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"Konstruksi aplikatif adalah sarana untuk mengubah unsur non-inti menjadi unsur inti dalam kalimat dengan pelibatan verba. Perubahan yang dimaksud adalah perubahan oblik (unsur non-inti) menjadi objek (unsur inti). Namun, beberapa penelitian mengenai konstruksi aplikatif menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua kategori oblik dapat berubah menjadi objek. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori konstruksi aplikatif Peterson (2007) dan Trask (1993) juga menerapkan teori verba turunan dalam bahasa Sunda (Coolsma, 1985). Pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Oblik mana saja yang dapat berubah menjadi objek dalam konstruksi aplikatif bahasa Sunda?, (2) Apa saja jenis konstruksi aplikatif bahasa Sunda?. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga kategori yang dapat berubah menjadi objek dalam konstruksi aplikatif, yaitu oblik tujuan, oblik lokatif, dan oblik instrumental. Selain itu, terdapat empat jenis konstruksi aplikatif bahasa Sunda, yakni konstruksi aplikatif benefaktif, aplikatif malefaktif, aplikatif lokatif, dan aplikatif instrumental.

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Applicative constructions is a means to change non-core arguments into core arguments in sentences by involving verbs. The change in question is an oblique change (non-nuclear arguments) into an object (nuclear arguments). However, several studies on applicative constructions show that not all oblique categories can turn into objects. This study uses the applicative constructions theory of Peterson (2007) and Trask (1993) also applies qualitative research methods. The questions in this study are (1) which obliques can be turned into objects in the applicative construction of Sundanese? (2) What are the types of applicative constructions of Sundanese?. The results showed that there are three categories that can turn into objects in applicative constructions, namely objective oblique, locative oblique, and instrumental oblique. In addition, there are four types of applicative constructions in Sundanese, namely benefactive applicative constructions, malefactive applicative, locative applicative, and instrumental applicative."

"The Social Stratification of Sundanese-Indonesian Phonetic InterferenceThis study is focused on Sundanese-Indonesian phonetic interference and their co-variation with social variables such as class, age, and using of Sundanese compared to Indonesian. The data was collected on two main styles, i.e., simple text reading and word list reading. The identifying of phonetic realization in respondent speech assisted by the CECIL software. To claim that interference is coming from Sundanese, neither from another languages, the study takes Weinreich's criteria of bilingualism that emphasize using of both languages in active interaction. In other word, the understanding without speaking bilingual treated as nonbilingual speaker. It is very important because there are too many speakers who are using Arabic in Islamic ritual but they never use Arabic in daily conversation. The selected respondent was Sundanese and Indonesian speaker only. The study find out that at least three of the social features have a strong correlation to the interference. The lowest interference level placed by the young speaker (second generation) with high education and with high frequency to speak in Indonesian than Sundanese. The middle position placed by the young speaker with lowest education level and speak in Sundanese more frequently than Indonesian. The other side placed by the first generation with at least middle education level. Between three main positions above spread the speakers with combination of social features, but the high to middle position dominated by the first generation and the middle to lowest level interference dominated by the second generation. This finding accepted by T-Student analysis on 95% significant degree."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mencari prototipe intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif berpola SVO, (2) mencari ambang kontras akustik intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif, dan (3) mengkaji sejauh mana variasi pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif berterima sebagai tuturan yang baik atau wajar. Di konstituen subjek prototipe intonasi kalimat deklaratif diawali oleh alir nada turun landai kemudian diakhiri oleh alir nada naik. Kontur di konstituen verba ditandai oleh alir nada turun di seluruh konstituen. Kontur di konstituen objek diawali oleh alir nada naik-turun kemudian diakhiri oleh naik-datar. Prototipe intonasi kalimat interogatif di konstituen subjek dikarakterisasi oleh alir nada naik landai-naik-datar. Kontur di konstituen verba ditandai oleh alir nada turun di seluruh konstituen. Kontur di konstituen objek diawali oleh alir nada turun kemudian diakhiri oleh alir nada naik-datar. Ambang kontras deklaratifinterogatif terjadi ketika rentang alir nada akhir kontur (P3 dan P4) sebesar 14,63st hingga 16,63st. Ambang kontras interogatif-deklaratif terjadi ketika rentang alir nada akhir kontur (P2 dan P3) sebesar 7,27st hingga 9,27st. Pola intonasi kalimat deklaratif yang diakhiri oleh alir nada naik, datar dan turun berterima sebagai tuturan yang wajar. Pola intonasi kalimat interogatif yang berterima wajar adalah tuturan dengan alir nada akhir naik. Intonasi kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif yang diakhiri oleh alir nada naik di akhir konstituen subjek berterima sebagai tuturan yang wajar, sedangkan alir nada datar atau cenderung datar kurang berterima sebagai tuturan yang wajar.

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The research intends (1) to look for intonation prototype of declarative and interrogative sentence with the pattern SVO, (2) to look for contrastive acoustic threshold of intonation between declarative and interrogative sentence, and (3) to study intonation variations of declarative and interrogative as a normal speech. Intonation prototype of declarative at subject constituent started by gradual fall pitch movement and closed by rise pitch movement. Verb constituent characterized by fall pitch movement. Object constituent characterized by rise-fall pitch movement and ended by rise-level pitch movement. Intonation prototype of interrogative begins with gradual rise-rise-level pitch movement. Verb constituent characterized by fall pitch movement. Object constituent characterized by riselevel pitch movement. Contrastive acoustic threshold of declarative-interogative occurs when the pitch range (P3 dan P4) of the final pitch movement is 14,63st until16,63st. Contrastive acoustic threshold of interogative-declarative occurs when the pitch range (P2 and P3) of the final pitch movement is 7,27st until 9,27st. Declarative intonation pattern which is ended by rise, level, and fall is acceptable as normal speech. Interrogative intonation pattern of normal speech is ended by rise pitch movement. Declarative and interrogative intonation which ended by rise pitch movement at the end of subject constituent is acceptable as normal speech. However, level or close to level pitch movement is less acceptable as normal speech."

"Penelitian ini meneliti perkembangan arek, salah satu morfem gramatikal penanda futur dalam bahasa Sunda, secara diakronis mulai dari abad ke-18 sampai dengan abad ke-21 dengan meneliti fungsi-fungsi arek dalam teks wawacan Jayalalana , wawacan Barjah, wawacan Surya Mana dan buku kumpulan puisi Jaladri Tingtrim. Berdasarkan penelitian, arek memiliki fungsi yang sama mulai dari abad ke-18 sampai dengan abad ke-21, yaitu sebagai 1) Verba 'Ingin', 2) Verba 'Mau' dan 3) Verba Bantu 'Akan'. Akan tetapi, frekuensi fungsi-fungsi tersebut berubah dari abad ke abad. Berdasarkan analisis, dengan menggunakan teori Gramatikalisasi, skema perkembangan arek adalah Verba 'Ingin' > Verba 'Mau' > Verba Bantu 'AKAN'.

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This research studies the development of arek, one of future markers in Sundanese language diachronically from 18th century until 21st century by analyzing functions of arek that are found in wawacan Jayalana, wawacan Barjah, wawacan Surya Mana and Jaladri Tingtrim. Based on the research, arek has the same functions from 18th century until 21st century: 1) Verb 'Desire', 2) Verb 'Willing' and 3) Auxiliary 'Predict'. Nevertheless, the frequency of the functions keeps changing from one century to the next. Based on the analysis, using Grammaticalization theory, the evolution scheme: Verb 'Desire' > Verb 'Willing' > Auxiliary 'Predict'."

"Indonesia merupakan negara yang kaya dengan bahasa daerah. Banyaknya jumlah bahasa di Indonesia terlihat dari jumlah bahasa yang dikemukakan oleh Badan Pusat Data dan Statistik dan Glottolog. Menurut Badan Pusat Data dan Statistik, bahasa yang ada di Indonesia berjumlah 750 bahasa. Sementara itu, menurut Glottolog, bahasa yang ada di Indonesia berjumlah sebanyak 763 bahasa. Namun, dari banyaknya bahasa yang ada di Indonesia masih belum banyak dilakukan pemetaan bahasa untuk mengetahui berbagai variasi bahasa di setiap daerah seperti di Kotamadya Sukabumi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian mengenai variasi bahasa yang ada di Kotamadya Sukabumi perlu untuk dilakukan. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, penelitian ini menggunakan metode pupuan lapangan, sedangkan dalam proses pengolahan data digunakan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Adapun dalam penelitian ini, data penelitian diambil dari hasil wawancara kepada tujuh orang informan di setiap kecamatan yang ada di Kotamadya Sukabumi. Data tersebut terdiri atas 200 kosakata Morris Swadesh, 11 kosakata bidang ganti, sapaan, dan acuan, dan 25 kosakata kekerabatan. Kemudian, data tersebut divisualisasikan dengan peta lambing dan diberikan garis isogloss dan isofon guna mengatahui jarak bahasa antartitik penelitian. Garis isogloss tersebut kemudian disatukan dalam berkas isoglos berdasarkan dengan kelompok kosakatanya. Selanjutnya, dilakukan penghitungan dialektometri dan hasil penghitungannya diubah menjadi jaring laba-laba. Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Sunda di Kotamadya Sukabumi adalah bahasa Sunda Loma. Tidak ditemukan bahasa lain selain bahasa Sunda di Kotamadya Sukabumi. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan perbedaan penggunaan bahasa Sunda antara laki-laki dan perempuan di Kotamadya Sukabumi.

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Indonesia is a country that is rich in regional languages. The large number of languages in Indonesia can be seen from the number of languages stated by the Central Data and Statistics Agency and Glottologist. According to the Central Bureau of Data and Statistics, there are 750 languages in Indonesia. Meanwhile, according to Glottologist, there are 763 languages in Indonesia. However, of the many languages in Indonesia, language mapping has not been carried out to find out the various language variations in each region, such as in the Municipality of Sukabumi. Therefore, research on language variations in Sukabumi Municipality needs to be carried out. In the data collection process, this study used the field training method, while in the data processing used qualitative and quantitative methods. As for this study, the research data was taken from the results of interviews with seven informants in each sub-district in the Municipality of Sukabumi. The data consists of 200 Morris Swadesh vocabularies, 11 vocabularies of pronouns, greetings, and references, and 25 kinship vocabularies. Then, the data is visualized with a symbol map and isogloss and isophone lines are given to determine the language distance between research points. The isogloss lines are then put together in isogloss files according to the vocabulary groups. Next, dialectometric calculations are performed and the calculation results are converted into spider webs. The findings in this study indicate that Sundanese in Sukabumi Municipality is Loma Sundanese. There are no other languages other than Sundanese in Sukabumi Municipality. In addition, there was no difference in the use of Sundanese between men and women in Sukabumi Municipality."

"ABSTRACT

When we compare two or more objects with respect to their certain properties, it is usually appropriate to enquire whether they have this properties to the same degree or not. In this case, we use comparative constructions to express it. If two clauses is compared, both of them must have different elements, at least one difference.

A comparative construction can involve a number of parameters, the two most important being the number of entities compared and the number of qualities or properties used. A comparative construction can uses: implicitly, explicitly, and semi explicitly patterns. Some comparative constructions use gradable adjectives as predicate. In spite of that, the other constructions use nouns or verbs as predicate.

Comparative constructions in Bahasa Indonesia there are three patterns: (a) comparison of differences wick use (lebih)...daripada, dari, ketimbang, makin ...makin etc. as their comparative-markers, (b) comparison of equalities (similarities) wich use sama, seperti, bagaikan, etc., (c) comparison of superlatives wich use paling and ter- + adjective. For example of three patterns mentioned above, respectively, is (a) Ali lebih tinggi daripada Toni, (b) Ani cantik seperti ibunya, and (c) Mujahidin merupakan bagian terbesar dari aliansi oposisi tersebut.

Comparative and superlative construction usually have five of elements: (i) item of comparison, (ii) degree-marker, (iii) gradable adjective, (iv) standard-marker, and (v) standard of comparison. Comparison of equality usually has four elements, that are (i) item of comparison, (ii) gradable adjective, (iii) standard-marker, and (iv) standard of comparison.

If we analyze construction of comparation in bahasa Indonesia from their element, we find two primary and one secondary construction. The primary constructions are: (i) Construction 1 is construction with order of elements: item of comparison, degree-marker, gradable adjective, standard-marker, and standard of comparison and (ii) Construction 2 is construction with elements order: item of comparison, gradable adjective, degree-marker, standard-marker, and standard of comparison. The secondary construction is construction that vi not include in the primary construction.

In the comparison of equalities of bahasa Indonesia there are much standard-markers that are divided in two poles of meaning: the one means 'same' (namely: sama, identik, se- + adjective, persis, seperti) and the other means 'like' (that is, mirip, bak, bagai, bagaikan, laksana, seakan-akan, seolah, semacam, seperti, identik, sebagaimana, persis, se- + adjektiva, se- + nomina). Actually, the most differet of two poles is sama and mirip. Between of both there is meaning nuance. According to me, it appereances confusing to decide wich standar-marker as prototype within comparison of equalities. Finally, by statistical hypothesis, introspective judgment, and testing to native speakers, I decided that seperti is prototype of standard-marker of comparison of equalities."