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"The stalling of the Doha Development Round trade negotiations has resulted in bilateral and regional free trade agreements (BRTAs) becoming an important alternative. These agreements have proliferated in recent years, and now all of the major trading countries are engaging in serious bilateral trade negotiations with multiple trading partners. This second edition provides updated and comprehensive analysis of the contents and trends of recent BRTAs. It is unique in that it situates these agreements in their economic, international law and international relations contexts. It also comprehensively reviews the recent agreements in relation to each substantive topic covered (e.g. intellectual property, investment, services and social policy) so as to provide an overview of the law being created in these areas."

"The case law of the World Trade Organization is extensive, now running into some three hundred decided cases and thousands of pages. The interpretative process involved in this jurisprudence constitutes a form of legislative activity, and is therefore of great significance not only to the parties to disputes, but to the membership of the WTO. Qureshi identifies some of the underlying problems of interpreting WTO agreements, and examines the conditions for the interpretation of these agreements. Since the first edition of this book, the case law has grown, and the interpretation evolved further. This second edition addresses these developments and engages in the contemporary discourse on the subject. Also included is a new section on issues of interpretation relating to preferential trade agreements and the WTO. This book is an essential tool for WTO trade specialists, as well as government and judicial officers concerned with interpreting these agreements."

"Recent trends suggest that international economic law may be witnessing a renaissance of convergence – both parallel and intersectional. The adjudicative process also reveals signs of convergence. These diverse claims of convergence are of legal, empirical and normative interest. Yet, convergence discourse also warrants scepticism. This volume contributes to both the general debate on the fragmentation of international law and the narrower discourse concerning the interplay between international trade and investment, focusing on dispute settlement. It moves beyond broad observations or singular case studies to provide an informed and wide-reaching assessment by investigating multiple standards, processes, mechanisms and behaviours. Methodologically, a normative stance is largely eschewed in favour of a range of 'doctrinal,' quantitative and qualitative methods that are used to address the research questions. Furthermore, in determining the extent of convergence or divergence, it is important to recognize that there is no bright line or clear yardstick for determining its nature or degree."

"This book discusses the regulatory framework of contingent protection in the World Trade Organization (WTO) - antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards as well as an economic analysis of these instruments. The book's various chapters illuminate the basic functioning of all three protections."

"The World Trade Organization (WTO) recently celebrated twenty years of existence. The general wisdom is that its dispute settlement institutions work well and its negotiation machinery goes through a phase of prolonged crises. Assessing the World Trade Organization overcomes this myopic view and takes stock of the WTO's achievements whilst going beyond existing disciplinary narratives. With chapters written by scholars who have closely observed the development of the WTO in recent years, this book presents the state of the art in thinking about WTO performance. It also considers important issues such as the origins of the multilateral system, the accession process and the WTO's interaction with other international organisations. The contributions shed new light on untold stories, critically review and present existing scholarship, and sketch new research avenues for a future generation of trade scholars. This book will appeal to a wide audience that aims to better understand the drivers and obstacles of WTO performance."

"Praktik dumping dalam perdagangan internasional merupakan bentuk perdagangan yang tidak adil (unfair trade) dan akan merugikan banyak pihak di luar kedua pihak yang bertransaksi, salah satunya adalah pihak kompetitor dari negara lain. Praktik dumping juga dapat merusak pasar dan kestabilan harga yang seharusnya menjadi acuan perdagangan internasional, di mana harga tersebut akan dijadikan sebagai patokan awal dalam menjaga kestabilan pasar dan perdagangan secara luas. Adapun alasan mengapa praktik dumping dilarang, yaitu karena tindakan menjual barang dengan harga lebih rendah atau di bawah ongkos produksi pasar luar negeri dibandingkan dengan harga yang ditetapkan pasar dalam negeri sendiri sehingga dampak yang akan terjadi dalam perdagangan internasional di mana negara yang menjadi tujuan ekspor rentan terhadap kerugian dalam jumlah yang besar. Produk lokal sejenis tidak akan mampu bersaing harga dengan produk impor hasil dumping yang tentu saja dihargai lebih murah. Dalam menangani permasalahan anti-dumping dibuatlah ketentuan Pasal VI GATT 1994 yang mengatur secara jelas bagi produk yang dikategorikan sebagai produk dumping. Pasal VI GATT 1994 mengatur dasar bagi pemerintah suatu negara anggota yang dirugikan oleh praktik dumping dengan cara mengenakan Bea Masuk Anti-dumping (BMAD). Salah satu sengketa anti-dumping terjadi pada produk lemak alkohol (fatty alcohol) Indonesia (DS442) yang merupakan turunan dari lemak alam diperoleh dari minyak kelapa sawit (crude palm oil). Isu yang dipermasalahkan dalam DS442 ini salah satunya adalah mengenai Single Economic Entity (SEE), di mana penjualan produk lemak alkohol Musim Mas dilakukan oleh Inter-Continental Oils & Fats Pte. Ltd. (ICOFs) yang merupakan Marketing Arm berdomisili di Singapura.

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The practice of dumping in international trade is an unfair form of trade and will effect many parties outside the two parties to the transaction, one of which is the competitor of another country. The practice of dumping can also damage the market and price stability which should be a reference for international trade, where the price will be used as a preliminary benchmark in maintaining market stability and broad trade. The reason why dumping practices are prohibited, because the action of selling goods at lower prices or below the cost of producing foreign markets compared to prices set by the domestic market itself so that the impact will occur in international trade where countries that are export destinations are vulnerable to loss in large numbers. Similar local products will not be able to compete with imported products from dumping products which are of course cheaper. In dealing with these problems, the provisions of Article VI GATT 1994 are made which clearly regulate products categorized as dumping products. Article VI GATT 1994 regulates the basis for the government of a member country which is disadvantaged by the practice of dumping by Imposing Anti-dumping Import Duty. One of the anti-dumping disputes occurred in Indonesian fatty alcohol (DS442) fat products, which are derived from natural fats obtained from crude palm oil. One of the issues at issue in DS442 is the Single Economic Entity (SEE), in which the sale of Musim Mas alcohol fat products is carried out by Inter-Continental Oils & Fats Pte. Ltd. (ICOFs) which is a Marketing Arm domiciled in Singapore."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang Pengaturan ketentuan persaingan didalam Regional Trade Agreements yang dilatarbelakangi oleh eksistensi praktik anti persaingan lintas negara. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa globalisasi dan liberalisasi perdagangan telah memicu terjadinya praktik anti persaingan lintas negara dan oleh karena itu pengaturan persaingan di dalam Regional Trade Agreements merupakan jalan keluar yang tepat dalam membendung terjadinya distorsi terhadap pasar global. Dari adanya ketentuan persaingan ini , penelitian ini mengambil kesimpulan bahwa: Pertama, Kebijakan Perdagangan dan Kebijakan Persaingan merupakan komplementer satu sama lain, Kedua, memasukkan ketentuan persaingan di dalam Regional Trade Agreements untuk memastikan bahwa manfaat yang diharapkan dari liberalisasi perdagangan tidak dirusak oleh praktik anti kompetitif, dan Ketiga, Soft harmonisation dan Soft Law merupakan pendekatan yang paling sesuai dengan negara berkembang dalam menerapkan pengaturan persaingan.

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This thesis discusses the arrangement of competition provisions in Regional Trade Agreements which is motivated by the existence of anti-competitive practices across countries. This research is normative juridical research by using secondary data. The results of this study indicate that globalization and trade liberalization have triggered anti-competitive practices across countries and therefore the regulation of competition within the Regional Trade Agreements is an appropriate way to stem the occurrence of distortions to global markets. From this competition stipulation, the study concludes that: First, the Trade Policy and Competition Policy are complementary to one another; Secondly, Incorporating competition provisions within the Regional Trade Agreements is to ensure that the expected benefits of trade liberalization are not undermined by anti-competitive practices, And Third, Soft harmonization and Soft Law are the most appropriate approaches to developing countries in applying competition arrangements."

"Berbagai mekanisme perlindungan global safeguards dalam WTO Agreement dan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) seperti pada Bilateral Trade Agreements (BTA) dan Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) didasarkan pada alasan-alasan yang berbeda, fungsi yang berbeda, juga memiliki mekanisme safeguards yang berbeda. Fungsi utama global safeguards sebagai instrumen sementara untuk melindungi industri dalam negeri dari kerugian serius dan atau ancaman kerugian serius disebabkan adanya lonjakan impor, sebagai akibat disepakatinya tingkat tarif liberalisasi perdagangan diantara Negara-negara Anggota WTO. Sehingga Negara-negara anggota WTO dapat menikmati fleksibilitas kebijakan tingkat tarif tertentu atas liberalisasi perdagangan. Pembebasan penerapan global safeguards antar pihak FTA tidak konsisten dengan WTO Agreement khususnya tidak sejalan dengan prinsip non-diskriminasi (Most-Favoured-Nation). Namun, pada prakteknya dibenarkan asalkan kondisi paralelisme terpenuhi. Pihak FTA juga dapat mengambil perlindungan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards terhadap pihak lain asalkan tingkat pembatasan tarif tidak membahayakan persyaratan yang terkait dengan menghilangkan hambatan sehubungan dengan substansial semua perdagangan. Mekanisme Bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards di bawah FTA dirancang menyesuaikan laju liberalisasi lebih lanjut setelah pihak FTA melaksanakan rencana penghapusan tarif sebagaimana kesepakatan dalam BTA dan RTA. Karena fungsi mendasar ini, persyaratan substansial semua perdagangan berdasarkan ketentuan FTA dalam Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 merupakan satu-satunya ketentuan yang relevan terkait ketentuan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards. Diterapkan di FTA selama periode penghapusan tarif dan dalam batas tingkat tarif MFN, yang konsisten dengan aturan WTO. Pemberlakuan ketentuan global safeguards, bilateral safeguards, dan regional safeguards memiliki mekanisme persyaratan substantif dan prosedural dalam penerapannya. Mengingat kemungkinan banyak bentuk penerapan safeguards yang tumpang tindih, negosiator FTA dapat mengambil solusi legislatif yang efektif yang memasukkan ketentuan FTA yang secara eksplisit melarang bentuk-bentuk tertentu jika terjadi penerapan tumpang tindih yang tidak diinginkan. Tesis ini mengungkapkan bagaimana penerapan global safeguards dibandingkan dengan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards tersebut, juga akan memberikan preskripsi tentang hal-hal yang harus dilakukan dalam menerapkan ketentuan bilateral safeguards dan regional safeguards antar negara-negara anggota BTA dan RTA yang juga merupakan Negara-negara anggota WTO yang menerapkan ketentuan global safeguards.

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Various mechanisms of global safeguards in the WTO Agreements and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) such as the Bilateral Trade Agreements (BTA) and Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) is based on different reasons, different functions, also has a different mechanism of safeguards. The main function of global safeguards as a temporary instrument to protect domestic industry from serious injury or threat of serious injury caused by a surge in imports, as a result of the agreement on the level of tariff liberalization of trade between Member States of the WTO. So WTO member countries enjoy a certain level of policy flexibility tariff on trade liberalization. The mutual exemption of the global safeguards application among FTA parties is not inconsistent with the WTO Agreement in particular are not in line with the principle of non-discrimination (Most-Favored-Nation), provided that the parallelism condition is met. An FTA party may also take safeguards against another party as long as the restriction level from those safeguards does not harm the requirement associated with eliminating barriers with respect to substantially all trade. Bilateral and regional safeguards under the FTA are designed to be mechanism for adjusting the pace of further liberalization once FTA parties implement the tariff elimination plan as an agreement in BTA and RTA. Because of this fundamental function, the substantially all trade requirement under FTA provisions in the Article XXIV of GATT 1994 represent was the only relevant provisions of the relevant provisions under which bilateral and regional safeguards measures are disciplined. Any bilateral safeguards, which are applied to sector subject to FTA tariff elimination during the tariff elimination period and within the limits of the MFN tariff rate, which is consistent with WTO Agreement. Enforcement of global safeguards provisions, bilateral safeguards, and regional safeguards have substantive and procedural requirements mechanism in its application. Given the many possibilities for the application of safeguards, which forms overlap, FTA negotiators can take effective legislative solutions that incorporate the provisions of the FTA, which explicitly prohibits certain forms in case of adoption of unwanted overlap.

This thesis reveals how the global application of safeguards in comparison with bilateral and regional safeguards such safeguards, will also provide prescriptions about things to do in implementing the provisions of bilateral and regional safeguards between countries BTA and RTA member who is also the Member States WTO provisions which apply global safeguards."