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"Pembalut luka yang ideal tidak hanya menutupi dan melindungi area yang terdampak, tetapi juga dapat menciptakan lingkungan yang optimal di lokasi luka untuk memfasilitasi penyembuhan. Hidrogel merupakan kandidat pembalut luka yang ideal karena kemampuannya untuk menyerap air sehingga mampu menjaga lingkungan lembap di sekitar luka dan membantu menyerap eksudat dari permukaan luka. Pada penelitian ini, dibuat hidrogel menggunakan dua polimer alami, yaitu kitosan dan natrium alginat yang diketahui memiliki biokompatibilitas yang baik dan biodegradabilitas yang tinggi. Hidrogel kitosan/alginat dibuat menggunakan dua cara berbeda, yaitu dengan taut silang fisik menggunakan CaCl2 dan taut silang kimia menggunakan genipin. Untuk melihat perbedaan antara kedua hidrogel yang dibuat, dilakukan karakterisasi morfologi, struktural, pola difraksi sinar-X, dan stabilitas termal masing-masing menggunakan SEM, FTIR, XRD, dan DSC. Selain itu, juga dilakukan uji kemampuan mengembang, kecepatan evaporasi air, dan evaluasi sifat mekanis dari hidrogel. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa hidrogel kitosan/alginat berhasil ditaut silang dengan dua cara berbeda, serta menunjukkan kompatibilitas yang baik. Hasil evaluasi sifat mekanis menunjukkan kekuatan peregangan yang lebih rendah untuk hidrogel dengan taut silang fisik dibandingkan hidrogel dengan taut silang kimia. Nilai evaporasi air setelah 24 jam yaitu 12,12 ± 0,46% untuk hidrogel dengan taut silang fisik, dan 11,78 ± 1,33% untuk hidrogel dengan taut silang kimia. Sedangkan indeks mengembang maksimum berada pada nilai 105,71 ± 8,78% untuk hidrogel dengan taut silang fisik, dan 46,91 ± 8,49% untuk hidrogel dengan taut silang kimia. Meskipun terdapat perbedaan pada hasil karakterisasi dan evaluasi, baik hidrogel kitosan/alginat dengan taut silang fisik maupun kimia memiliki potensi sebagai pembalut luka yang baik.

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An ideal wound dressing covers and protects the affected area and creates an optimal environment at the wound site to facilitate wound healing. Hydrogel is an ideal wound dressing candidate because of its ability to absorb water which can help maintain a moist environment around the wound and absorb exudate from the wound surface. In this study, hydrogels were made using two natural polymers, chitosan, and sodium alginate, which are known to have good biocompatibility and high biodegradability. Chitosan/alginate hydrogels were made using two different methods: physical crosslinking using CaCl2 and chemical crosslinking using genipin. To observe the differences between the two hydrogels, morphological, structural, X-ray diffraction patterns, and thermal stability characterization was conducted using SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC, respectively. In addition, the swelling ability test, water evaporation rate, and the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the hydrogel were also carried out. The characterization results showed that the chitosan/alginate hydrogel was crosslinked in two different ways and showed good compatibility. The evaluation of the mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength was lower for hydrogels with physical crosslinks compared to hydrogels with chemical crosslinks. The value of water evaporation after 24 hours was 12.12 ± 0.46% for hydrogels with physical crosslinks and 11.78 ± 1.33% for hydrogels with chemical crosslinks. Meanwhile, the maximum swelling index was 105.71 ± 8.78% for hydrogels with physical crosslinks and 46.91 ± 8.49% for chemical crosslinks. Although there are differences in the results of the characterization and evaluation that have been done, both chitosan/alginate hydrogels with physical and chemical crosslinks have potential as good wound dressings."

"Hidrogel termosensitif N-vinil kaprolaktam (NVCL) disintesis dengan metode polimerisasi radikal bebas ikat silang. Agen pengikat silang etilen glikol dimetakrilat (EGDMA) dan N,N?-metilen bis akrilamida (MBA) digunakan untuk menentukan pengaruh dari jenis dan konsentrasi pengikat silang pada nilai persen fraksi gel dan swelling saat setimbang. Spektrum Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) membuktikan pemutusan dari ikatan C=C untuk berpolimerisasi sebagai hidrogel. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi pengikat silang, semakin tinggi fraksi gel namun rasio swelling semakin rendah. Ditemukan bahwa MBA merupakan agen pengikat silang yang lebih efektif dari EGDMA dengan nilai fraksi gel 35,72% pada MBA 5%. Kondisi optimal yang diperoleh yaitu waktu reaksi 24 jam dengan nilai persen gelation sebesar 14,29%.

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Thermosensitive N-vinyl caprolactam (NVCL) hydrogels were synthesized by a free radical crosslinking polymerization. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and N,N?-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinking agents were employed in order to determine the effects of crosslinker type and concentration in percentage of gel fraction and equilibrium swelling value (ESV). Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum confirmed the breaking bond of C=C to polymerize as hydrogel.

Results showed that higher concentration of crosslinking agent, higher fraction gel but swelling ratio decreased. It was found that MBA more effective than EGDMA in synthesis PNVCL hydrogel with 35,72% gel fraction at 5% MBA. Optimum condition was 24 hour reaction time with percentage of gelation 14,29%."

"In order to develop the applications of radiations for biomaterial preparation, a non - toxic superabsorbent has been sinthesized. A series of superbaorbent hydrogel were prepared from aqueous solution containing 5% polyethylene oxide (PEO) with different concertration of alginate (0,5-2.0%) were irradiated at the doses of 20,30 and 40 kGy by gamma radiation. The gel fraction, swelling kinetics and the equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS) of the hydrogels were studied. It was found that the incorporation of even 2 % alginate (sodium salt) increased the EDS of the hydrogels from 20 g to 320 g/g. At a dose of 20 kGy, PEO - alginat hydrogels with high gel fraction (-80%) and very high EDS (-30 g/g) were obtained. The hydrogels were also found to be sensitive to the ionic solution of NaCL. The PEO - alginate hydrogels could be considered as candidate biomaterials in health care."

"Hidrogel merupakan polimer superabsorben yang dapat menyerap dan menahan sejumlah besar medium cair. Hidrogel kitosan-graft-poli(N-vinil pirrolidon) atau kitosan-graft-PNVP disintesis melalui proses polimerisasi radikal bebas. Polimer ini diikatsilangkan pada rantai cabang, rantai PNVP, dengan agen pengikat silang yang berbeda, yaitu N,N’-Metilen Bisakrilamida (MBA) dan Etilen Glikol Dimetakrilat (EGDMA). Kemampuan swelling hidrogel kitosan-graft-PNVP terikat silang dilakukan dengan merendamnya dalam media cair. Pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi agen pengikat silang serta waktu reaksi terhadap daya absorbsi air telah diamati. Hidrogel yang terikat silang dengan EGDMA memperlihatkan rasio swelling lebih besar dibandingkan dengan hidrogel yang terikat silang dengan MBA. Kemampuan menyerap hidrogel yang terikat silang dengan EGDMA dapat mencapai 50% dari berat sebelum menyerap air. Produk ini dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

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Hydrogels are superabsorbent polymer that it can be able to absorb and retain large amounts of aqueous fluids. Hydrogel chitosan-graft-poly(N-vinyl pirrolidone) or chitosan-graft-PNVP has been synthesized by free radical polymerization. It is synthesized by crosslinking in the branch chains, PNVP chains, with different crosslinking agents, i.e. N,N’-Methylene Bisacrylamide (MBA) dan Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The swelling behavior of the crosslingked chitosan-graft-PNVP was measured by immerse it in the water. The effect of different and concentration of crosslinked agents and also reaction time on water absorbency have been investigated. Crosslinked hydrogel by using crosslinker EGDMA had showed that swelling ratio is higher than crosslinked hydrogel by using crosslinker MBA. The swelling behavior of crosslinked hydrogel by using crosslinker EGDMA can absorb water until 50% from its weight before absorbed. Resulted hydrogels were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis polimer hidrogel poli(N-isopropilakrilamida-ko-2-dimetilaminoetil metakrilat) (P(NIPAM-ko-DMAEMA)) yang mempunyai sifat responsif temperatur dan pH dengan menggunakan mekanisme polimerasi radikal bebas menggunakan inisiator ammonium persulfat (APS) dan agen pengikat silang N,N’-metilenbisakrilamida (MBA). Hidrogel P(NIPAM-ko-DMAEMA) dilakukan karakterisasi menggunakan fourier transform infrared (FTIR) dan didapatkan hilangnya puncak pada Csp2 pada gugus vinil monomer yang menandakan proses polimerisasi berhasil. Pada uji persen gel didapatkan bahwa semakin tinggi komposisi DMAEMA, persen gel akan semakin kecil berbanding terbalik dengan hal tersebut rasio swelling hidrogel akan semakin besar.  Pada uji swelling di berbagai temperatur didapatkan bahwa semakin tinggi temperatur, rasio swelling akan semakin kecil. Pada uji swelling di berbagai pH didapatkan bahwa semakin tinggi pH, rasio swelling akan semakin kecil. Hasil uji swelling di berbagai temperatur dan pH menunjukkan bahwa rasio swelling terbesar dimiliki oleh hidrogel P(NIPAM-ko-DMAEMA) dengan komposisi monomer NIPAM 30 mol% dan monomer DMAEMA 70 mol% serta komposisi agen pengikat silang MBA 2 mol%. Didapatkan bahwa hidrogel P(NIPAM30-ko-DMAEMA70) memiliki potensi sebagai penghantar bahan aktif dengan besar persen enkapsulasi metformin-HCl sebesar 65,304% w/w dan pelepasan sebesar 26,83% dalam buffer pH 6,8 pada temperatur 37.

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In this research, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co­-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (P(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA)) hydrogels with temperature- and pH- responsive properties were synthesized by the mechanism of free-radical polymerization, using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent. The P(NIPAM-co­-DMAEMA) hydrogels were characterized by using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and resulting in the non appearence of Csp2 peak of the monomer vinyl structure that indicates the polymerization process success. The gel percentage tests concluded that the higher the DMAEMA composition, the gel percentage will be lower, in contrast with that, the swelling ration of the hydrogel will be higher. The swelling test on several scales of temperature identified that the higher the temperature is, the lower the swelling ratio will be. Correspondingly, the swelling test with various pHs exhibit that the higher the pH is, the lower the swelling ratio will be. It was discovered that the swelling tests on various temperatures and pHs result in the highest swelling ratio on P(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA) hydrogel with the composition of 30 mol% of NIPAM monomer, 70 mol% of DMAEMA, and 2 mol% of crosslinking agent. The P(NIPAM30-co-DMAEMA70) hydrogel is potential as a carrier to encapsulate 65.304% w/w metformin HCl with 26.83% release in buffer pH 6.8 at 37°C."

"Material biopolimer konvensional memiliki kelemahan, seperti tidak responsif dan tidak memiliki bioaktivitas terhadap mikoorganisme sehingga memiliki keterbatasan pada penerapannya dalam proses antibakteri dan penyembuhan luka. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan material berbasis hidrogel yang mampu mengatasi kekurangan tersebut menjadi penting untuk menunjang proses penyembuhan luka yang lebih efektif. Pada penelitian ini, telah dikembangkan film hidrogel komposit berbasis karboksimetil selulosa (KMS) dan keratin dengan asam sitrat sebagai agen pengikat silang dan gliserol sebagai plasticizer melalui metode solution casting dengan memvariasikan rasio massa KMS dan keratin. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR menunjukkan keberhasilan pembentukan hidrogel komposit KMS/keratin dengan munculnya gugus ester dan amida sebagai hasil ikatan silang antar komponen. Uji swelling menunjukkan bahwa rasio swelling menurun seiring meningkatnya rasio keratin. Sementara itu, hasil uji swelling pada berbagai pH menunjukkan bahwa hidrogel bersifat responsif terhadap pH, ditandai dengan peningkatan rasio swelling seiring dengan kenaikan pH. Hidrogel dengan kandungan keratin terendah menunjukkan rasio swelling tertinggi pada ketiga pH yang diuji. Selain itu, uji antibakteri terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus menunjukkan bahwa penambahan keratin memberikan aktivitas antibakteri yang ditunjukkan oleh pembentukan zona hambat.

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Conventional biopolymer materials have weaknesses, such as unresponsiveness and lack of bioactivity towards mycoorganisms, which limit their application in antibacterial and wound healing processes. Therefore, the development of hydrogel-based materials that could address these shortcomings became important to support a more effective wound healing process. In this study, composite hydrogel films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and keratin were developed using citric acid as a crosslinking agent and glycerol as a plasticizer through the solution casting method, with variations in the CMC-to-keratin mass ratio. FTIR characterization confirmed the successful formation of CMC/keratin composite hydrogels, as evidenced by the appearance of ester and amide groups resulting from crosslinking between the components. Swelling tests showed that the swelling ratio decreased as the keratin ratio increased. Meanwhile, swelling tests at different pH levels demonstrated that the hydrogels exhibited pH-responsiveness, indicated by an increase in swelling ratio with increasing pH. The hydrogel with the lowest keratin content exhibited the highest swelling ratio at all three pH levels tested. In addition, antibacterial tests against E. coli and S. aureus revealed that the incorporation of keratin provided antibacterial activity, as indicated by the formation of inhibition zones."

"Hidrogel adalah pembalut luka modern yang dapat menangani eksudat luka sekaligus mempertahankan kelembaban yang optimal. Hidrogel yang hanya mengandung satu polimer memiliki kekuatan mekanik, elastisitas, dan stabilitas yang rendah. Oleh sebab itu, penggabungan dua jenis polimer dalam pembuatan hidrogel banyak diterapkan dalam aplikasi biomedik saat ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengarakterisasi dan membandingkan hidrogel yang dibentuk dari polimer kitosan dan gelatin yang ditaut silang menggunakan glutaraldehid dan genipin untuk pembalut luka. Kedua hidrogel dibuat menggunakan metode yang sama yaitu menggunakan agen penaut silang kimia. Morfologi, identifikasi gugus fungsi, pola difraksi sinar-X, stabilitas termal, sifat mekanik, kemampuan mengembang, dan evaporasi air dari hidrogel diuji. Hasil karakterisasi dari kedua hidrogel serupa karena glutaraldehid dan genipin memiliki mekanisme taut silang yang serupa terhadap polimer kitosan dan gelatin. Kemampuan mengembang metode taut silang glutaraldehid (63,07%) lebih tinggi daripada genipin (58,25%). Hasil uji sifat mekanik metode taut silang glutaraldehid lebih rendah yaitu 0,0061 MPa (mengembang) dan 0,0517 MPa (kering) dibandingkan genipin yaitu 0,0087 MPa (mengembang) dan 0,1187 MPa (kering). Laju evaporasi air metode taut silang glutaraldehid lebih tinggi (27,21%) daripada genipin (24,85%). Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi dan evaluasi, hidrogel yang ditaut silang dengan genipin dapat menggantikan hidrogel ditaut silang glutaraldehid sebagai pembalut luka.

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Hydrogels are modern wound dressings which have the ability to absorb wound exudates while providing an optimum moist environment for the wound. Hydrogels made up of just one polymer have poor mechanical properties, low elasticity, and thermal instability. Therefore, two or more different types of polymers were usually used in the fabrication of hydrogels for applications in biomedical areas. The purpose of this study is to prepare chitosan/gelatin hydrogels crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and genipin as well as to characterize and study their properties as a wound dressing. Both hydrogels were fabricated by chemical crosslinking using a crosslinker. Morphology, FT-IR analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermal stability, mechanical properties, swelling capability, and water evaporation were tested. Characterization of both hydrogels showed similar results because they have similar crosslinking mechanisms when added to chitosan and gelatin. Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked hydrogel has higher swelling capability (63.07%) than genipin (58.25%). Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked hydrogel has lower tensile strength which are 0.0061 MPa (swelling) and 0.0517 MPa (dried) than genipin which are 0.0087 MPa (swelling) and 0.1187 MPa (dried). Glutaraldehyde- crosslinked hydrogel has higher water evaporation rate (27.21%) than genipin (24.85%). Based on overall characteristics and evaluation, genipin-crosslinked hydrogel can be used to replace glutaraldehyde-crosslinked hydrogel as a wound dressing."

"Material cerdas berbasis polimer telah banyak dikembangkan untuk menunjang kehidupan manusia, salah satunya adalah hidrogel responsif temperatur yang mampu merespons stimulus berupa temperatur. Hidrogel berbasis poli(N-isopropilakrilamida) (PNIPAM) merupakan hidrogel responsif temperatur yang banyak diteliti untuk diaplikasikan pada bidang biomedis. Sementara itu, di Indonesia, terdapat umbi porang yang memiliki kandungan glukomanan yang tinggi. Glukomanan mampu mengalami gelasi sehingga potensial untuk digabungkan dengan hidrogel berbasis PNIPAM. Pada penelitian ini, disintesis hidrogel interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) berbasis PNIPAM dan glukomanan yang berasal dari umbi porang (PGM) yang disebut sebagai hidrogel IPN-PNIPAM/PGM dengan memvariasikan rasio massa tepung glukomanan porang terhadap monomer NIPAM. Hidrogel disintesis melalui metode sequential IPN dan polimerisasi radikal bebas. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR menunjukkan bahwa hidrogel IPN-PNIPAM/PGM berhasil disintesis dengan adanya gugus hidroksil dan amida yang berasal dari PGM dan PNIPAM. Untuk menguji responsivitas hidrogel terhadap temperatur dan pH, dilakukan pengujian swelling ratio pada berbagai temperatur dan pH. Seiring peningkatan rasio massa glukomanan, kemampuan swelling hidrogel IPN-PNIPAM/PGM meningkat tetapi responsivitasnya terhadap temperatur menurun dan responsivitasnya terhadap pH tidak terpengaruh.

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Polymer-based smart materials have been widely developed to support human life. One of them is thermoresponsive hydrogel which can respond to temperature stimuli. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based hydrogels are thermoresponsive hydrogels that are widely studied for biomedical applications. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, there are porang tubers that have high glucomannan content. Glucomannan itself can undergo gelation, which makes it potential to be combined with PNIPAM-based hydrogels. In this research, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) hydrogels based on PNIPAM and glucomannan from porang tubers (PGM), called IPN-PNIPAM/PGM hydrogels, were synthesized by varying the mass ratio of porang glucomannan to NIPAM monomers. The methods used were sequential IPN and free radical polymerization. The results of FTIR characterization showed that IPN-PNIPAM/PGM hydrogels were successfully synthesized with the presence of hydroxyl and amide groups originating from PGM and PNIPAM. Furthermore, the responsiveness of the hydrogels to temperature and pH was assessed by investigating the swelling ratio at various temperatures and pH. As the mass ratio of glucomannan increased, the swelling ability of the IPN-PNIPAM/PGM hydrogel increased but its responsiveness to temperature decreased. Noteworthy, its responsiveness to pH was not affected."

"Kalium diklofenak memiliki waktu paruh yang pendek sehingga obat akan cepat dieleminasi dari tubuh. Enkapsulasi kalium diklofenak menggunakan polimer biodegradable sebagai sistem pengantar obat terkontrol dapat meminimalkan masalah tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, enkapsulasi kalium diklofenak menggunakan hidrogel semi interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) berbasis pada kitosan dan metil selulosa telah dilakukan dengan metode in situ loading dan post loading. Komposisi hidrogel semi-IPN terdiri dari kitosan : metil selulosa 60 : 40 (b/b) dan glutaraldehid 0,1 M 2% (b/b) terhadap kitosan sebagai agen pengikat silang. Karakterisasi hidrogel semi-IPN dilakukan menggunakan tensile strength test, spektorfotometer FTIR, dan mikroskop stereo. Efisiensi loading kalium diklofenak dengan metode in situ loading mencapai 100% dan metode post loading 37% diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Pelepasan kalium diklofenak memiliki pelepasan yang lebih rendah pada pH 1,2 selama 2 jam (11% in situ loading dan 16% post loading) dibandingkan pada pH 7,4 selama 12 jam (94% in situ loading dan 98% post loading).

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Diclofenac potassium has a short half-life time that causes it to be quickly eliminated from the body. Using biodegradable polymer as drug encapsulation for controlled release drug delivery system can minimize the problem. In this research, diclofenac potassium is being encapsulated by semi interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogels based on chitosan and methylcellulose. The encapsulation has been conducted by both in-situ loading and post loading methods. The biodegradable polymer hydrogel is composed by 60:40 (w/w) ratio of chitosan : methylcellulose and 0,1 M 2% glutaraldehyde (w/w) in regard to the weight of chitosan as crosslinking agent. The hydrogels and microcapsules were then characterized by tensile strength test, FTIR spectrophotometry, and stereomicroscopy. The entrapment efficiency of diclofenac potassium by in-situ loading method was found to be up to 100% and 49% for post loading method as was measured by UV spectroscopy. The dissolution of diclofenac potassium in pH 1,2 which was around 11% for in-situ loading and 16% for post loading in 2 hours is lower than dissolution in pH 7,4 in 12 hours (94% for in-situ loading and 97% for post loading)."

"Kaptopril merupakan antihipertensi lini pertama pada terapi hipertensi. Pemberian kaptopril melalui rute oral memiliki kekurangan, seperti frekuensi pemberian yang cukup tinggi, bioavailabiltas yang rendah akibat makanan, dan pasien yang memiliki kesulitan menelan. Penghantaran kaptopril secara transdermal dapat mengatasi masalah ini. Kaptopril bersifat hidrofilik dan sulit untuk melewati stratum korneum, maka dikembangkan Hydrogel-forming Microneedles (HFMN). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memformulasikan dan mengevaluasi HFMN berbasis poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA) dengan kombinasi poli(N-vinil kaprolaktam) (PNVCL) atau poli(vinil pirolidon) (PVP) yang terintegrasi dalam film untuk penghantaran kaptopril secara transdermal. Sebelum memformulasikan HFMN, dilakukan formulasi film hidrogel untuk menghasilkan film hidrogel yang optimal untuk menghantarkan kaptopril, meliputi evaluasi fisik, fisikokimia, kemampuan swelling, dan permeabilitas. Formula film hidrogel terpilih akan dikembangkan menjadi HFMN dan dievaluasi secara fisik, kemampuan swelling, permeabilitas, insersi, dan kekuatan mekaniknya. Film hidrogel yang dibuat dapat mengembang hingga 252,42 ± 5,65% selama 24 jam dan memfasilitasi difusi kaptopril sebesar 52,76 ± 0,53% setelah 24 jam. Formula HFMN optimal yang akan diintegrasikan dengan reservoir film kaptopril adalah F2 (10% PVP, 1,5% asam malat) dan F3 (10% PVP, 1,5% asam suksinat). HFMN yang dibuat memiliki kemampuan swelling hingga 190,73 ± 2,04% selama 1 jam serta mampu menembus lapisan Parafilm® M hingga kedalaman 500 μm dengan pengurangan tinggi jarum sebesar 8,92 ± 1,19%. Pada uji permeasi in vitro, persentase obat kumulatif selama 24 jam dari HFMN terintegrasi film kaptopril adalah F2 (44,94 ± 21,48 %), F3 (33,88 ± 14,13 %), dan F4 (28,12 ± 0,18%) dan berbeda signifikan secara statistika (p-value 0,0003). F2 berbeda signifikan terhadap F3 (p-value 0,0026) dan F4 (p-value 0,0003). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pengembangan HFMN dengan perbedaan agen taut silang dan polimer mempengaruhi permeasi dari obat dan kemampuan swelling.

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Captopril is an antihypertensive drug which is the first line therapy for hypertension. However, giving captopril via the oral route has disadvantages, such that high frequency of administration per day, low bioavailability due to food, and patients who have difficulty swallowing. Nevertheless, transdermal delivery of captopril can overcome this problem. Furthermore, captopril is hydrophilic and difficult to pass through the stratum corneum. So, hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMN) were developed. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA-based HFMN with a combination of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) or poly(vinyl pyrrolidon) (PVP) integrated with film for transdermal delivery of captopril. Before formulating HFMN, hydrogel film formulation was carried out to produce an optimal hydrogel film to deliver captopril, which were evaluated their physical characteristics, physicochemistry, swelling ability, and permeability. HFMN was made and evaluated for its physical, swelling ability, permeability, insertion and mechanical strength. The hydrogel film created was able to swell up to 252.42 ± 5.65% within 24 hours and facilitate the diffusion of captopril by 52.76 ± 0.53% after 24 hours. The selected hydrogel films that was developed into HFMN were F2 (10% PVP, 1.5% malic acid), F3 (10% PVP, 1.5% succinic acid), and F4 (2.5% PNVCL, 1.5% citric acid). The HFMN chosen for delivering captopril with a captopril film reservoir were F2 (10% PVP, 1.5% malic acid) and F3 (10% PVP, 1.5% succinic acid). The fabricated  HFMN was able to swell up to 190.73 ± 2.04% within 1 hour and penetrate the Parafilm® M   layer to a depth of 500 µm with a reduction in needle height of 8.92 ± 1.19%. In the in vitro permeation test, the cumulative percentage of captopril that permeated from the HFMN integrated captopril film for each formulation was 44.94 ± 21.48 % (F2), 33.88 ± 14.13 % (F3), and 28.12 ± 0.18% (F4), with significant difference (p-value 0.0003) among the tested formulations. F2 was significantly different from F3 (p-value 0.0026) and F4 (p-value 0.0003). The results of this research showed that the development of HFMNs with different crosslinking agents and polymers affected the permeation of drugs and swelling ability."