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"Minyak biji kelor memiliki potensi antioksidan yang baik, namun secara topikal dapat menyebabkan iritasi dan rasa tidak nyaman pada kulit. Minyak biji kelor dirancang menggunakan sistem penghantaran Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan dan menguji aktivitas antioksidan minyak biji kelor dalam bentuk topikal dengan sistem penghantaran SLN pada sediaan lotion. Minyak biji kelor dilakukan karakterisasi, lalu dijadikan zat aktif pada pembuatan SLN. Formula SLN dikarakterisasi dan dipilih satu formula untuk diinkorporasikan ke dalam sediaan lotion. Lotion dievaluasi serta diuji aktivitas antioksidan metode DPPH dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Formula SLN minyak biji kelor dengan konsentrasi gliseril monostearat 2,5% menunjukkan karakterisasi dengan ukuran globul (Dv90) 141 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,174, zeta potensial -35,4 mV dan efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 22,6887%. Formula lotion yang mengandung SLN sebanyak 10% memiliki ukuran globul 322 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,350, dan zeta potensial sebesar -35,9 mV. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan pada minyak biji kelor menunjukkan nilai IC50 sebesar 147,027 µg/mL dan nilai IC50 sediaan lotion pada minggu ke-0 dan ke-12 menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas yaitu dari 11.993,868 µg/mL menjadi 37.661,615µg/mL. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sediaan lotion yang mengandung 10% SLN minyak biji kelor tidak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan.

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Moringa seed oil has good antioxidant potential, but topically it can cause irritation and discomfort in the skin. Moringa seed oil is designed using a Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) delivery system that can form a film layer on the skin and can increase stability. This study aims to formulate and test antioxidant activity of Moringa seed oil in topical form with the SLN delivery system. Moringa seed oil was characterized, then used as an active substance in the preparation of SLN. The SLN formula was characterized and one formula was selected to be incorporated into the lotion preparation. Lotion preparations were evaluated and tested for antioxidant activity by the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The SLN formula of Moringa seed oil with a glyceryl monostearate concentration of 2.5% showed characterization with a globul size (Dv90) of 141 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.174, a potential zeta of -35.4 mV and entrapment efficiency of 22.6887%. The lotion formula containing 10% SLN had a globul size of 322 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.350, and a potential zeta of -35.9 mV. Lotion preparations showed good physical stability for 12 weeks at various temperatures, but were unstable at testing for viscosity, globul size, and potential zeta. The antioxidant activity of Moringa seed oil showed an IC50 value of 147.027 μg/mL and the IC50 value of Moringa seed oil SLN lotion preparations at the 0th and 12th weeks showed a decreased activity, namely from 11.993.868 μg/mL to 37.661.615μg/mL. It can be concluded that lotion preparations containing 10% SLN of Moringa seed oil does not have antioxidant activity.

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"Minyak biji kelor mengandung berbagai senyawa antioksidan dapat menangkal radikal bebas, namun aplikasinya secara topikal menyebabkan terjadinya iritasi kulit dan ketidaknyamanan akibat efek berminyak. Minyak biji kelor bersifat hidrofobik sehingga diformulasikan dalam sistem pembawa nanoemulsi. Serum mengandung agen farmasetik dalam jumlah tinggi dan efek hidrasi yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi dan mengetahui sifat antioksidan dari minyak biji kelor kemudian memformulasikanya menjadi serum nanoemulsi, melakukan uji stabilitas dan aktivitas antioksidan dari sediaan. Komponen kimia minyak dianalisis dengan kromatografi gas. Aktivitas antioksidan minyak dan sediaan diukur dengan metode peredaman DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Area optimum nanoemulsi pada diagram fase pseudo-ternary diperoleh berdasarkan hasil optimasi formula yang disusun terdiri campuran minyak dan smix mulai 1:9 hingga 9:1 dan dianalisis menggunakan software chemix 7.0. Formula optimum dimasukkan ke dalam formula serum dalam konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 30%, formula terbaik dipilih berdasarkan hasil pengamatan stabilitas selama 1 minggu untuk selanjutnya diuji stabilitas selama 12 minggu dan uji aktivitas antioksidan. Minyak memiliki kandungan total asam lemak 65% b/b dengan kandungan asam oleat yang dominan hingga 72,341%. Minyak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sedang dengan IC50 147,0277 µg/mL. Formula nanoemulsi memiliki ukuran partikel Dv90 241 nm, PDI 0,474 dan zeta potensial -35,4 mV, nilai efisiensi penjerapan 58,59%. Uji stabilitas dilakukan terhadap sediaan serum dengan 10% kandungan nanoemulsi. Serum nanoemulsi stabil pada pengujian cycling test, uji mekanik dan penyimpanan pada berbagai suhu, namun terjadi peningkatan viskositas dan ukuran partikel. Aktivitas antioksidan serum sangat lemah dengan nilai IC50 14601,76 µg/mL dan mengalami penurunan menjadi 61642 µg/mL setelah penyimpanan selama 12 minggu.

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Moringa seed oil contains various antioxidant compounds that can counteract free radicals, but its topical application causes skin irritation and discomfort due to the oily effect. Moringa seed oil is hydrophobic so it is formulated in a nanoemulsion carrier system. The serum contains a high amount of pharmaceutical agents and a good hydrating effect. The objective of this study was to characterize and determine the antioxidant properties of Moringa seed oil and then formulate it into a nanoemulsion serum, and test its stability and antioxidant activity. The chemical components of the oil were analyzed by gas chromatography. The antioxidant activity of was measured by the DPPH reduction method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The optimum area of ​​nanoemulsion on the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was obtained based on the results of the optimization of the formula which was composed of a mixture of oil and smix from 1:9 to 9:1 and analyzed using chemix 7.0 software. The optimum formula was put into the serum formula in concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, the best formula was selected based on the observation of stability for 1 week to be further tested for stability for 12 weeks and antioxidant activity test. The oil has a total fatty acid content of 65% w/w with a dominant oleic acid content of up to 72.341%. The oil has moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 147.0277 g/mL. The nanoemulsion formula had a particle size of 241 nm, PDI 0.474, and zeta potential -35.4 mV, the adsorption efficiency value is 58.59%. A stability test was carried out on serum formula with 10% nanoemulsion content. Serum nanoemulsion was stable in the cycling test, mechanical test, and storage at various temperatures, but there was an increase in viscosity and particle size. Serum antioxidant activity was very weak with an IC50 value of 14601.76 g/mL and decreased to 61642 g/mL after 12 weeks of storage."

"Biji tanaman Moringa oleifera atau kelor memiliki berbagai aktivitas farmakologis dan dapat dikembangkan menjadi produk topikal. Penggunaan minyak biji kelor secara langsung ke kulit berpotensi iritasi sehingga perlu diinkorporasikan ke dalam sistem pembawa, salah satunya krim nanoemulsi. Krim dapat menghidrasi kulit secara kontinyu dan sering digunakan secara luas oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakteristik dan aktivitas antioksidan minyak biji kelor, kemudian diformulasikan menjadi krim nanoemulsi yang selanjutnya akan dievaluasi secara fisik, stabilitas, kadar asam oleat, dan aktivitas antioksidannya. Minyak biji kelor yang sudah dikarakterisasi dibuat menjadi nanoemulsi menggunakan optimasi segitiga fase pseudoterner, dengan memvariasikan sukrosa monopalmitat sebagai surfaktan, propilen glikol sebagai kosurfaktan, dan minyak biji kelor. Setelah itu dipilih satu formula nanoemulsi optimum untuk diinkorporasikan ke dalam sediaan krim. Sediaan krim dievaluasi secara fisik, dilakukan penetapan kadar asam lemak dengan kromatografi gas, diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode DPPH, dan uji stabilitas berupa uji mekanik, cycling test, dan penyimpanan selama 12 minggu. Nanoemulsi optimum memiliki komposisi 6% minyak biji kelor; 5,25% sukrosa monopalmitat; 8,75% propilen glikol; dan 80% air. Sedangkan sediaan krim optimum mengandung 10% nanoemulsi. Uji mekanik berupa sentrifugasi dan uji cycling menunjukkan krim tidak mengalami perubahan fisik sebelum dan setelah uji. Setelah dilakukan uji stabilitas dan penyimpanan selama 12 minggu, didapatkan hasil bahwa krim nanoemulsi minyak biji kelor tidak banyak mengalami perubahan fisik tetapi mengalami peningkatan viskositas dan distribusi ukuran partikel. Uji aktivitas antioksidan yang dilakukan pada minggu ke-0 menyatakan bahwa krim nanoemulsi minyak biji kelor memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 29.360,69 µg/mL dan minggu ke-12 memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 49.166,1 µg/mL. Nilai ini berbeda jauh dengan standar asam askorbat yang memiliki IC50 sebesar 9,707 µg/mL. Hasil evaluasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa belum didapatkan formula optimum krim nanoemulsi minyak biji kelor.

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Seeds from Moringa oleifera have various pharmacological activities and can be developed into topical products. The use of Moringa seed oil directly on the skin might cause irritation, hence needs to be incorporated into a carrier system, one of which is nanoemulsion cream. A cream can hydrate the skin and is still widely used. This study aims to obtain the characteristics and antioxidant activity of Moringa seed oil, then it is formulated into a nanoemulsion cream which will then be evaluated for stability and antioxidant activity. In this study, the characterized Moringa seed oil was optimized into nanoemulsion using pseudoternary phase diagram by varying sucrose monopalmitate as the surfactant, propylene glycol as cosurfactant, and moringa seed oil. Then, the optimum formula was selected to be incorporated into the cream preparations. Cream preparations were then evaluated physically, fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography, antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH method, and the stability was tested by mechanical test, cycling test, and storage for 12 weeks. The optimum nanoemulsion had a composition of 6% Moringa seed oil; 5.25% sucrose monopalmitate; 8.75% propylene glycol; and 80% water. The optimum cream preparation contains 10% nanoemulsion. Mechanical tests (centrifugation) and cycling tests showed that the cream did not experience any physical changes. After testing the stability and storage for 12 weeks, the results showed that the cream did not experience physical change but increased viscosity and particle size distribution. The antioxidant activity test conducted at week 0 showed the IC50 value of the cream is 29.360.69 g/mL and at week 12 the IC50 value is 49.166.1 g/mL. Those values are quite different from the standard ascorbic acid which has an IC50 of 9.707 g/mL. The evaluation results indicate that the optimum formula for Moringa seed oil nanoemulsion cream had not been obtained."

"ABSTRAKGemuk lumas adalah semi cairan hingga padat yang merupakan campuran dari bahan dasar, pengental, dan aditif. Minyak jarak duri Ricinus communis L. memiliki peran potensial sebagai minyak dasar gemuk lumas, namun mudah teroksidasi. Penambahan aditif antioksidan dapat menunda reaksi oksidasi pada gemuk lumas food grade. Aditif antioksidan adalah BHT, TBHQ, dan HMWP. Li 12-hidroksistearat digunakan sebagai bahan pengental. Gemuk lumas food grade diformulasikan melalui proses saponifikasi-pelarutan-pendinginan-homogenisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gemuk lumas food grade yang memiliki performa pelumasan yang baik, stabil dan dapat dioperasikan pada suhu yang cukup tinggi dengan menggunakan minyak jarak duri Ricinus communis L. sebagai bahan dasar. Serta mempelajari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi bahan pengental 15 dan 17 , variasi konsentrasi 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, dan 2 dan jenis aditif antioksidan terhadap karakteristik gemuk lumas. Karakteristik tersebut meliputi dropping point, konsistensi, klasifikasi NLGI, dan ketahanan korosi, serta ketahanan oksidasi pada minyak jarak duri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gemuk lumas food grade yang dihasilkan memiliki dropping point 189-194 oC, konsistensi kekerasan lunak hingga sedang, NLGI 1-3, ketahanan korosi 1a, serta semua antioksidan efektif meningkatkan ketahanan oksidasi pada minyak jarak duri.

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ABSTRACTGrease is a semi fluid to solid mixture of a fluid lubricant, a thickener, and additives. Castor oil Ricinus communis L. has a potential roles as a grease lubricating base oil, but it has easily oxidized. The addition of antioxidant additives can delay oxidation reaction on food grade grease. Antioxidant additives are BHT, TBHQ, and HMWP. The thickening agent for the grease is Lithium 12 hydroxystearate soap. The food grade grease formulated through a saponification dilution cooling homogenization process. The aimed of this research is to obtain food grade grease which has a good lubrication performance, stable and can be operated at high temperature by using castor oil Ricinus communis L. as the based oil. And studying the effect of concentration variations of thickening agents 15 and 17 , concentration variations 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 and types of antioxidant additives to the characteristics of grease. These characteristics included dropping point, consistency, NLGI classification, and corrosion resistance, and also oxidative resistance to castor oil. The results showed that the food grade grease had dropping point 189 194 oC, soft to moderate hardness consistency, NLGI 1 3, corrosion resistance 1a, and all the antioxidants effective to increased oxidative resistance of castor oil."

"Senyawa analog kurkumin merupakan kelas senyawa alami yang secara struktur ditandai dengan dua cincin aromatik yang dihubungkan oleh jembatan karbon, yang memiliki aktivitas biologis yang baik. Disisi lain, triazol merupakan senyawa heterosiklik  penting dalam kimia obat yang memiliki potensi terhadap anti bakteri dan antioksidan.Pada penelitian ini menggunakan berbagai variasi senyawa aldehida aromatik sebagai prekursor dalam mensintesis senyawa analog kurkumin. Senyawa analog kurkumin ini dapat disintesis dengan cara mereaksikan variasi aldehida aromatik seperti 4-hidroksi-3-metoksibenzaldehida (vanilin) dan 4-hidroksibenzaldehida dengan bantuan HCl.  Analog kurkumin yang terbentuk dapat dimodifikasi lebih lanjut membentuk bis-propargil dan bis-1,2,3-triazol. Produk yang terbentuk dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom, diindentifikasi menggunakan KLT dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, LC-MS, dan NMR. Senyawa hasil sintesis dilakukan uji bioaktivitas sebagai antioksidan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH. Dengan memvariasikan aldehida memberikan hasil yang berbeda, yang akan dipengaruhi oleh ada atau tidak gugus pendorong elektron pada cincin benzena. Senyawa dihidroksi vanilin memiliki nilai persen inhibisi sebesar 95%, dihidroksi 4-hidroksibenzaldehida  95%, bis-propargil vanilin 53%, bis-propargil 4-hidroksibenzaldehida 45%, bis-1,2,3-triazol vanilin 25%, dan bis-1,2,3-triazol 4-hidroksibenzaldehida 20%. Diketahui bahwa senyawa dengan gugus metoksi memiliki nilai persen inhibisi DPPH yang lebih tinggi.

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Curcumin analogs are a class of chemical compounds structurally characterized by two aromatic rings connected by a carbon bridge, which have good biological activity. On the other hand, triazoles are important heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry that have antibacterial and antioxidant potential. In this study, a variety of aromatic aldehyde compounds were used as precursors in synthesizing curcumin analogues. This curcumin analog compound can be synthesized by reacting various aromatic aldehydes such as vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with the help of HCl. The curcumin analogs formed can be further modified to form bis-propargyl and bis-1,2,3-triazol. The product formed was purified by column chromatography, identified using TLC and characterized using FTIR, LC-MS, and NMR. The synthesized compound was tested for bioactivity as an antioxidant using the DPPH method. Varying the aldehydes gives different results, which will be affected by the presence or absence of electron-donating groups on the benzene ring. The compound dihydroxy vanillin had a percentage inhibition value of 95%, dihydroxy 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 95%, bis-propargyl vanillin 53%, bis-propargyl 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 45%, bis-1,2,3-triazole vanillin 25%, and bis- 1,2,3-triazole 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 20%. It can be concluded that compounds with methoxy groups have a higher percentage value of DPPH inhibition."

"Kurkumin sebagai senyawa alami yang memiliki aktivitas biologis yang beragam salah satunya antioksidan dan banyak digunakan sebagai senyawa obat. Akan tetapi, aplikasi kurkumin sebagai senyawa obat belum dapat optimal karena memiliki masalah pada stabilitas dan profil farmakokinetik yang buruk. Untuk memperbaiki masalah tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan memodifikasi struktur kurkumin menjadi analog kurkumin monokarbonil non-simetri yang bermotif 1,2,3-triazol. Pada penelitiaan ini, senyawa analog kurkumin monokarbonil disintesis dengan beberapa prinsip reaksi seperti propargilasi, kondensasi Claisen- Schmidt, dan sikloadisi azida-alkuna dengan variasi azido aromatik untuk membentuk cincin triazol. Senyawa hasil sintesis akan dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom dan diidentifikasi dengan KLT serta dikarakterisasi dengan uji titik leleh, HRMS, FTIR, dan NMR. Hasil sintesis senyawa produk akhir memiliki rendemen berturut-turut untuk senyawa triazol 4-NO2 monokarbonil kurkumin 4- OCH3, triazol 4-Cl monokarbonil kurkumin 4-OCH3, triazol 4-COCH3 monokarbonil kurkumin 4-OCH3 adalah 70%; 83%; 86%, serta uji aktivitas antioksidan seluruh senyawa produk akhir terhadap radikal DPPH berturut-turut menunjukkan nilai inhibisi sebesar 68,17%; 73,35%; 71,94%.

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Curcumin is a natural compound that has various biological activities, one of which is antioxidant and is widely used as a medicinal compound. However, the application of curcumin as a medicinal compound has not been optimal because it has problems with stability and a poor pharmacokinetic profile. To fix this problem, it can be done by modifying the structure of curcumin into a non-symmetrical monocarbonyl analog curcumin with a 1,2,3-triazole pattern. In this research, a monocarbonyl curcumin analog compound was synthesized using several reaction principles such as propargylation, Claisen-Schmidt condensation, and azide-alkyne cycloaddition with various aromatic azidos to form a triazole ring. The synthesized compound will be purified by column chromatography and identified by TLC. It will also be characterized by melting point, HRMS, FTIR, and NMR tests. The results of the synthesis of the final product compounds showed successive yields for triazole 4-NO2 monocarbonyl curcumin 4-OCH3, triazole 4-Cl monocarbonyl curcumin 4-OCH3, and triazole 4-COCH3 monocarbonyl curcumin 4-OCH3 of 70%, 83%, and 86%, respectively. The antioxidant activity test of all compounds of the final product against DPPH radicals showed inhibition value of 68.17%, 73.35%, 71.94%, respectively."

"Kurkumin merupakan senyawa bahan alam yang memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologisseperti antiinflamasi dan antioksidan. Akan tetapi aplikasi klinis kurkumin masih belumoptimal karena profil farmakokinetiknya yang buruk seperti bioavaibilitas yang rendah,metabolisme yang cepat, dan buruknya stabilitas kimia (Rajasekaran, 2011). Olehkarena itu, untuk meningkatkan aktivitas farmakologi kurkumin, maka perlu dilakukanmodifikasi struktur kimia kurkumin. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi strukturkurkumin menjadi beberapa senyawa analog kurkumin monokarbonil asimetrik(AKMA) (5a-f) dan AKMA yang tersubstitusi basa Mannich morfolin (7a-f) yangdiharapkan mampu meningkatkan aktivitas antiinflamasi dan antioksidan. Sintesisdilakukan dalam 3 tahap. Tahap pertama dan kedua dilakukan dengan melibatkan reaksikondensasi Claisen-Schmidt, sedangkan tahap ketiga dengan reaksi Mannich.Kemurnian setiap senyawa hasil sintesis tahap 2 dan 3 diuji menggunakan KromatografiLapis Tipis dan penetapan jarak lebur. Struktur setiap senyawa hasil sintesis tahap 2 dan3 dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR, spektrometri 1H-NMR dan 13CNMR,dan HR-MS. Setiap senyawa hasil sintesis ini terbukti memiliki aktivitasantiinflamasi dan antioksidan, namun dengan aktivitas yang masih di bawah standarddan senyawa pembanding. Senyawa 7c (IC50=25,26 μM) dan 7d (IC50=26,27 μM)terbukti memiliki aktivitas yang hampir sama dengan standard Na-diklofenak(IC50=20,35 μM) dan senyawa pembanding siklovalon (IC50= 22,38 μM). Selain itu,senyawa 5d (IC50= 68,91 μM) terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang hampir samadengan siklovalon (IC50= 72,04 μM). Substitusi basa Mannich morfolin pada senyawaAKMA terbukti dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antiinflamasi, akan tetapi dapatmenurunkan aktivitas antioksidan

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Curcumin is a natural active product that has various pharmacological activities such asanti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, the clinical application of curcumin is stillnot optimal because of the poor pharmacokinetic profiles such as low bioavailability,rapid metabolism, and poor chemical stability (Rajasekaran, 2011). Therefore, toincrease the curcumin pharmacological activity, it is necessary to modify the chemicalstructure of curcumin. In this study, structure modification of cyclovalone intoasymmetric monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (AMACs) (5a-f) and asymmetricmonocarbonyl analogs of curcumin substituted Mannich base of morpholine (7a-f) areexpected to enhance its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Synthesis wasconducted in 3 stages. The first and second stages were done by the Claisen-Schmidtcondensation reaction to obtain compound 5a-f, while the third stage was by theMannich reaction to obtain compound 7a-f. The purity of the synthesized compoundswere tested using Thin Layer Chromatography and determination of the melting range.The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS.All the synthesized compounds showed lower activity than symmetrical MAC,cyclovalone. Compound 7c and 7d exhibited a potent anti‐inflammatory activity(IC50=25,26 μM and 26,27 μM, respectively), which almost comparable to cyclovalone(IC50=22,38 μM) and the standard diclofenac sodium (IC50=20,35 μM). All thesynthesized compounds showed lower antioxidant activity than the symmetrical MAC,cyclovalone and quercetin. However, compound 5d showed antioxidant activity, whichis comparable to cyclovalone (IC50=72,04μM). The substitution of morpholine Mannichbase in AMACs has been shown to enhance anti-inflammatory activity, but maydecrease antioxidant activity."

"Research through a metabolomics approach is carried out withoutisolating a single active compound responsible for an activity. Empirically the root, stem, and leaf preparations of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine such as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity of plant R. Nasutus metabolomics and molecular tethering based liquid chromatography very high performance mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (KCKST SM/SM). The stages of research carried out include: (1) Extraction of leaves, flowers, and bark using 70% ethanol with ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (PPP). (3) Testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their PPP fractions in vitro. (4) Testing of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (6) Chemometric analysis with multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software against metabolite area area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity resulting from metabolomics by molecular tethering. This study obtained 10 active compounds in the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the KPS fraction of R. nasutus, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amines, (6) choline, (7) leu gly, (8) N-methyltanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodesiltrimethethlammonium, (15) austalida J, (17) DL-β-leucine, (22) cemilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, 6 compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) contributed significantly as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and 3 compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CRAPC method.

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In the metabolomics approach, research is done without isolating any active compounds that cause activity. Empirically, preparations of the roots, stems, and leaves of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine for such purposes as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds with antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase activity of the plant R. nasutus using a metabolomics approach and molecular docking based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPL MS/MS). The stages of the research included: (1) extraction of leaves, flowers, and stem bark using 70% ethanol using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (CPC). (3) In vitro testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their CPC fractions. (4) Testing the antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and CPC fractions with highly active, active, or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on CPC fractions with highly active or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (6) Chemometric analysis in the form of multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software on metabolite area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity in metabolomics by molecular docking.This study obtained 10 active compounds in alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the R. nasutus CPC fraction, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine, (6) choline, (7) leugly, (8) N-methylethanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodecyltrimethylammonium, (15) austalide J, (17) DL-β-Leucine, (22) semilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, it was also found that six compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) significantly contributed as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and three compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CUPRAC method."

"Lemak dan minyak mudah mengalami kerusakan akibat proses oksidasi.Untuk memperlambat proses oksidasi tersebut, diperlukan antioksidan. Namun,penggunaan antioksidan sintetik sekarang mi ditinjau kembali karena ada yangbersifat merugikan. Oleh karena itu pengembangan antioksidan yang berasal darialam, yang reiatif lebih aman tengah digalakkan saat ini."