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"Makroalga merupakan tumbuhan yang banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber makanan bagi organisme laut dan manusia. Makroalga Sargassum cinereum pada bagian permukaan thalli dapat terakumulasi oleh miktoplastik yang memiliki daya akumulasi tinggi di perairan Pulau Semak Daun. Kontaminasi mikroplastik pada bagian makroalga terjadi karena adanya akumulasi mikroplastik pada tempat tumbuh makroalga. Mikroplastik dapat menempel, melilit, maupun terbungkus oleh makroalga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk, warna, dan ukuran mikroplastik dan pengaruh variasi waktu pengocokkan terhadap pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada makroalga Sargassum cinereum J. Agardh 1848. Sampel pada permukaan makroalga diambil sebanyak 10 g, kemudian diberi perlakuan pengocokkan dengan perbedaan waktu 5 menit, 10 menit, dan 15 menit dan disaring menggunakan kertas saring Whatman filter. Sampel yang menempel kuat pada makroalga dilarutkan dengan larutan NaOH, kemudian disaring menggunkan kertas Whatman filter. Sampel kontrol negatif di diamkan selama 15 menit, sedangkan kontrol positif langsung dilakukan penyaringan. Bentuk mikroplastik didominasi oleh fiber sebesar 58% dengan jumlah 36,5 partikel/g. Warna mikroplastik didominasi oleh biru sebesar 75%. Persentase pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada kelompok perlakuan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan pengocokkan selama 15 menit (K15) sebesar 70% dan terendah pada perlakuan kontrol negatif (KN) sebesar 45%. Uji One Way ANOVA membuktikan bahwa adanya perbedaan rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada kelompok perlakuan pengocokkan dengan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,002 (< 0,05). Waktu pengocokkan mempengaruhi pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada makroalga Sargassum cinereum.

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Macroalgae are plants that are widely used as a food source for marine organisms and humans. Sargassum cinereum macroalgae on the surface of the thalli can be accumulated by mytoplastics which have high accumulation power in the waters of Semak Daun Island. Microplastic contamination in the macroalgae section occurs due to the accumulation of microplastics in the macroalgae growing sites. Microplastics can be attached, wrapped around, or covered by macroalgae. This study aims to determine the shape, color, and size of microplastics and the effect of variations in shaking time on the reduction of microplastics in macroalgae Sargassum cinereum J. Agardh 1848. Samples on the surface of macroalgae were taken as much as 10 g, then given shaking treatment with a time difference of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes and filtered using a Whatman filter paper filter. Samples that adhered strongly to macroalgae were dissolved with NaOH solution, then filtered using Whatman filter paper. The negative control sample was allowed to stand for 15 minutes, while the positive control sample was immediately assessed. The form of microplastic is dominated by fiber by 58% with a total of 36.5 particles/g. The color of microplastic is dominated by blue by 75%. The percentage of microplastic reduction in the treatment group was highest in the shaking treatment for 15 minutes (K15) by 70% and the lowest in the negative treatment (KN) 45%. The One-Way ANOVA test proved that the difference between the mean and microplastics in the shaking treatment group had a significant value of 0.002 (< 0.05). Shaking time affects the reduction of microplastic in macroalga Sargassum cinereum."

"Laut merupakan sumber daya dengan peran penting dalam mempertahankan produksi pangan. Namun, diperkirakan 51 triliun partikel mikroplastik tersebar di seluruh laut dunia. Polusi mikroplastik memungkinkan paparan ke manusia melalui jaring-jaring makanan karena dapat menempel pada biota laut yang edible seperti makroalga anggur laut. Penelitian pada anggur laut (Caulerpa racemosa) di Pulau Semak Daun bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk dan total kelimpahan mikroplastik melalui kontrol positif 10 gram sampel dalam 100 ml akuades, metode pengadukkan dengan magnetic strirrer dan metode penghancuran menggunakan NaOH. Hasil penelitian menemukan mikroplastik fiber, fragmen, film, dan foam sebanyak 10,34 partikel/gram. Penelitian ini memberi bukti bahwa mikroplastik dapat menempel ke anggur laut dan unsur abiotik di sekitarnya sehingga beresiko masuk ke rantai makanan karena dikonsumsi oleh manusia secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui biota laut lain.

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The ocean is a resource with an important role in maintaining global food production. However, an estimated 51 trillion microplastic particles are scattered throughout the world's oceans. Microplastic pollution allows exposure to humans through food webs because it can attach to edible marine biota such as sea grape macroalgae. Research on sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) in Pulau Semak Daun with objectives to determine the shape and total abundance of microplastics through positive control of 10 grams of sample in 100 ml of distilled water, stirring method with magnetic stirrer and destruction method using NaOH. The results of this research found microplastic fibers, fragments, films, and foams with the total abundance is 10.34 particles/gram. This research provides evidence that microplastics can stick to sea grapes and the surrounding abiotic elements and risk of entering the food chain because they are consumed by humans directly or indirectly through other marine biota."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk dan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air, insang, dan saluran pencernaan ikan mujair Oreochromis mossambicus dan ikan setan merah Amphilophus labiatus yang terdapat di Situ Salam, Kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Sampel air diambil sebanyak 20 L lalu disaring menggunakan plankton net sampai volume air menjadi 200 ml sementara sampel ikan mujair dan ikan setan merah diambil masing-masing 10 ekor dengan jala lalu disimpan di wadah penyimpanan berisi formalin 40%. Ekstraksi sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Kelautan, Departemen Biologi, FMIPA UI dengan metode dekstruksi oleh HNO3 65% kemudian dilakukan analisis bentuk dan kelimpahan mikroplastik di bawah mikroskop. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, rata-rata total kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air diperoleh 153,7 ± 44,2 partikel L-1, pada saluran pencernaan ikan mujair diperoleh 2.868 ± 723,5 partikel ind-1, pada saluran pencernaan ikan setan merah diperoleh 3.548,4 ± 1031,4 partikel ind-1, pada insang ikan mujair diperoleh 3.782,6 ± 1.171,6 partikel ind-1, dan pada insang ikan setan merah diperoleh 3.848 ± 863,1 partikel ind-1. Bentuk mikroplastik yang mendominasi pada air situ, saluran pencernaan, dan insang adalah bentuk fiber. Berdasarkan hasil Uji T Dua Sampel terhadap sampel insang dan pencernaan dari ikan mujair dan ikan setan merah menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan.

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Research has been carried out that aims to analyze the shape and microplastics in the water, gills, and digestive tract of tilapia fish Oreochromis mossambicus and red devil fish Amphilophus labiatus that found in Salam Lake, University of Indonesia Campus, Depok. Water samples were taken as much as 20 L and then filtered using a plankton net until the water volume became 200 ml while samples of tilapia fish and red devil fish were taken each with a net and stored in a storage container containing formalin 40%. Sample extraction was carried out at the Marine Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, FMIPA UI with the destruction method by HNO3 65% and then analyzed the shape and abundance of microplastics under a microscope. The results showed that the average total abundance of microplastics in water was 153,7 ± 44,2 L-1 particles, in the digestive tract of tilapia fish it was obtained 2.868 ± 723,5 ind-1 particles, in the digestive tract of red devil fish obtained 3.548,4 ± 1.031,4 ind-1 particles, in the gills of tilapia fish obtained 3.782,6 ± 1.171,6 ind-1 particles, and in the gills of red devil fish obtained 3.848 ± 863,1 particles ind-1. The predominant form of microplastic in the water, digestive tract, and gills is the form of fiber. Based on the results of the Two-Sample T-Test on gill and digestive samples of tilapia fish and red devil fish, there is no significant difference."

"Curah hujan di musim hujan berperan dalam mentransportasikan sampah, termasuk mikroplastik dari sungai ke laut. Peningkatan sampah, arus, dan peningkatan penduduk juga dapat memengaruhi kelimpahan mikroplastik. Mikroplastik di pesisir dapat menempel pada daun lamun. Daun lamun akan mengalami pertumbuhan, sehingga memungkinkan adanya perbedaan kelimpahan mikroplastik di sepanjang daun lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada daun Enhalus acoroides, air, dan sedimen di Pulau Lima, Teluk Banten pada musim hujan tahun 2020 dan 2021, serta menganalisis apakah ada perbedaan kelimpahan mikroplastik di sepanjang daun E. acoroides. Sampel daun diambil seluas 1 cm2 dari helaian daun, kemudian dikerik menggunakan cutter. Sampel air sebanyak 20 L diambil menggunakan plankton net. Sampel sedimen sebanyak 200 g dikeringkan menggunakan oven. Rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sampel daun lamun tahun 2020 sebesar 46,96±3,13 partikel/cm2, dan tahun 2021 sebesar 61,5±6,63 partikel/cm2. Sampel air tahun 2020 sebesar 130,66±14,19 partikel/L, sedangkan 2021 sebesar 162,22±7,82 partikel/L. Sampel sedimen tahun 2020 sebesar 12.066±4.017,6 partikel/Kg, sedangkan 2021 sebesar 17.354,67±2.341,95 partikel/Kg. Terdapat peningkatan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada semua sampel di Pulau Lima, Teluk Banten saat musim hujan tahun 2020 hingga 2021. Rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada jarak 20 cm dari pangkal daun sebanyak 36,7±7,8 partikel/cm2 lebih rendah daripada jarak 50 cm sebanyak 144,4±23,74 partikel/cm2. Terdapat perbedaan kelimpahan mikroplastik di sepanjang daun lamun.

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Rainfall in the rainy season plays a role in transporting waste, including microplastics from rivers to the sea. Increased waste, currents, and population growth can also affect the abundance of microplastics. Microplastics on the coast are attached to seagrass leaves. Seagrass leaves experienced growth, thus allowing for differences in the abundance of microplastics along with the leaves. This study aims to analyze the comparison of the abundance of microplastics in Enhalus acoroides leaves, water, and sediment on Lima Island, Banten Bay in the rainy seasons of 2020 and 2021, and analyze whether there are differences in the abundance of microplastics along with E. acoroides leaves. The leaves were taken 1 cm2 from the leaf blade, then scraped using a cutter. The water (20 L) was taken using a plankton net. The sediment (200 g) was dried using an oven. The average abundance of microplastics in seagrass leaf samples in 2020 was 46.96±3.13 particles/cm2, while in 2021 was 61.5±6.63 particles/cm2. The water sample in 2020 was 130.66±14.19 particles/L, while in 2021 was 162.22±7.82 particles/L. The sediment sample in 2020 was 12,066±4,017.6 particles/Kg, while in 2021 was 17,354.67±2,341.95 particles/Kg. There was an increase in the abundance of microplastics in all samples on Lima Island, Banten Bay during the rainy season from 2020 to 2021. The average abundance of microplastics at a distance of 20 cm from the base of the leaf was 36.7±7.8 particles/cm2, lower than a distance of 50 cm at 144.4±23.74 particles/cm2. There were differences in the abundance of microplastics along with the seagrass leaves."

"Salah satu spesies makroalga di perairan Pulau Semak Daun yang berpotensi memiliki akumulasi mikroplastik yang tinggi adalah Halimeda macroloba atau kaktus laut tegak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk, warna, ukuran, dan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada H. macroloba di perairan Pulau Semak Daun, serta pengaruh pengocokan terhadap pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada H. macroloba Decaisne 1841. Mikroplastik pada permukaan makroalga diluruhkan menggunakan orbital shaker kecepatan 150 rpm dengan variasi waktu 5, 10, dan 15 menit. Mikroplastik yang masih menempel setelah perlakuan pengocokan dihitungan dengan melarutkan jaringan makroalga menggunakan larutan basa kuat natrium hidroksida (NaOH) 6 M. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan mikroplastik bentuk fiber, fragmen, film, dan pellet dalam berbagai ukuran dengan variasi warna biru, hitam, merah, dan hijau pada objek pengamatan. Ukuran partikel mikroplastik yang ditemukan berada dalam kisaran 8,6—4649,12 μm. Bentuk mikroplastik yang mendominasi H. macroloba adalah fiber, dengan total 30,2 partikel/g (64,7%). Warna partikel yang mendominasi H. macroloba adalah warna biru, dengan total 560 partikel (47,2%). Pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik terjadi pada pengocokan 5 menit sebesar 50%, pengocokan 10 menit sebesar 75%, dan pengocokan 15 menit sebesar 89%. Sedangkan untuk kelimpahan mikroplastik yang masih melekat setelah dilakukan pengocokan 5 menit sebesar 50%, setelah pengocokan 10 menit sebesar 25%, dan setelah pengocokan 15 menit sebesar 11%. Uji One-Way ANOVA membuktikan bahwa semakin lama waktu pengocokan maka akan semakin tinggi persentase pengurangan mikroplastik. Pengocokan dengan kecepatan 150 rpm selama 15 menit memberikan hasil pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik tertinggi dibandingkan dengan variasi waktu pengocokan lainnya.

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One of the macroalgae species in the waters of the Semak Daun Island which has the potential to have a high microplastic accumulation is Halimeda macroloba or an erect sea cactus. This study aims to determine the shape, color, size, and abundance of microplastics in H. macroloba in the waters of Semak Daun Island, also the effect of shaking on reducing the abundance of microplastics in H. macroloba Decaisne 1841. Microplastics on the surface of macroalgae were removed using an orbital shaker at a speed of 150 rpm with time variations of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Microplastics that are still attached after the shaking treatment are calculated by dissolving the macroalgae tissue using a 6 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) strong base solution. The results of the study showed that found microplastic form of fiber, fragments, films, and pellets in various sizes with variations colour of  blue, black , red, and green on observation objects. The particle size of the microplastics found in the range of 8.6-4649.12 μm. The microplastic form that dominates H. macroloba is fiber, with a total of 30.2 particles/g (64.7%). The dominant particle color of H. macroloba is blue, with a total of 560 particles (47.2%). The reduction on the abundance of microplastics occurred at 50% shaking for 5 minutes, 75% shaking for 10 minutes, and 89% shaking for 15 minutes. As for the abundance of microplastics that are still attached after 5 minutes of shaking it is 50%, after 10 minutes of shaking it is 25%, and after 15 minutes of shaking it is 11%. The One-Way ANOVA test proved that the longer the shaking time, the higher the percentage of microplastic reduction. Shaking at 150 rpm for 15 minutes gave the highest reduction in microplastic abundance compared to other variations of shaking time."

"Penelitian mikroplastik pada produsen utama di laut seperti makroalga  dan lamun menjadi perhatian selama beberapa tahun terakhir karena kemampuannya untuk masuk ke dalam jejaring makanan di laut. Namun, penelitian mengenai ekstraksi mikroplastik pada makroalga belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengadukan terhadap pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada Padina minor (Yamada 1925). Mikroplastik pada permukaan makroalga diluruhkan dengan magnetic stirrer pada waktu 0, 5, 10, dan 15 menit. Mikroplastik yang tersisa setelah perlakuan pengadukan dihitungan dengan melarutkan jaringan makroalga dengan menggunakan basa kuat Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH 6M). Pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik terjadi pada pengadukan selama 5 menit sebesar 46,36±5,22%, pengadukan selama 10 menit sebesar 56,70±5,34%, dan pengadukan selama 15 menit sebesar 73,81±4,55%. Mikroplastik yang masih melekat pada pengadukan selama 5 menit sebesar 53,62±5,22%, pengadukan selama 10 menit sebesar 43,29±5,34%, dan pengadukan selama 15 menit sebesar 26,18±4,55. Mikroplastik jenis fiber, fragmen, dan film ditemukan pada makroalga P. minor. Warna mikroplastik yang ditemukan meliputi biru, hitam, dan transparan. Berdasarkan ukurannya, mikroplastik yang ditemukan berkisar antara 19-3492,09 μm. Rata-rata ukuran mikroplastik terpanjang diperoleh oleh jenis fiber diikuti dengan film, dan fragmen. Kelimpahan mikroplastik berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu pengadukan. Waktu pengadukan selama 15 menit memberikan hasil pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik tertinggi dibandingkan waktu pengadukan lainnya.

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Research on microplastics in major marine producers such as macroalgae and seagrasses has received considerable attention in recent years because of their ability to enter the marine food web. However, research on the extraction of microplastics in macroalgae has not been widely carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of stirring on reducing the abundance of microplastics in Padina minor (Yamada 1925). Microplastics on the surface of macroalgae were removed with a magnetic stirrer at 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Microplastic remaining after stirring treatment was calculated by dissolving macroalgae tissue using a strong base of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH 6M). Microplastics reduction occurred from stirring for minutes by 46.36±5.22%, stirring for 10 minutes by 56.70±5.34%, and stirring for 15 minutes by 73.81±4.55%. The microplastics that were still attached to 5 minutes of stirring were 53.62±5.22%, 43.29±5.34% stirring for 10 minutes, and 26.18±4.55% stirring for 15 minutes. Microplastic fibers, fragments, and films were found in P. minor macroalgae. The colors of the microplastics found included blue, black, and transparent. Based on their size, the microplastics found ranged from 19-3492.09 μm. The average size of the longest microplastic was obtained by the type of fiber followed by film, and fragments. The abundance of microplastics decreased with increasing stirring time. The stirring time for 15 minutes gave the highest reduction in microplastic abundance compared to other stirring times."

"Mikroplastik yang terakumulasi dalam air limbah tidak mudah terdegradasi oleh mikroba sehingga akan tetap berada di lingkungan. Sementara itu, telah diketahui bahwa mikroplastik menimbulkan bahaya bagi biota air dan manusia. Pendekatan teknologi yang efektif untuk mendegradasi mikroplastik dalam instalasi pengolahan air limbah sangat diperlukan. Proses biodegradasi adalah salah satu teknik yang paling banyak diaplikasikan, namun membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Studi ini mengevaluasi proses ozonasi sebagai pre-treatment untuk mengubah struktur kimia mikroplastik polietilena menjadi lebih rentan terhadap biodegradasi. Proses ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan ozonator corona-discharge dan reaktor batch yang prosesnya divariasikan berdasarkan nilai pH (6, 7, 8, 10, 12), laju alir ozon (1, 3, 5 L / mnt), dan durasi kontak (1, 2, 3 jam). Penelitian dimulai dengan kuantifikasi radikal OH dan ozon terlarut, ozonasi mikroplastik, serta evaluasi ozonasi, yaitu dengan penurunan berat secara gravimetri dan perubahan struktur kimia mikroplastik melalui FT IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi perubahan struktur kimia mikroplastik dengan terbentuknya ikatan karbonil dan penurunan berat mikroplastik. Kondisi optimal dicapai pada pH 12 dengan laju alir 5 L/menit yang menghasilkan penurunan berat mikroplastik sebesar 0,0482% dan intensitas karbonil mencapai 104,556% selama 3 jam ozonasi.

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Microplastics accumulated in wastewater are not easily susceptible to microbial degradation thus persist in the environment. Moreover, microplastics pose a danger to aquatic biota and human. Effective technological solutions to degrade microplastics in wastewater treatment plants are desirable. Biodegradation is one of the most applied techniques but takes a long time. This study evaluates the ozonation as pre-treatment to transform the chemical structure of polyethylene microplastic into more susceptible to biodegradation. The process is done by using a corona-discharge ozonator and batch reactor which the process is varied by pH value (6, 7, 8, 10, 12), ozone flow rate (1, 3, 5 L/min), and contact duration (1, 2, 3 hours). The study began by the quantification of OH radicals and dissolved ozone, ozonation of microplastics, and evaluation of ozonation by gravimetric weight loss also the change of microplastic chemical structure through FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The results revealed chemical structural changes of polyethylene after ozonation, confirmed by the appearance of carbonyl bonds and the loss of weight. The optimum operating condition appeared at pH 12 with 5 L/min ozone flowrate which resulted in 0,0482% weight loss and carbonyl bond intensity reached 104,556% during 3 hours ozonation."

"Muara Sungai Blanakan yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat merupakan wilayah pesisir yang tinggi aktivitas perikanan tangkap dan tambak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelimpahan mikroplastik di air, sedimen, dan ikan kuro (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) serta mengkaji komposisinya. Sampel air dan sedimen diambil dari 4 titik di sekitar muara bersama 12 individu ikan kuro. Sampel air dan sedimen diekstraksi menggunakan reagen Fenton. Sementara insang, saluran pencernaan dan daging yang dibedah pada tiap individu didestruksi dengan KOH 10%. Seluruh larutan sampel yang telah di destruksi disaring menggunakan vacuum pump dengan kertas saring Whatman cellulose nitrate membrane ukuran pori 0,45 μm. Identifikasi mikroplastik dilakukan dengan pengamatan melalui mikroskop untuk perhitungan kelimpahan serta komposisi mikroplastik yang dikategorikan berdasarkan bentuk, ukuran, dan warna. Sementara jenis polimer dianalisis menggunakan Raman microscopes spectrometer. Penelitian ini menunjukkan mikroplastik ditemukan pada seluruh sampel dan lokasi penelitian dengan kelimpahan yang berbeda. Rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air didapatkan 710 ± 183,34 partikel/m3 dan pada sedimen 879,63 ± 205,14 partikel/kg. Sementara pada organ dan jaringan ikan berturut-turut dari kelimpahan terbesar diperoleh 16,64 ± 9,09 partikel/gr pada saluran pencernaan, 11,95 ± 5,33 partikel/gr pada insang, dan 3,55 ± 0,81 partikel/gr pada daging. Secara keseluruhan, komposisi mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini merupakan bentuk fiber, fragmen, film, dan pellet, dengan tidak ditemukannya bentuk foam. Ukuran mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada air, sedimen, dan jaringan daging ikan merupakan <300 μm. Sementara pada insang dan saluran pencernaan, ukuran >1000 μm paling banyak ditemukan. Warna biru pada studi ini menjadi warna mikroplastik yang paling mendominasi. Polimer mikroplastik yang ditemukan merupakan polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), dan polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Uji korelasi menunjukkan tidak adanya korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik di air maupun sedimen terhadap akumulasi mikroplastik pada ikan kuro.

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Blanakan River estuary in Subang Regency, West Java, Indonesia is a coastal area with a high fishing and ponds activities. This study aims to examined the abundance and composition of microplastic contamination in water, sediment, and fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum). Water and sediment samples were obtained at 4 various location around the estuary with 12 individual fourfinger threadfin fish. Water and sediment samples were extracted using Fenton's reagent. The dissected gills, digestive tracts and muscles were destroyed with 10% KOH. All digested sample solution are filtered using a vacuum pump and Whatman cellulose nitrate membrane filter paper with a 0.45 μm pore size. Identification of microplastics was carried out by microscope observation to calculate the abundance and composition of microplastics which were categorized based on shape, size and color. While the type of polymer was analyzed using a Raman microscopes spectrometer. This study demonstated that microplastics were found at all samples and research locations with different abundances. The average abundance of microplastics in water was 710 ± 183.34 particles/m3 and in the sediment sample was 879.63 ± 205.14 particles/kg. While in fish, the highest abundance was found in the digestive tract at 16.64 ± 9.09 particles/gr, followed gills at 11.95 ± 5.33 particles/gr, and muscle at 3.55 ± 0.81 particles/gr. Overall, the composition of microplastics form consisted of fiber, fragments, films, and pellets; foam was absent in this study. The most frequent size of microplastic found in water, sediment, and fish tissue is <300 μm. While sizes greater than 1000 μm are most frequently observed in the gills and digestive tract. In this study, blue is the predominant microplastic color. Microplastic polymers detected were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The correlation test showed that there was no correlation between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment with the accumulation of microplastics in fourfinger threadfin fish."

"Plastik merupakan bahan stabilitas tinggi hasil polimerisasi monomer dengan tingkat penggunaan yang tinggi. Sampah plastik berbahaya bagi lingkungan karena partikel penyusunnya memiliki ketahanan dan kestabilan tinggi sehingga proses degradasinya berlangsung lama. Di lingkungan perairan, plastik akan mengalami degradasi atau penguraian menjadi partikel kecil yang disebut mikroplastik (<5 mm). Partikel mikroplastik berpotensi termakan oleh berbagai biota perairan sehingga membahayakan siklus rantai makanan melalui proses biomagnifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik mikroplastik (bentuk, ukuran, dan jenis polimer) pada air, sedimen dan ikan belanak Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) pada organ dan jaringan (daging, insang, saluran pencernaan) di Muara Sungai Blanakan, Subang, Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian ini diawali dengan pengambilan sampel dengan  air  diambil sebanyak 50 L lalu disaring menggunakan plankton net hingga tertampung volume air 1000 mL, sampel sedimen diambil menggunakan Vanveen grab hingga tertampung pada jar 500 mL dan sampel ikan belanak diambil 10 ekor menggunakan bubu. Ekstraksi sampel sedimen dilakukan dengan pemberian larutan NaCl jenuh dengan perbandingan 1 (sedimen): 2 (NaCl jenuh), kemudian diberi larutan H2O2 30% + FeSO4 0,05 M  dengan perbandingan 1:1 untuk sampel air dan sedimen. Ekstraksi sampel ikan dilakukan dengan mengambil jaringan dan organ yang digunakan, ditimbang dan dan diberi larutan KOH 10% sebanyak 50 mL. Sampel air, sedimen dan ikan disaring menggunakan kertas saring Whatman dan diidentifikasi mikroplastik menggunakan mikroskop olympus CX22LED. Analisis polimer mikroplastik dilakukan dengan metode Raman Spectroscopy. Uji statistik seperti uji kruskal-walis, one way anova, dan uji regresi spearman dan pearson digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata total kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air 710 ± 183,34  partikel meter-3, sedimen 879,63 ± 205,13 partikel Kg-1 dan ikan belanak 210,8 ± 108,80 partikel individu-1. Nilai kelimpahan mikroplastik ikan belanak jika diurutkan dari yang tertinggi hingga terkecil adalah daging, saluran pencernaan, dan insang. Secara keseluruhan, bentuk dan ukuran mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah fiber dan <300 µm. Polimer mikroplastik yang dominan adalah PET, PP, dan PVC. Berdasarkan hasil uji beda nyata kelimpahan mikroplastik antar organ dan jaringan ikan belanak menunjukan tidak memiliki perbedaannya yang signifikan. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman menunjukan adanya korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik di air dan sedimen Muara Sungai Blanakan terhadap kelimpahan mikroplastik di ikan belanak.

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Plastik is a high-stability material resulting from the polymerization of monomers, with a high level of usage. In aquatic environments, plastic undergoes photo-oxidative degradation by UV radiation from the sun and chemical processes, leading to the breakdown of plastic waste into small particles known as microplastics (<5 mm). Microplastic particles have the potential to be ingested by various aquatic organisms, posing a risk to the food chain through biomagnification. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of microplastics in water, sediment, and the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) in different organs and tissues (muscle, gills, digestive tract) in the Blanakan River Estuary, Subang, West Java, based on their shape, size, and polymer types. Water samples were collected in a volume of 50 L, filtered using a plankton net to obtain a final volume of 1000 mL. Sediment samples were collected using a Vanveen grab and stored in 500 mL jars, while flathead grey mullet samples were collected using bubu (10 individuals). Sediment sample extraction was performed using a saturated NaCl solution with a ratio of 1 (sediment) to 2 (saturated NaCl solution), followed by the addition of a 30% H2O2 + 0.05 M FeSO4 solution in a 1:1 ratio for water and sediment samples. Fish sample extraction involved weighing and placing the tissues and organs in a glass beaker, followed by the addition of a 10% KOH solution in a volume of 50 mL. The water, sediment, and fish samples were then filtered using Whatman filter paper with the assistance of a vacuum pump, and placed in Petri dishes for microplastic identification using an Olympus CX22LED microscope. Polymer analysis of microplastics was performed using Raman Spectroscopy. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA tests were used to determine significant differences in the abundance and composition of microplastics (size and shape) in water, sediment, flathead grey mullet, and their respective organs. Spearman and Pearson correlation tests were used to investigate the influence of water and sediment, as well as morphometric values, on microplastic accumulation in flathead grey mullet. The research findings showed an average total abundance of microplastics in water to be 710 ± 183,34 particles meter-3, in sediment to be 879,63 ± 205,13 particles kilogram-1, and in flathead grey mullet to be 210,8 ± 108,80 particles individual-1. When ranked in descending order, the abundance of microplastics in the three parts of the flathead grey mullet were as follows: flesh, digestive tract, and gills. Overall, the most commonly found forms and sizes of microplastics were microplastic fibers and those below 300 µm. The polymer analysis revealed that the microplastics found in the Blanakan River Estuary were dominated by PET (40%),  PP (40%), and PVC (20%). Based on the significant difference test for microplastic abundance among different parts of the flathead grey mullet, no significant differences were found. The Spearman correlation test indicated a correlation between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment in the Blanakan River Estuary and the abundance of microplastics in flathead grey mullet."

"Plastik merupakan salah satu barang yang memiliki tingkat penggunaan yang tinggi hingga mencapai skala produksi sebesar 300 juta ton pertahun. Limbah plastik di perairan membutuhkan waktu hingga ratusan tahun untuk terdegradasi karena karakteristiknya yang kuat, tahan lama, dan tahan terhadap suhu tinggi. Proses degradasi limbah plastik di perairan disebabkan oleh sinar UV yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan bentuk dan ukuran menjadi lebih kecil (mikroplastik) atau tercampur di dalam air (< 5mm). Ukuran yang kecil menyebabkan mikroplastik dapat dengan mudah termakan oleh biota perairan, seperti ikan atau melalui mangsanya yang lebih kecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi dan kelimpahan mikroplastik berdasarkan bentuk, ukuran, dan polimer pada air, sedimen, serta organ dan jaringan ikan kiper Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) di muara Sungai Blanakan, Subang, Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel air sebanyak 50 L lalu disaring menggunakan plankton net hingga mendapatkan 1 L sampel air, pengambilan sedimen dilakukan menggunakan Van Veen grab lalu dimasukkan ke dalam jar HDPE 500 ml, dan pengambilan sampel ikan sebanyak 10 individu dilakukan menggunakan alat tangkap bubu. Sampel air ditambahkan larutan H2O2 30% dan FeSO4 0,05 M masing-masing sebanyak 25 ml. Sampel sedimen dicampurkan larutan NaCl dengan perbandingan sebesar 1 : 2 dan didiamkan. H2O2 30% dan FeSO4 0,05 M ditambahkan hingga sampel terendam. Sampel ikan dibedah untuk diambil bagian insang, saluran pencernaan, dan daging. Setiap bagian dihancurkan menggunakan larutan KOH 10% dengan perbandingan 1 : 10 dan didiamkan. Sampel air, sedimen, dan ikan dipipet sebanyak 40 ml dan disaring menggunakan kertas saring cellulose nitrate dengan bantuan vacuum pump lalu kertas saring ditempatkan di cawan petri. Sampel air, sedimen, dan ikan kiper diamati pada kertas saring menggunakan mikroskop Olympus CX22 dan analisis polimer mikroplastik dilakukan dengan metode Raman Spectroscopy. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan uji one way ANOVA, Kruskal wallis, dan Pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sampel air sebesar 710 partikel/m3, sedimen sebesar 879,63 partikel/kg, dan ikan sebesar 74,77 partikel/individu. Kelimpahan mikroplastik dari yang tertinggi hingga terkecil pada ikan kiper terdapat di daging, saluran pencernaan, dan insang. Komposisi mikroplastik paling dominan berupa bentuk fiber dan ukuran < 300 µm. Polimer yang ditemukan bertipe PET, PP, dan PVC. Uji Kruskal wallis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan secara nyata kelimpahan mikroplastik antar organ dan jaringan ikan. Uji Pearson menunjukkan adanya korelasi kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air dan sedimen terhadap kelimpahan mikroplastik di ikan.

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Plastic is one of the commodities with a high level of usage, reaching a production scale of 300 million tons per year. Plastic waste in water takes hundreds of years to degrade due to its strong, durable, and heat-resistant characteristics. The degradation process of plastic waste in water is caused by UV radiation, which leads to changes in shape and size, resulting in smaller particles (microplastics) or mixing with water (< 5mm). The small size of microplastics makes them easily ingestible by aquatic organisms, such as fish, or through their prey, which are smaller in size. This research aims to analyze the composition and abundance of microplastics based on their form, size, and polymer in water, sediments, as well as the organs and tissues of the Scatophagus argus(Linnaeus, 1766) fish in the estuary of the Blanakan River, Subang, West Java. The research method involved collecting 50 liters of water samples, which were then filtered using a plankton net to obtain a 1-liter water sample. Sediment samples were collected using a Van Veen grab and placed in a 500 ml HDPE jar, while fish samples were collected using a fish trap, with a total of 10 individuals. The water sample was treated with 25 ml of 30% H2O2 and 0.05 M FeSO4 solutions. The sample was mixed with a NaCl solution in a ratio of 1:2 and left to settle. H2O2 (30%) and FeSO4 (0.05 M) were added until the sample was fully submerged. The samples were dissected to obtain gill, digestive tract, and muscle tissue. Each part was crushed using a 10% KOH solution in a 1:10 ratio and left to settle. Water, sediment, and fish samples were pipetted (40 ml) and filtered using cellulose nitrate filter paper with the assistance of a vacuum pump, and the filter papers were placed in Petri dishes. The water, sediment, and fish samples were observed on the filter paper using an Olympus CX22 microscope, and the analysis of microplastic polymers was conducted using Raman Spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson tests. The results of the study showed that the average abundance of microplastics in water samples was 710 particles/m3, in sediments it was 879.63 particles/kg, and in fish it was 74.77 particles/individual. The highest abundance of microplastics in the kiper fish was found in the muscle tissue, followed by the digestive tract and gills. The dominant composition of microplastics was in the form of fibers and with a size of < 300 µm. The polymers found were PET, PP, and PVC. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference in microplastic abundance among the organs and tissues of fish. The Pearson test showed a correlation between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediments with the abundance of microplastics in fish."