di Indonesia belum memenuhi syarat kualifikasi tenaga kejra di sektor industri/bisnis. Politeknik Negeri Medan (Polmed) merupakan salah satu dari 6 (enam) politeknik yang berdiri pada tahun 1979 di Indonesia, telah menghasilkan lulusan berkompetensi tinggi yang terserap memenuhi permintaan industri/bisnis. Namun sejak program pelatihan dan pendidikan calon pengajar maupun tenaga pendidikan politeknik di Pusat Pendidikan Politeknik di Bandung dihentikan pada tahun 1995, terlihat adanya penuruan serapan lulusan Polmed. Bahkan sejak tahun 1997, para pengajar yang direkrut di Polmed tidak lagi mendapatkan pendidikan dan pelatihan. Sehingga program pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk meningkatkan kapabilitas tenaga pengajar yang terkonsentrasi dalam bidang keahlian di Polmed tidak ada lagi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan faktorfaktor pendorong Praktik Organisasi Pembelajar di Politeknik Negeri Medan sesuai visi dan misi serta meningkatkan kapabilitas Politeknik Negeri Medan untuk mencapai keunggulan daya saing.Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep The Fifth Discipline, Learning Organization Senge, yaitu Shared Vision, Mental Model, Systems Thinking, Team Learning dan Personal Mastery dengan indikatornya menjadi variabel penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif (mixed method) dengan 2 jenis populasi yaitu tenaga pendidik (dosen) dan tenaga kependidikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis frekuensi dan analisis faktor untuk menganalisis data. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa karakteristik Praktik Organisasi Pembelajar di Politeknik Negeri Medan adalah a) Keunggulan Kompetensi Keahlian; 2) Filosofi Organisasi ; 3) Kemampuan adaptasi dan inovasi; 4) Komitmen danInisiatif yang tinggi; 5)Kesiapan Sistem Jaringan Organisasi yang baik. Faktor bentukan ditemukan sebagai pendorong Praktik Organisasi Pembelajar untuk meningkatkan kapabilitas Politeknik Negeri Medan adalah faktor Disiplin, Pemahaman Filosofis, Motivasi Pimpinan, Kompetensi Anggota. Faktor Disiplin dan Pemahaman Filosofis merupakan faktor yang kuat sebagai budaya organisasi yang kuat. Namun, peningkatan kapasitas dosen yang ditunjukkan dengan pendidikan lanjut dosen masih sangat rendah menjadi hal yang krusial untuk melaksanakan UU PT No. 12 tahun 2012 dengan segera.

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Vocational Higher Education in Indonesia is an organisation of applied education organization at once as place to produce high-ability and knowledgeable human resources and in accordance with the needs of the industry and business. As general description, the amount of unemployment higher education graduates in 2015 were 911 000 people (BPS, 2015). This data shows the graduates of higher education have not met the requirement of worker in industrial and business field. Politeknik Negeri Medan (Polmed), is one of the 6 (six) polytechnics which established since 1979 in Indonesia, has delivered highly competent graduates which absorbed and meet the demands of industry and business. But since the education and training programs for prospective teachers and educators in the Polytechnic Education Development Center in Bandung was stopped in 1995, it appears the decreasing of uptake of Polmed graduates. Even since 1997, the teacher which are recruited in Polmed do not get training and education anymore. So that education and training program to improve the capability of education which concentrated in the areas of expertise in Polmed are no longer exist. This research intends to know the supportive characteristics and factors of Learning Organization practice in Politeknik Negeri Medan to improve organizational capability of Politeknik Negeri Medan to achieve the competitive advantage.This research use the concepts of the Fifth Discipline Learning Organization Senge, which are Shared Vision, Mental Models, Systems Thinking, Team Learning and Personal Mastery with indicators become the variables in this research. This research use quantitative and qualitative method (mix method) with 2 (two) population which are lectures and administrative employees. This research use frequency and factor analysis to analyze the data. The result of this research found that characteristics of Learning Organization Practice in Politeknik Negeri Medan is in 1) Competence Skill Excellence 2) High Philosophical Organization, 3) Good adaptability and inovation; 4) High Commitment and Initiative; 5) Readiness network system organization is good. Factor formation found as the supporter of Learning Organization Practice to improve the capability of Vocational Higher Education in Politeknik Negeri Medan are: a) Discipline, b) Philosophical understanding, c) Leadership motivation, and d) Members? Competencies. Discipline and Philosophical understanding are strong factors to be able to create a strong organization culture. But, from the side of lecture's futher education are still low, it becomes a crucial thing to be payed attention by Polmed to improve the capabiltiy of the lecturer to be able to implement UU PT No. 12 in year of 2012 immediately."

"This volume comprises thirty individual contributions that together add up to a comprehensive overview of the current situation in vocational education and training, its strengths and weaknesses, and its prospects. VET experts from Canada, the USA, India, China, Japan and Korea, as well as from a number of European countries, focus on their national context and how it fits in to the bigger picture. The contributions combine theoretical discussions from various strands of VET research with evidence from country case studies and examples from current practice."

"[ABSTRAKKetidaksesuaian ketrampilan telah menjadi masalah di pasar tenaga kerja di Indonesia. Berhubungan dengan hal tersebut, makalah ini menganalisis pengaruh kesesuaian antara jenis jurusan dan pekerjaan di pasar tenaga kerja. Indonesia akan menghadapi kelebihan pasokan populasi penduduk usia kerja, sehingga pemerintah membuat suatu kebijakan mengenai sekolah kejuruan. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa relevansi antara ketrampilan dan pekerjaan meningkatkan pendapatan di pasar tenaga kerja. Penelitian in menggunakan data SAKERNAS 2013 dengan fokus terhadap analisis gender. Model empiris Mincer diaplikasikan sebagai basis untuk mengestimasi pengaruh tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lulusan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan yang jenis jurusan dan pekerjaannya sesuai menikmati gaji 13.5% lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang tidak sesuai. Efek ini tidak berbeda nyata secara statistik antara pria dan wanita. Selanjutnya, efek ini mencapai titik tertinggi pada awal karir di pasar tenaga kerja untuk pekerja pria, namun menunjukkan pengaruh pada pertengahan karir bagi para pekerja wanita. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan perbedaan tingkat mobilitas antara pekerja pria dan wanita.Walaupun prosedur kesesuaian antara jurusan dan pekerjaan dimungkinkan menunjukkan hasil yang tidak signifikan, namun penelitian ini mendukung hasil beberapa penelitian sebelumnya mengenai kesesuaian jenis jurusan dan pekerjaan di pendidikan kejuruan. Walaupun demikian, penelitian ini juga memberikan bukti baru bagi pemerintah untuk memantau kebijakan pendidikan kejuruan karena masih menghasilkan ketidaksetaraan gender dalam memberikan pelatihan dan pekerjaan.

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ABSTRACT

As skill mismatch has become the problem in the labor market in Indonesia, this paper examines the effect of the matching between vocational major and occupation in the labor market. Facing the excess supply of working age population, Indonesian government has imposed the vocational policy. Previous empirical evidences showed that the relevance returns of skill and occupation increases earnings in the labor market. The paper uses SAKERNAS 2013 data. A special focus will be on the role of gender. A basic Mincer model is applied to estimate the impact. The results show that the vocational graduates who have major and occupational matching enjoy 13.5% higher wages than those with mismatched. Meanwhile, this effect is not statistically different for males and females.

Furthermore, the effect reaches the highest point at the early career in the labor market for male workers, but in the middle of their working age for female workers. This may be due to the differences of the job mobility rate between men and women. Although the matching procedure may produce insignificant result, this research supported the prior studies on the major and occupational matching in vocational education. Nevertheless, this research provides novel evidence for the government to monitor the vocational education policies as it still generates gender inequality in providing training and job availability.

;As skill mismatch has become the problem in the labor market in Indonesia, this paper examines the effect of the matching between vocational major and occupation in the labor market. Facing the excess supply of working age population, Indonesian government has imposed the vocational policy. Previous empirical evidences showed that the relevance returns of skill and occupation increases earnings in the labor market. The paper uses SAKERNAS 2013 data. A special focus will be on the role of gender. A basic Mincer model is applied to estimate the impact. The results show that the vocational graduates who have major and occupational matching enjoy 13.5% higher wages than those with mismatched. Meanwhile, this effect is not statistically different for males and females.

Furthermore, the effect reaches the highest point at the early career in the labor market for male workers, but in the middle of their working age for female workers. This may be due to the differences of the job mobility rate between men and women. Although the matching procedure may produce insignificant result, this research supported the prior studies on the major and occupational matching in vocational education. Nevertheless, this research provides novel evidence for the government to monitor the vocational education policies as it still generates gender inequality in providing training and job availability.

;As skill mismatch has become the problem in the labor market in Indonesia, this paper examines the effect of the matching between vocational major and occupation in the labor market. Facing the excess supply of working age population, Indonesian government has imposed the vocational policy. Previous empirical evidences showed that the relevance returns of skill and occupation increases earnings in the labor market. The paper uses SAKERNAS 2013 data. A special focus will be on the role of gender. A basic Mincer model is applied to estimate the impact. The results show that the vocational graduates who have major and occupational matching enjoy 13.5% higher wages than those with mismatched. Meanwhile, this effect is not statistically different for males and females.

Furthermore, the effect reaches the highest point at the early career in the labor market for male workers, but in the middle of their working age for female workers. This may be due to the differences of the job mobility rate between men and women. Although the matching procedure may produce insignificant result, this research supported the prior studies on the major and occupational matching in vocational education. Nevertheless, this research provides novel evidence for the government to monitor the vocational education policies as it still generates gender inequality in providing training and job availability.

, As skill mismatch has become the problem in the labor market in Indonesia, this paper examines the effect of the matching between vocational major and occupation in the labor market. Facing the excess supply of working age population, Indonesian government has imposed the vocational policy. Previous empirical evidences showed that the relevance returns of skill and occupation increases earnings in the labor market. The paper uses SAKERNAS 2013 data. A special focus will be on the role of gender. A basic Mincer model is applied to estimate the impact. The results show that the vocational graduates who have major and occupational matching enjoy 13.5% higher wages than those with mismatched. Meanwhile, this effect is not statistically different for males and females.

Furthermore, the effect reaches the highest point at the early career in the labor market for male workers, but in the middle of their working age for female workers. This may be due to the differences of the job mobility rate between men and women. Although the matching procedure may produce insignificant result, this research supported the prior studies on the major and occupational matching in vocational education. Nevertheless, this research provides novel evidence for the government to monitor the vocational education policies as it still generates gender inequality in providing training and job availability.

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