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"Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah variabel kesehatan dan variabel infrastruktur berkorelasi pada keterpilihan dinasti politik di pilkada Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia tahun 2017-2020. Penelitian ini menguji dengan menggunakan data rata-rata 5 tahun sebelum pilkada 2017, 2018 dan 2020 dan sample yang digunakan adalah 508 Kabupaten/Kota yang mengikuti pilkada. Penelitian ini menggunakan model regresi probit dan model regresi heckprobit untuk menguji apakah probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik dipengaruhi oleh variabel kesehatan yang diproksikan oleh kepersertaan jaminan kesehatan milik pemerintah dan variabel infrastruktur yang diproksikan kondisi jalan mantap. Hasil kontrol selection bias menunjukan bahwa interest variable kesehatan yaitu BPJS Non-PBI signifikan menurunkan probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik. Arah negatif ini merupakan bentuk retropective economic voting pada dinasti politik, dimana setiap kenaikan 1% kepesertaan BPJS Non-PBI menurunkan probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh karena voters yang menganggap bahwa pemerintah tidak memiliki peran dalam penyediaan fasilitas kesehatan yang gratis karena yang membayar iuran kepesertaan BPJS Non-PBI adalah pemberi kerja atau harus membayar sendiri secara mandiri. Sedangkan interest variable infrastruktur berupa kondisi jalan mantap signifikan meningkatkan probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa politik perbaikan kondisi jalan efektif meningkatkan elektabilitas dinasti politik dan masyarakat menjadikan kondisi jalan sebagai alat retrospective economic voting pada dinasti politik.

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The main purpose of this study was to examine whether the health variable and the infrastructure variable were correlated with the electability of in the district/city elections in Indonesia in 2017-2020. This study tested using an average of 5 years before the 2017, 2018 and 2020 elections and the sample used was 508 districts/cities that took part in the local elections. This study uses a probit regression model and a heck-probit regression model to test whether the probability of electing a political dynasty is influenced by the health variable as proxied by government health insurance participation and the infrastructure variable as a proxy for steady road conditions. The results of the selection bias control show that the health interest variable, namely BPJS Non-PBI, significantly reduces the probability of being elected to a political dynasty. This negative direction is a form of retrospective economic voting in political dynasties, where every 1% increase in BPJS Non-PBI membership reduces the probability of being elected to a political dynasty. This is due to voters who think that the government has no role in providing free health facilities because those who pay membership fees for BPJS Non-PBI are employers or have to pay for it themselves. Meanwhile, the infrastructure interest variable in the form of steady road conditions significantly increases the probability of being elected to a political dynasty. This indicates that the politics of improving road conditions is effective in increasing the electability of political dynasties and the community makes road conditions a tool for retrospective economic voting in political dynasties.political dynasties"

"Pemilihan umum merupakan dasar utama demokrasi, yang merupakan kesempatan terbaik masyarakat menyalurkan aspirasi politik dengan memilih wakil rakyat, tetapi penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum masih ditemukan tindakan pelanggaran. Dalam beberapa kasus terdapat sejumlah tindakan atau fenomena dalam pemilihan umum yang diduga sebagai hal berbahaya yang mengancam ketahanan nasional dalam bidang politik, menurut istilah hukum disebut sebagai Electoral malpractice, bahwa pada pemilihan umum terdapat aktivitas calon anggota legislatif yang secara sengaja atau tidak disengaja, langsung atau pun tidak langsung yang mengakibatkan pemilu berlangsung secara tidak ideal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1).Mengidentifikasi bentuk Electoral malpractice oleh Calon Legislatif DPR-RI pada pemilihan umum 2019. (2).Mengetahui dampak Electoral malpractice dalam penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum 2019 terhadap ketahanan nasional di bidang politik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi.

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General elections are the main basis of democracy, which is the best opportunity for the community to channel their political aspirations by electing representatives of the people, but the holding of general elections is still found to be in violation of. In some cases there are a number of actions or phenomena in general elections that are suspected to be dangerous things that threaten national security in the political field, according to legal terms referred to as Electoral malpractice, that in the general election there are activities of legislative candidates intentionally or unintentionally, directly or indirectly. Indirectly, which resulted in the election not taking place ideally. The objectives of this study are (1). To identify the forms of Electoral malpractice by the Legislative Candidates of the DPR-RI in the 2019 general election. (2). To find out the impact of Electoral malpractice in holding the 2019 general election on national security in the political field. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with a case study. The method of data collection in this study was done through interviews and documentation."

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Salah satu ciri-ciri negara yang menganut sistem demokrasi adalah segala keputusan dan kebijakan dalam pemerintahan dibuat semata-mata dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat. Kedaulatan negara yang menganut sistem demokrasi jelas terlihat bertumpu kepada rakyat. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan diselenggarakan nya pemilu sebagai bentuk pesta demokrasi. Pemilihan umum di Indonesia bersifat langsung, termasuk juga dalam pemilihan presiden dan wakil presiden, yang pada praktik nya masih berlangsung hingga tahun 2019 ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap secara komperhensif adanya komodifikasi terhadap aktor politik yang memiliki brand dan karakteristik yang kuat di masyarakat pada masa pemilihan umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden tahun 2019, yang dalam hal ini adalah pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Joko Widodo dan K.H Maruf Amin. Metode analisis teks dan semiotika teks, digunakan pada penelitian ini untuk membongkar adanya praktik komodifikasi aktor politik. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktik politik identitas pada kontestasi politik di Indonesia masih relevan, dengan adanya praktik komodifikasi aktor politik sebagai salah satu upaya untuk membentuk branding politik.

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The main characteristic from democracy country is all decisions and policies in the government are made solely from the people, by the people, and for the people. The sovereignty of democracy country are clearly seen is in the people, that shown by general election as a democracy party that held by the country itself. General elections in Indonesia are direct to the people, including the presidential elections, which in practice are still ongoing until 2019. This research reveals comprehensively the commodification of political actors who have strong brand and characteristics in society during the 2019 presidential election, which in this case are Joko Widodo and K.H Maruf Amin. Text analysis and text semiotics, are used in this research to dismantle the practice of commodification of political actors. This research shows that the practice of identity politics in political contestation in Indonesia is still relevant, with the practice of political actor commodification as a form of political branding.

 

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"ABSTRAKBagi politisi, wajah sebagai image dan aset terpenting karena dapat menyembunyikan karakter asli atau sekedar menyamarkannya. Di dalam image melekat unsur kehormatan, penghormatan, status, hubungan, kesetiaan dan nilai-nilai positif. Penerapan teori negosiasi wajah Ting Toomey (1985) dan dengan perpaduan konsep ekspresi mikro Ekman (2003) menjadi pisau analisis image dalam mengungkapkan manajemen wajah aktor di berbagai panggung depan. Kemudian menjadi satu kesatuan dengan metode analisis percakapan dan paradigma interpretif dalam menggambarkan panggung belakang aktor yang tampil melalui ekspresi wajah pada tayangan Jakarta Memilih “The Final Round”.

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ABSTRACTFor politicians, the face as self image and the most important asset because it can hide the original character or just mask it. In image self there are elements honor, respect, status, relationships, loyalty and positive values ​​of self. The application of theory of face negotiation, developed by Stella Ting Toomey (1985) and the microexpression concept which developed by Ekman (2003) become knife's analysis to self image in reveals management facial by politician in front stage. Then, become a unity with the conversation analytical methods and interpretive paradigms in describing back stage of the actor which present on their face in Jakarta Memilih "The Final Round"."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang calon perseorangan dalam Pemilukada Kota Padang Tahun 2013. Jalur perseorangan adalah cara untuk mewujudkan pinsip kesetaraaan dalam politik. Calon perseorangan hadir sebagai solusi dari tuntutan masyarakat akan kecilnya akses politik bagi orang yang tidak memiliki afiliasi dengan partai politik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa calon perseorangan dalam Pemilukada Kota Padang cenderung memanfaatkan jalur perseorangan untuk mendapatkan kekuasaan. Calon perseorangan juga tak memaknai jalur perseorangan sebagai media represetasi politik yang menghubungan mereka dengan rakyatnya.Penelitian ini menggunakan teori demokrasi, khususnya yang menjabarkan fenomena defisit demokrasi. Selain teori demokrasi, dalam tesis ini juga dijelaskan konsep rerkutmen politik dan representasi politik.Dalam prinsip demokrasi elektoral, pemilu adalah instrumen utama dalam demokrasi sehingga kehadirannya perlu dipertahankan.Calon perseorangan hadir untuk melengkapi instrumen demokrasi itu.Teori rekrutmen politik yang menyatakan bahwa rekrutmen calon kepala daerah ditentukan oleh faktor popularitas calon dan kekuatan finansial calon.Teori representasi politik digunakan untuk melihat bagaimana para calon memanfaatkan isu politik sebagai alat untuk meraih dukungan

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the independent candidate in Local Election of Padang 2013. Independent candidate is one way, among others, to achieve, equality in the politics. It solves of the people's demands of political access for people who have no affiliation to any political party. The result of this study shows that in practice independent candidates utilizes the prosedure to gain popular support in the case of Padang. Independent candidates also do not perceive the procedure as a medium of political representation which links them with the people.The case of independent candidate participation in Local Election in Padang 2013 represent the case of democratic deficit. In the principles of electoral democracy, election is the main instrument of democracy so that its presence should be maintained. Independent candidate participation was meant to improve the quality of democracy, especially in terms of equal chance for participation or recruitment. Political recruitment theory states that the recruitment of candidate for the head of district is determined by the popularity of the candidate and the candidate's financial strength. The theory of political representation is used to see how the candidates utilize the political issue as a media to gain support.;This thesis discusses about the independent candidate in Local Election of Padang 2013. Independent candidate is one way, among others, to achieve, equality in the politics. It solves of the people's demands of political access for people who have no affiliation to any political party. The result of this study shows that in practice independent candidates utilizes the prosedure to gain popular support in the case of Padang. Independent candidates also do not perceive the procedure as a medium of political representation which links them with the people.The case of independent candidate participation in Local Election in Padang 2013 represent the case of democratic deficit. In the principles of electoral democracy, election is the main instrument of democracy so that its presence should be maintained. Independent candidate participation was meant to improve the quality of democracy, especially in terms of equal chance for participation or recruitment. Political recruitment theory states that the recruitment of candidate for the head of district is determined by the popularity of the candidate and the candidate's financial strength. The theory of political representation is used to see how the candidates utilize the political issue as a media to gain support., This thesis discusses about the independent candidate in Local Election of Padang 2013. Independent candidate is one way, among others, to achieve, equality in the politics. It solves of the people's demands of political access for people who have no affiliation to any political party. The result of this study shows that in practice independent candidates utilizes the prosedure to gain popular support in the case of Padang. Independent candidates also do not perceive the procedure as a medium of political representation which links them with the people.The case of independent candidate participation in Local Election in Padang 2013 represent the case of democratic deficit. In the principles of electoral democracy, election is the main instrument of democracy so that its presence should be maintained. Independent candidate participation was meant to improve the quality of democracy, especially in terms of equal chance for participation or recruitment. Political recruitment theory states that the recruitment of candidate for the head of district is determined by the popularity of the candidate and the candidate's financial strength. The theory of political representation is used to see how the candidates utilize the political issue as a media to gain support.]"

"Tesis ini membahas kemenangan partai Congress pada Pemilu Lok Sabha India tahun 2004. Faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang menyebabkan partai Congress menang pada Pemilu India 2004 akan dijelaskan dalam penelitian ini. Pemilu India 2004 ini, sebelumnya telah diprediksi akan dimenangkan oleh partai BJP, partai yang sedang memerintah India sejak tahun 1999-2004. Sementara partai Congress, partai yang pernah menguasai India sejak tahun 1950-an hingga 1980-an, diprediksi tidak akan muncul lagi untuk memerintah India. Teori yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori partai politik oleh Alen Ware, teori dinansti politik oleh G. Mosca dan Stephen Hess, serta teori koalisi pra-pemilu oleh Sona Nadenichek. Ketiga teori ini menjadi teori inti penelitian ini. Sementara teori kepemimpinan oleh Weber dan Selligman, teori budaya politik oleh Almond dan Verba, serta teori marketing politik oleh Marshment merupakan teori pendukung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data-data diperoleh dari buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal, artikel-artikel, internet serta wawancara dengan Niraja Jaya Gopal dan Sanjay Kumar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemenangan partai Congress pada Pemilu Lok Sabha India Tahun 2004 merupakan perpaduan dari faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal diantaranya, pertama krisis kepemimpinan dalam partai Congress dapat diatasi ketika Sonia Gandhi menjadi ketua partai Congress. Kedua, partai Congress menawarkan pemerintahan yang bersifat inklusif dengan slogan kampanye Aam Aadmi atau orang awam menjelang Pemilu 2004. Ketiga, berbeda dengan kebijakan pada Pemilu 1999, partai Congress berhasil membangun koalisi pra-pemilu dengan 18 partai regional lainnya pada Pemilu 2004. Faktor eksternal diantaranya, pertama perubahan perilaku pemilih India dari pemilih yang tradisional menjadi pemilih yang berorientasikan isu atau lebih rasional. Kedua, kebijakan-kebijakan di bawah pemerintahan BJP sebagian besar bersifat eksklusif. Temuan penelitian diantaranya adalah perubahan strategi pemilu partai Congress yang menerapkan pembangunan koalisi pra-pemilu dengan partai-partai regional lainnya. Kebijakan-kebijakan partai BJP yang eksklusif ternyata tidak berhasil. Dinasti politik sangat berpengaruh dalam perpolitikan India. Implikasi teoritis untuk teori partai politik Alen Ware terbukti dalam penelitian ini. Teori dinasti politik G. Mosca dan Stephen Hess juga terbukti dalam penelitian ini. Untuk teori koalisi pra-pemilu Golder, yaitu koalisi prapemilu umumnya terjadi di negara dengan sistem pemiludisproposrionalitas dan multipartai, terbukti. Akan tetapi, pendapat Golder untuk perundingan pembagian jabatan-jabatan dan penetapan kebijakan-kebijakan koalisi sebelum pemilu, tidak ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Prakteknya, perundingan pembagian jabatanjabatan menteri dan pembentukan kebijakan-kebijakan koalisi dilakukan setelah hasil pemilu diketahui.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the victory of Congress party in the 2004 Indian Lok Sabha Election. The internal and external factors that led the Congress party in winning the 2004 India's election will be described in this research. The 2004 India's election had previously been predicted to be won by the BJP party, a party which had been ruling India since the year 1999-2004. While the Congress party, the party that once ruled India from the 1950s to the 1980s, was predicted not to rule India anymore.

The theory applied in this research is based on the political party theory by Alen Ware, political dynasty theory by G. Mosca and Stephen Hess, as well as, the pre-election coalition theory by Sona Nadenichek. The third theory becomes the ground theory of this research. This research is also supported by the leadership theory by Weber and Selligman, political culture theory by Almond and Verba, and the theory of political marketing by Marshment. This research is conducted by implementing qualitative methods. The data are obtained from books, journals, articles, internet, as well as, interviews with Niraja Jaya Gopal and Sanjay Kumar.

The results of this research indicate that the victory of Congress Party in the Indian 2004 Lok Sabha Election is a combination of internal and external factors. The internal factors range from; first, a crisis of leadership in the Congress Party was successfully overcome when Sonia Gandhi was the head of the Party. Second, Congress Party offered an inclusive governmental with its campaign slogan 'Aam Aadmi' or common people towards the 2004 election. Third, in contrast to the policy in the 1999 election, Congress Party managed to build a pre-election coalition with 18 other regional parties in the 2004 election. A change of behavior in India's voters from traditional voters to an issue-oriented or more rational voter becomes one of the external factors of the victory of Congress Party in 2004. Second, the policy under the BJP's governmental is mostly exclusive.

The results of this research provide evidence of a change in the election strategy executed by the Congress party. This party applied a pre-election coalition development with other regional parties. The exclusive policies implemented by BJP party did not work accordingly. Political dynasty has a great influence in India's politic. The theoretical implication of Alen Ware's political party theory is proved right in this research, as well as the theory of political dynasties by G. Mosca and Stephen Hess. The theory of pre-election coalition by Golder that generally occurs in countries with multiparty electoral systems is also proved right. However, the opinion of Golder to negotiate the sharing of positions and the stipulation of the coalition policies prior to the election, are not found in this research. In fact, the negotiation for sharing positions of ministers and the establishment of the coalition policies were executed after the result of the election came out."

"Skripsi ini mencoba untuk melihat pengaruh dari pembelian suara terhadap perilaku memilih pada masa pemilihan kepala daerah Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2020. Dalam menjelaskan fenomena tersebut, digunakan konsep perilaku memilih rasional dan teori pembelian suara dari Edward Aspinall. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa survei dari rumah ke rumah dengan bantuan instrumen kuesioner. Sampel yang ditetapkan berjumlah 160 responden dengan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 92,1 % dan Margin of Error sebesar 7,9 %. Untuk hasil dan pembahasan, ditemukan bahwa praktik pembelian suara di pilkada Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2020 dilakukan melalui jaringan tim sukses yang dimiliki setiap pasangan calon. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa jenis pemilih inti merupakan jenis pemilih yang paling banyak ditargetkan sebagai sasaran praktik pembelian suara. Dari 113 responden yang pernah ditawari pemberian barang, sebanyak 79 responden atau 69,9 % merupakan pemilih inti dan dari 71 responden yang pernah ditawari pemberian uang tunai, sebanyak 58 responden atau 81,7 % juga tergolong ke dalam pemilih inti. Selain pemberian dalam bentuk barang dan uang tunai, skripsi ini juga menemukan bahwa jenis barang seperti masker, faceshield dan handsanitizer menjadi instrumen baru dari setiap kandidat dalam menarik hati para pemilih. Pelaksanaan pilkada di tengah wabah pandemi covid-19 membuat maksud dari pemberian barang tersebut (masker, faceshield, handsanitizer) menjadi tersamarkan antara pemberian untuk bantuan kemanusiaan atau pemberian dalam rangka memikat hati para pemilih. Kemudian, data hasil survei juga menunjukkan bahwa praktik pembelian suara tetap terjadi pada masa pilkada Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2020 yang dilaksanakan ditengah wabah pandemi covid-19. Terakhir, berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi dan regresi logistik diketahui bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh antara pembelian suara dengan perilaku memilih masyarakat Kecamatan Pamulang pada pilkada Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2020.

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This thesis aims to examine the influence of vote buying on voting behavior during the 2020 local elections for the head of South Tangerang City. In explaining this phenomenon, the concepts of rational voting behavior and the theory of vote buying by Edward Aspinall are utilized. The research method employed is quantitative, utilizing a survey conducted door-to-door with the assistance of a questionnaire instrument. The determined sample size is 160 respondents with a confidence level of 92,1 % and a Margin of Error of 7,9 %. Regarding the findings and discussion, it was discovered that the practice of vote buying in the 2020 South Tangerang City local elections was carried out through the campaign teams associated with each candidate. Additionally, it was found that core voters were the primary target of vote buying practices. Out of 113 respondents who were offered goods, 79 respondents or 69,9 % were core voters. Furthermore, out of 71 respondents who were offered cash, 58 respondents or 81,7 % were also classified as core voters. In addition to offering goods and cash, the thesis also identified that items such as masks, face shields and hand sanitizers became new instruments used by each candidate to attract voters. The conduct of regional elections amidst the Covid-19 pandemic has led to a conflation of the intended purpose behind distributing resources, causing ambiguity whether these items (masks, face shields and hand sanitizers) are intended for humanitarian aid or as a means to garner favor with voters. Moreover, survey data indicated that the practice of vote buying persisted during the 2020 South Tangerang City local elections which were held amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, based on the results of correlation and logistic regression tests, it was found that there was no significant influence between vote buying and the voting behavior of the Pamulang Subdistrict community in the 2020 South Tangerang City local elections."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis strategi rekrutmen caleg perempuan di Partai Nasional Demokrat dalam upaya memenuhi kebijakan affirmative action 30% keterwakilan perempuan pada Pemilu 2014. Pertanyaan dari penelitian ini adalah strategi Partai Nasional Demokrat merekrut calon legislatif perempuan dalam memenuhiAffirmative Action 30 % keterwakilan perempuan di Pemilu 2014.Penelitian ini beragumen, bahwa strategi Partai NasDem adalah memberikan kemudahan kepada perempuan untuk dapat masuk ke Partai NasDem, memberikan bantuan kepada caleg perempuan, membuat program rekrutmen, dan melakukan rekrutmen secara terbuka melalui media.Untuk menjawab pertanyaan, peneliti menggunakan teori rekrutmen politik yang berasal dari Pippa Norris dan Miriam Budiardjo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam sebagai data primer, dan menggunakan data sekunder seperti undang-undang, AD/ART, dan studi literature lainnya. Penelitian ini menemukan 5 strategi Partai NasDem dalam merekrut caleg perempuan, diantaranya; Pertama, Partai NasDem mendirikan organisasi perempuan di bawah naungan Partai NasDem sebagai sumber kader perempuan dalam merekrut calon anggota legislatif perempuan. Kedua, Melakukan rekrutmen terbuka, Ketiga, Memberikan syarat mudah khusus untuk perempuan yang ingin bergabung dengan Partai NasDem.Keempat, Memberikan bantuan kepada caleg perempuan.Kelima, Partai NasDem tidak memungut biaya kepada caleg perempuan yang ingin maju di pemilihan.

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This research analyzes the female candidates recruitment strategy in National Democrat (NasDem) party in order to fulfill the 30% female representation affirmative action policy in the election of 2014. The research question is what is National Democrat party's strategy to recruit female legislative candidates in order to fulfill 30% female representation affirmative action in the election of 2014? I argue that NasDem party's strategy is to accommodate women to join NasDem party, providing help for female candidates, making recruitment programs, and conducting recruitment openly through media. To answer the question, I use political recruitment theory from Pippa Norris and Miriam Budiarjo.

This research uses qualitative strategy with deep interview technique for primary data, and using secondary data consisting of constitutions, party's statute and bylaws (AD/ART), and other literature study. This research found 5 NasDem party's main strategies in recruiting female candidates, which consist of; First of all, NasDem party establishes a female organization under the auspices of NasDem party as the source of female cadre in recruiting female legislative candidates. Second of all, conducting open recruitment. Third of all, requiring easily fulfilled requirements for women who want to join NasDem party. Fourth of all, providing help for female candidates. And fifth of all, NasDem party does not collect any payment from female candidates who want to come forward for the election."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang upaya nonkonvensional yang dilakukan oleh Donald Trump selama masa kampanye Pemilihan Presiden Amerika Serikat 2015-2016 dengan menggunakan konsep dan teori politik kampanye dan teori American exceptionalism. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif secara deskriptif analitik untuk memberikan gambaran terkait dengan judul tesis ini. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dengan narasumber yang relevan dengan kebutuhan penelitian.Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Donald Trump menggunakan upaya-upaya secara nonkonvensional yang berimplikasi meningkatkan elektabilitas dalam Pemilihan Presiden Amerika Serikat 2015-2016. Salah satunya ialah dengan menggaungkan slogan Makes America great again yang dianggap mampu membangkitkan semangat American exceptionalism kepada warga Amerika Serikat pada umumnya, kepada pendukung Donald Trump yang berasal dari kalangan ras kulit putih pada khususnya. Donald Trump dikenal sebagai sosok yang rasis, diskriminasi dan anti-imigran dalam penelitian ini ditemukan fakta-fakta yang menunjukkan popularitas Donald Trump meningkat di kalangan warga Amerika Serikat yang berpaham konservatif.

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This thesis discusses the nonconventional efforts made by Donald Trump during US Presidential Election campaign in 2015 2016 using the campaign politics concept and theory and American exceptionalism theory. This research used qualitative method with descriptive analytics. The process of data collection was conducted through literature study and interviews with resource persons relevant to the research needs. This study is limited to only one year period which covers the US Presidential Election in 2015 2016. That one year period was the campaign period of Donald Trump as a Republican candidate. The corpus object of research is Republican Platform because the platform allows Author to analyze the use of Donald Trump 39 s unconventional efforts during the campaign period and to answer two research questions. The research found that Donald Trump was using nonconventional efforts to increase his electability in US Presidential Election in 2015 2016. This study shows that Donald Trump's racist, discriminatory and anti immigrant tendency has promoted his popularity among White American conservatives. Some of these unconventional efforts include demagoguery, voter 39's suppression and the slogan Makes America great again which was thought to be able to arouse the spirit and value of American exceptionalism39's white supporters in particular. "