Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Latar Belakang: Semen hidraulik C2SCS merupakan salah satu bahan bioaktif yang disintesis dari bahan alami, yaitu cangkang telur dan sekam padi. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek semen C2SCS dari cangkang telur dan sekam padi terhadap peningkatan derajat kristalinitas hidroksiapatit dentin. Metode: 24 sampel gigi dibuat kavitas buatan dan dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok 1 (dentin normal) sebagai kontrol, kelompok 2 dentin demineralisasi, kelompok 3 dentin demineralisasi diaplikasi semen C2SCS dengan rasio pencampuran 1:1, kelompok 4 dentin demineralisasi diaplikasi semen C2SCS rasio 1:2. Seluruh sampel disimpan dalam shaking incubator pada suhu 37° C selama 14 hari. Kemudian sampel gigi tersebut diperiksa dengan XRD dan SEM untuk melihat peningkatan jumlah kristal hidroksiapatit dentin. Hasil: Terdapat peningkatan derajat kristalinitas hidroksiapatit dentin setelah aplikasi semen C2SCS rasio 1:1 yang nilainya berbeda bermakna dengan dentin demineralisasi, dan tidak berbeda bermakna dengan dentin sehat (kontrol positif). Semen C2SCS rasio 1:1 lebih berpotensi untuk meningkatkan pembentukan kristal hidroksiapatit pada dentin demineralisasi dibanding rasio 1:2 Kesimpulan: Semen C2SCS dari cangkang telur dan sekam padi memiliki potensi untuk meremineralisasi dentin. Semen C2SCS rasio 1:1 memiliki potensi remineralisasi dentin yang lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok lainnya.

---

Background: C2SCS cement is one of bioactive material synthesized from natural material, such as eggshell calcium and rice husk silica. Objective: To determine the effect of C2SCS cement made from eggshell and rice husk silica to the increase of degree of cristallinity of dentin hydroxyapatite. Methods: Artificial cavity was made in 24 tooth sample, which then divided into 4 groups. Group 1 is normal dentin as the positive control group. Group 2 is demineralized dentin. Group 3 is demineralized dentin applied with C2SCS cement in mixing ratio of 1:1. Group 4 is demineralized dentin applied with C2SCS cement in mixing ratio of 1:2. All samples are stored inside a shaking incubator at a temperature of 37 C. An examination using XRD was done to all samples to see the degree of cristallinity of dentin hydroxyapatite, and a SEM image is taken to see morphology and microstructure of hydroxyapatite. Result: There is a significant increase of degree of cristallinity of dentin hydroxyapatite after C2SCS cement application with 1:1 ratio compared to demineralized dentin, and insignificant difference with normal dentin. C2SCS cement in 1:1 ratio has more potential to increase the formation of hydroxyapatite crystal compared to 1:2 ratio. Conclusion: C2SCS cement made from eggshell and rice husk silica has the potential to remineralize dentin. C2SCS cement in 1:1 ratio has more remineralization potential compared to other groups."

"Latar belakang: Kadar Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans 25% dan 15% terhadap Streptococcus sanguinis single species (in vitro). Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis saling berkompetisi untuk memperoleh nutrisi. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap dual species Streptococcus in vitro. Metode: Uji antibakteri dengan metode perhitungan koloni dan kuantifikasi dengan Real-time PCR. Analisis data menggunakan Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney dan Unpaired T-test. Hasil: KHM ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap dual species Streptococcus 0,2% dan KBM 10%. Di dalam biofilm dual species Streptococcus, proporsi S.mutans lebih tinggi daripada S. sanguinis (p<0.05). Simpulan: Konsentrasi efektif ekstrak etanol temulawak sebagai antibakteri terhadap S.mutans dan S.sanguinis dalam dual species lebih rendah dari pada terhadap kedua bakteri tersebut sebagai single species. Di dalam biofilm dual species, S. sanguinis lebih sensitif terhadap ekstrak temulawak daripada S.mutans.

---

Background: Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans is 25% and 15% against Streptococcus sanguinis. In dental biofilm S.mutans and S.sanguinis competes each other to obtain nutrients.

Objectives: Analize the antibacterial effect of Java tumeric ethanol extract (MIC and MBC) against dual species Streptococcus in vitro.

Methods: Antibacteria activity of the extract was analyzed by measuring the growth of the bacteria after being exposed to the extract by counting colony formation and by quantifying the existing bacterial cell number using real-time PCR. Statistic analysis using Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney test and Unpaired t-test.

Results: The MIC of the extract was 0,2% and the MBC was 10%. After exposure of the extract to the dual species biofilm, the growth of S.mutans was higher than S.sanguinis (p<0,05).

Conclutions: Java tumeric ethanol extract is more effective against S.mutans and S.sanguinis as dual species Streptococcus than as single species. S.sanguinis is more sensitive to Java tumeric ethanol extract than S. mutans."

"ABSTRAKImplan gigi merupakan solusi terdepan penggantian gigi hilang karena memiliki berbagai kelebihan, seperti lebih kuat, efisien dan bertahan lama. Akan tetapi, kelemahan pemakaian implan gigi adalah resiko timbulnya peri-implantitis yang disebabkan oleh terbentuknya biofilm bakteri di permukaan implan yang belum bersifat anti-bakteri. Selain itu, permasalahan lain muncul dari material yang digunakan sebagai implan gigi, yaitu Ti-6Al-4V, karena mengandung ion vanadium yang bersifat sitotoksik bagi membran. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan modifikasi pada permukaan material implan gigi non-toksik, Ti-6Al-7Nb agar terbentuk TiO2 nanotubes array TNTAs berdopan Ag, sehingga dapat terjadi aktivitas fotokatalisis yang mampu mendisinfeksi bakteri. Ti-6Al-4V juga digunakan sebagai pembanding dari Ti-6Al-7Nb. TNTAs dibentuk dengan menggunakan metode anodisasi dalam larutan elektrolit yang mengandung gliserol, air dan NH4F. Metode Photo-assisted Deposition PAD dilakukan untuk mendopankan Ag ke dalam TNTAs. Karakterisasi morfologi permukaan dilakukan dengan FESEM dan EDX, serta kristalinitas dengan XRD. Potensi hambat pembentukan biofilm diuji terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Pophyromonas gingivalis dengan metode Optical Density dan Total Plate Count. Hasil FESEM menunjukkan pada kedua material yang digunakan terbentuk TiO2 nanotubes array berdopan Ag. Pengujian potensi hambat pertumbuhan biofilm menunjukkan bahwa dengan modifikasi yang dilakukan, Ti-6Al-7Nb berpotensi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. mutans dan P. gingivalis, pada 3 dan 16 jam, dengan nilai yang sebanding dengan Ti-6Al-4V. Maka, Ti-6Al7Nb sebagai material implan gigi non-toksik sangat berpotensi untuk menggantikan Ti-6Al-4V, terutama dari segi anti-bakteri.Kata Kunci: Implan, non-toksik, TNTAs, anti-bakteri, fotokatalisis.

---

ABSTRACTDental implant is leading solution for replacing missing tooth, due to its advantages compared to other solutions for the replacement of missing teeth, such as stronger, efficient and durable. However, the weakness of the use of dental implants is the risk of peri implantitis, and inflammation disease that can cause erosion of the bone around the implant and caused implant failing. Peri implantitis caused by the formation of bacterial biofilms on the surface of non anti bacterial implant. Then, another problem comes from material commonly used for dental implants, Ti 6Al 4V, because it contains vanadium that are cytotoxic to membrane. These problems in dental implants must be addressed urgently in view of the increasing need for dental implants in Indonesia. This study proposes to modify dental implants nontoxic material, Ti 6Al 7Nb to have antibacterial properties by modifying the surface to form TiO2 nanotubes arrays, so it can provide photocatalytic activity. Photocatalyst activity can disinfect bacteria attached to the surface of the implant. TiO2 nanotubes will also be added Ag doped to improve the effectiveness of disinfection of bacteria on the implant material. Surface morphologies analyzed by FESEM and EDX and crystallinity by XRD. The antibacterial properties will be tested against gram positive Streptococcus mutans and gram negative Pophyromonas gingivalis with Optical Density and Total Plate Count method. FESEM analysis shows that Ag doped TiO2 nanotubes array was organized in both materials with different diameters. Evaluation of inhibition potential of biofilm shows that Ti 6Al 7Nb is comparable to Ti 6Al 4V. "

"Latar Belakang : Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi saat ini sedang dikembangkan untuk material perawatan di bidang kedokteran gigi, diantaranya sebagai material kaping pulpa. Tujuan utama dari perawatan ini adalah untuk menjaga vitalitas jaringan pulpa. Material kaping pulpa diharapkan bersifat biokompatibel dan memiliki sitositotoksisitas rendah sehingga beberapa pengujian perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan layak atau tidaknya bahan tersebut agar tidak menimbulkan respon biologis merugikan, karena maerial ini akan ditempatkan dekat dengan pulpa. Dasar dari uji sitositotoksisitas adalah kemampuan sel untuk bertahan hidup karena adanya senyawa toksik yang diberikan.  Tujuan : Mengetahui efek sitotoksisitas Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi terhadap sel fibroblas.Metode : Sel fibroblas NIH3T3 yang telah mengalami serum starvation selama 24 jam, diberikan media kultur semen hidraulik dikalsium silika campuran cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi dengan konsentrasi 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 dan DMEM sebagai kontrol negatif. Efek sitotoksisitas diuji pada 24 jam dan 48 jam menggunakan MTT Assay, hasil yang didapatkan dianalisis dengan uji statistik uji non parametrik Kruskal Wallis dilanjutkan dengan Post Hoc menggunakan Mann-Whitney untuk kelompok observasi 24 jam. Sedangkan pada observasi 48 jam didapatkan dianalisis dengan uji statistik uji parametrik One Way Annova dilanjutkan dengan Post Hoc menggunakan T-Test. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai viabilitas sel pada pemberian semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi berbagai konsentrasi (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) terhadap sel fibroblas NIH3T3 pada observasi waktu 24 jam, dengan rerata nilai viabilitas tertinggi pada konsentrasi 1:4. Pada observasi 48 jam, terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai viabilitas sel pada pemberian Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi berbagai konsentrasi (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) terhadap sel fibroblas NIH3T3, dengan rerata nilai viabilitas tertinggi kelompok perlakuan pada konsentrasi 1:4.Kesimpulan : Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi berbagai konsentrasi (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) tidak memiliki efek  sitotoksisitas terhadap sel fibroblas NIH3T3 pada observasi waktu 24 jam dan 48 jam. Nilai viabilitas sel fibroblas NIH3T3 tertinggi pada observasi waktu 24 jam dan 48 jam terdapat pada konsentrasi 1:4.

---

Background : Dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement, a mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica, is currently being developed for treatment materials in dentistry, including pulp capping material. The main goal of this treatment is to maintain the vitality of the pulp tissue. The pulp capping material is expected to be biocompatible and have low cytotoxicity so that several tests need to be carried out to determine whether or not the material is feasible so as not to cause an adverse biological response, because this material will be placed close to the pulp. The basis of the cytotoxicity test is the ability of cells to survive in the presence of a given toxic compound.

Objective : To determine the cytotoxicity effect of hydraulic cement dicalcium silicate mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica on fibroblast cells.

Methods : NIH3T3 fibroblast cells that had undergone serum starvation for 24 hours were given hydraulic cement culture media of dicalcium silica mixture of eggshell and rice husk silica with concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and DMEM as a negative control. The cytotoxicity effect was tested at 24 hours and 48 hours using MTT Assay, the results obtained were analyzed by statistical non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test followed by Post Hoc using Mann-Whitney for the 24-hour observation group. Meanw hile the 48-hour observation obtained was analyzed by statistical test One Way Annova parametric test followed by Post Hoc using T-Test.

Results: There was no significant difference in the value of cell viability in the administration of hydraulic cement dicalcium silicate mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica at various concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) against NIH3T3 fibroblast cells at 24 hours of observation, with a mean the highest viability value at a concentration of 1:4. At 48 hours of observation, there was a significant difference in the value of cell viability in the administration of dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement, a mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica at various concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) to NIH3T3 fibroblast cells, with the highest mean viability value. treatment group at a concentration of 1:4.

Conclusion : Dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement mixed with eggshell calcium and rice husk silica in various concentrations (1:1,1:2,1:4) did not have a cytotoxic effect on NIH3T3 fibroblast cells at 24 hours and 48 hours. The highest NIH3T3 fibroblast cell viability value at 24 hours and 48 hours was observed at a concentration of 1:4."

"Latar Belakang: Pemanfaatan material limbah hayati cangkang telur sebagai sumber kalsium dan abu sekam padi sebagai sumber silika dapat digunakan sebagai substitusi komponen utama pada proses pembentukan semen Dikalsium Silikat. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek proses dan rasio cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi terhadap jumlah prosentase kandungan dikalsium silikat. Metode: Sebanyak 1 g bubuk cangkang telur hasil milling kering menggunakan alat High Energy Milling dan 1 g silika sekam padi dilakukan uji karakterisasi XRD Sintesis dikalsium silikat dilakukan dengan metode solid state menggunakan empat rasio mol campuran cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi (9,01:3,00) ; (2:1) ; (1,9:1) dan (1,8:1) yang di dapat dari hasil percobaan pendahuluan. Campuran homogen dari masing-masing sampel dilakukan dengan milling basah menggunakan alat High Energy Milling selama 1 jam (700 rpm) dan larutan pencampur HexanTM. Sintesis Dikalsium silikat menggunakan kalsinasi suhu 12000C selama 3 jam pada Muffle Furnace dan proses pendinginan dibiarkan hingga mencapai suhu ruangan tanpa perlakuan khusus tertentu. Semen dikalsium silikat yang terbentuk selanjut dilakukan uji karakterisasi dengan XRD. Data hasil penelitian di sajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif. Hasil: Proses milling basah dengan rasio cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi 1,8 : 1 menghasilkan prosentase konten C2S ( 100% ) dengan 2 struktur kristalite (monoclinic dan orthorombic). Rasio 1,9:1 menghasilkan 96,22% C2S rasio 2:1 menghasilkan 94,54% C2S dan rasio 9,01: 3,00 menghasikan 71,6% C2S. Kesimpulan: Proses milling basah dengan rasio cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi 1,8 : 1 pada suhu kalsinasi 12000C selama 3 jam,menghasilkan prosentase kandungan tertinggi ( 100% ) C2S pada semen hidraulik campuran cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi.

---

Background: Silica rice husk and eggshell waste are one of the calcium source that can be used as main component substitute in formation process of Dicalcium Silicate.

Objective: To Determine the effect of silica rice husk and eggshell mixture process and ratio to the percentage formation of dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement.

Methods: 1 gram of eggshell powder produced by dry milling using the High Energy Milling machine and 1 gram of silica rice husk were characterized tested with XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Dicalcium silicate synthesis was made with solid state method using four mol ratio of the eggshell and silica rice husk mixture, which were (9,01:3,00) ; (2:1) ; (1,9:1) and (1,8:1) from the previous research. Homogenous mixture from each sample were proceed from the wet milling using High Energy Milling for 1 hour (700rpm) and HexanTM solution mixture. Dicalcium silicate synthesis using calcination temperature 12000C for 3 hours on Muffle Furnace and the cooling process were letting to the room temperature without any further treatment. Dicalcium silicate cement were formed using the characteristic test with XRD. The result was perform in descriptive.

Result: Wet milling process with ratio of eggshell and silica rise husk was 1,8 : 1 content percentage of C2S ( 100% ) with 2 crystallite structure (monoclinic and orthorhombic). Ratio 1,9 : 1 produce 96,22% of C2S, ratio 2:1 produce 94,54% of C2S dan ratio 9,01: 3,00 produce 71,6% of C2S.

Conclusion: Wet milling with ratio of eggshell and silica rise husk was (1,8:1), calcination temperature 12000C for 3 hours produce the highest percentage (100%) of C2S on hydraulic cement from eggshell and silica rise husk mixture."

"Dental caries was caused by Streptococcus mutans. Grape (Vitis vinifera) variety Blue Probolinggo have active substance: Polyphenol compound such as flavonoid, tannin, anthocyanin and resveratrol. One of its benefits is its capability to prevent dental caries. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of grape skin (Vitis vinifera) infusum on salivary mutans streptococci. Methods: Grape skin infusum of Vitis vinifera containing poliphenol compound wa examined in vitro on the bacterial growth by determining the inhibition zone (agar diffusion method), Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The microorganisms tested of mutans of Streptococcus mutans was isolated from human harboring species in Jakarta Indonesia. Data obtained wa done in a descriptive method. Results: grape skin infusum containing Vitis vinifera had effect on all of mutans of Streptococcus mutans: inhibitory zone was inclined from 0.05 mm in concentration 20%/ml to 6.70 mm in concentration 90%. MIC was made at 50% and MBC was made at 60%. Conclusion: The grape skin of Vitis vinifera showed antimicrobial activity against local strains of mutans of Streptococcus mutans, isolated from humans harboring species. It is expected that it can be used in preventing caries risk in the future."

"Latar Belakang: Propolis fluoride salah satu sediaan yang dapat menghambat perkembangan bakteri penyebab karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh propolis fluoride terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dalam berbagai fase. Metode: Model biofilm S.mutans di inkubasi selama 4 jam fase adesi, 12 jam fase akumulasi aktif, dan 24 jam fase maturasi, kemudian dipaparkan dengan propolis fluoride 3,3 ; 6,6, 10 kelompok perlakuan, dan SDF 38 kelompok kontrol. Analisis Viabilitas biofilm S.mutans dilakukan dengan uji MTT untuk dibaca pada microplate reader. Hasil: Pada pemaparan Propolis 3,3, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 14,89 3,19; fase akumulasi aktif 24,37 7,43; dan fase maturasi 21,35 3,06. Pada pemaparan Propolis 6,6, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 10,10 2,43; fase akumulasi aktif 20,88 13,17; dan fase maturasi 18,82 4,51. Pada pemaparan Propolis 10, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi8,04 1,59; fase akumulasi aktif 11,17 8,90; dan fase maturasi 16,75 1,83. Kesimpulan: Propolis fluoride 10 dapat menurunkan viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi.

---

Background: Propolis fluoride in one of dosage could inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause caries.

Objective: To analyze the effect of propolis fluoride on the viability of S. mutans biofilm in various phases.

Method: S. mutans biofilm models were incubated for 4 hours adhesion phase, 12 hours active accumulation phase, and 24 hours maturation phase, then presented with propolis fluoride 3.3 6.6, 10 treatment group, and SDF 38 control group. Analysis of S. mutans biofilm viability is tested by MTT in the microplate reader.

Results: Exposure of Propolis Flouride 3.3, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the adhesion phase is 14.89 3.19 active accumulation phase is 24.37 7.43 and the maturation phase is 21.35 3.06. On exposure of Propolis Flouride 6.6, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in adhesion phase is 10,10 2,43 active accumulation phase is 20.88 13.17 and the maturation phase is 18.82 4.51. On exposure of Propolis Fluoride 10, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the phase of adhesion is 8.04 1.59 active accumulation phase is 11.17 8.90 and the phase of maturation is 16.75 1.83.

Conclusion: Propolis fluoride 10 could reduced the viability of S. mutans biofilm in adhesion phase."

"Latar Belakang: Karies merupakan penyakit kronis infeksius yang telah tersebar luas secara global. Streptococcus mutans dianggap sebagai patogen utama yang bertanggung jawab atas perkembangannya. Karena itu, bakteri Streptococcus mutans umumnya menjadi target utama dalam pencegahan karies. Reduksi jumlah S. mutans dengan berbagai tindakan pencegahan seperti kemoprofilaksis dapat menyebabkan penurunan signifikan dari terjadinya karies gigi. Obat kumur merupakan salah satu kemoprofilaksis dengan sarana penghantaran antibakteri yang aman dan efektif. Chlorhexidine telah terbukti menjadi agen kemoprofilaktik yang efektif terhadap S. mutans. Namun, chlorhexidine juga telah dilaporkan menunjukkan banyak kekurangan dan keterbatasan dalam penggunaannya sehingga diperlukan antibakteri alternatif yang lebih aman dan efektif, salah satunya berupa obat kumur herbal. Penggunaan antibakteri berbahan alami mungkin juga dapat membantu mengontrol spesies yang resisten terhadap antibakteri sintetik. Tujuan: Systematic review ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi literatur ilmiah yang relevan untuk menganalisis perbandingan efek antibakteri obat kumur herbal dan chlorhexidine terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan secara online hingga bulan Desember 2020 melalui tiga electronic database, yaitu PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Scopus menggunakan pedoman PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) sebagai panduan penulisan. Hasil: Penelusuran literatur mengidentifikasi sebanyak tiga studi yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2013-2017. Dari ketiganya, dua studi menunjukkan obat kumur herbal memberikan efek antibakteri yang serupa dengan chlorhexidine, dan satu studi menunjukkan obat kumur herbal memberikan efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans yang lebih efektif daripada chlorhexidine. Kesimpulan: Obat kumur herbal dapat menunjukkan efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans yang serupa atau lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan chlorhexidine.

---

Background: Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease that still remains a major oral health problem worldwide. Streptococcus mutans is considered to be a major causative agent of dental caries. Thus, prevention of dental caries generally targets Streptococcus mutans. Reduction of Streptococcus mutans by various preventive measures such as chemoprophylaxis have shown a significant reduction in dental caries. Among the various antibacterial delivery systems, mouthwashes are one of the safest and effective vehicles. Chlorhexidine mouthwash has been shown to be an effective chemoprophylactic agent against Streptococcus mutans. However, it has also been reported to possess certain drawbacks and limitations in its use. This indicates a safer and more effective alternative antibacterial agent is needed, one of which is herbal mouthwash. The use of natural antibacterials may also help control species that are resistant to synthetic antibacterials. Objective: This systematic review mainly aimed to evaluate relevant scientific literature in the interest of analyzing the antibacterial effect of herbal mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: Online literature searching was carried out until December 2020 through three electronic databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) guidelines as a guide. Results: Three eligible studies published in 2013-2017 were identified. Among the three studies, two showed that herbal mouthwash provides an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans similar to chlorhexidine while the other one showed herbal mouthwash provides a more effective antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans in comparison to chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Herbal mouthwash may exhibit similar or superior antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans compared to chlorhexidine"

"Latar Belakang: Nano Silver Fluoride NSF memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans bakteri penyebab karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh NSF terhadap viabilitas S.mutans dalam berbagai fase pembentukan biofilm. Metode: Biofilm S.mutans diinkubasi selama 4 jam fase adhesi, 12 jam fase akumulasi aktif dan 24 jam fase maturasi pada suhu 37 C. Ketiga model biofilm dipapar NSF dengan konsentrasi Ag 0,4 F- 2,26, Ag 0,9 F- 2,26, Ag 1,4 F- 2,26, Ag 1,9 F- 2,26 selama 1 jam. Persentase viabilitas dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna p>0,05 antara viabilitas biofilm pada fase adhesi, fase akumulasi aktif, ataupun fase maturasi. Kesimpulan: NSF mampu menurunkan viabilitas biofilm S.mutans dalam berbagai fase pembentukan.

---

Background: Nano Silver Fluoride NSF has antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans that cause dental caries.

Objective: To analyze the effect of NSF on the viability of S.mutans in various phases of biofilm formation.

Methods: S.mutans biofilm was incubated for 4 hours adherence phase, 12 hours active accumulation phase and 24 hours maturation phase at 37 C then exposed by NSF at concentration Ag 0,4 F 2,26, Ag 0,9 F 2,26, Ag 1,4 F 2,26, Ag 1,9 F 2,26 for 1 hour. The percentage of viability was tested with MTT assay.

Result: Biofilm viability of S.mutans in various phases showed no significant difference p 0,05.

Conclusion: NSF can reduce the viability of S.mutans in various phases of biofilm formation."