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"Algorithms are a fundamental building block of artificial intelligence - and, increasingly, society - but our legal institutions have largely failed to recognize or respond to this reality. The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms, which features contributions from US, EU, and Asian legal scholars, discusses the specific challenges algorithms pose not only to current law, but also - as algorithms replace people as decision makers - to the foundations of society itself. The work includes wide coverage of the law as it relates to algorithms, with chapters analyzing how human biases have crept into algorithmic decision-making about who receives housing or credit, the length of sentences for defendants convicted of crimes, and many other decisions that impact constitutionally protected groups. Other issues covered in the work include the impact of algorithms on the law of free speech, intellectual property, and commercial and human rights law."

"Surveillance presents a conundrum: how to ensure safety, stability, and efficiency while respecting privacy and individual liberty. From police officers to corporations to intelligence agencies, surveillance law is tasked with striking this difficult and delicate balance. That challenge is compounded by ever-changing technologies and evolving social norms. Following the revelations of Edward Snowden and a host of private-sector controversies, there is intense interest among policymakers, business leaders, attorneys, academics, students, and the public regarding legal, technological, and policy issues relating to surveillance. This Handbook documents and organizes these conversations, bringing together some of the most thoughtful and impactful contributors to contemporary surveillance debates, policies, and practices. Its pages explore surveillance techniques and technologies; their value for law enforcement, national security, and private enterprise; their impacts on citizens and communities; and the many ways societies do - and should - regulate surveillance."

"Growing numbers of employees, consumers, and investors want companies to be truly good; these stakeholders will accept lower economic returns in order to support companies that prioritize sustainability, fair wages, and fair trade. Unlike charities or non-profit organizations, such companies - or social enterprises - are not only permitted but also expected to produce an economic return for investors. Yet, unlike traditional business ventures, social enterprises have no obligation to maximize profits, even on a long-term basis. In this comprehensive volume, Benjamin Means and Joseph W. Yockey bring together leading legal scholars and practitioners to offer an authoritative guide to social enterprise law and policy. The Cambridge Handbook of Social Enterprise Law takes stock of the field and charts a course for its future development. It should be read by entrepreneurs, investors, practitioners, academics, students and anyone else interested in how companies are evolving to address new demands for capitalism with a conscience."

"The emerging field of corporate law, corporate governance and sustainability is one of the most dynamic and significant areas of law and policy in light of the convergence of environmental, social and economic crises that we face as a global society. Understanding the impact of the corporation on society and realizing its potential for contributing to sustainability is vital for the future of humanity. This Handbook comprehensively assesses the state-of-the-art in this field through in-depth discussion of sustainability-related problems, numerous case studies on regulatory responses implemented by jurisdictions around the world, and analyses of predominant strategies and potential drivers of change. This Handbook will be an essential reference for scholars, students, practitioners, policymakers, and general readers interested in how corporate law and governance have exacerbated global society's most pressing challenges, and how reforms to these fields can help us resolve those challenges and achieve sustainability."

"Technical standards are ubiquitous in the modern networked economy. They allow products made and sold by different vendors to interoperate with little to no consumer effort and enable new market entrants to innovate on top of established technology platforms. This groundbreaking volume, edited by Jorge L. Contreras, assesses and analyzes the legal aspects of technical standards and standardization. Bringing together more than thirty leading international scholars, advocates, and policymakers, it focuses on two of the most contentious and critical areas pertaining to standards today in key jurisdictions around the world: antitrust/competition law and patent law. (A subsequent volume will focus on international trade, copyright, and administrative law.) This comprehensive, detailed examination sheds new light on the standards that shape the global technology marketplace and will serve as an indispensable tool for scholars, practitioners, judges, and policymakers everywhere."

"Trade in goods and services has historically resisted territorial confinement, but trademark protection remains territorial, albeit within an increasingly important framework of multilateral treaties. Trademark law therefore demands that practitioners, policy-makers and academics understand principles of international and comparative law. This handbook assists in that endeavour, with chapters describing and critically analyzing international and regional frameworks, and providing comparative perspectives on the substantive issues in trademark law and related fields, such as geographic indications, advertising law, and domain names. Chapters contrast common law and civil law approaches while focusing on the US and EU trademark systems in light of the role these systems have played in the development of trademark laws. Additionally, this handbook covers other jurisdictions, both common law and civil law, on the Asia-Pacific, African, and South American continents. This work should be read by anyone seeking a better understanding of trademark law around the world."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pidana terkait kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh artificial intelligence (AI) di Indonesia. Perkembangan teknologi AI membawa tantangan baru dalam hukum pidana, terutama karena Indonesia belum memiliki regulasi khusus yang mengatur AI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pengaturan hukum yang berlaku saat ini, menelaah konsep pertanggungjawaban yang sesuai, serta mengusulkan model pertanggungjawaban yang adil dan seimbang. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan analisis dokumen hukum, termasuk bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Data dikumpulkan secara sekunder dan divalidasi melalui wawancara dengan narasumber yang kompeten. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif, dengan penarikan kesimpulan menggunakan logika deduktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia membutuhkan regulasi khusus yang berfokus pada AI untuk menciptakan ekosistem teknologi yang andal, aman, dan bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini juga mengusulkan pengakuan AI sebagai subjek hukum yang berdiri sendiri dengan kepribadian hukum elektronik. Status ini memungkinkan AI untuk bertanggung jawab atas tindakan atau keputusan yang dibuatnya, terutama dalam situasi otonom. Selain itu, semua pihak, termasuk pemerintah, pengembang, pengguna, dan masyarakat, memiliki peran dan tanggung jawab yang saling terkait dalam pengembangan dan penggunaan AI. Regulasi masa depan harus dirancang untuk menciptakan keseimbangan antara pengembangan teknologi dan perlindungan hukum.

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This study analyzes criminal liability in cases of errors caused by artificial intelligence (AI) in Indonesia. The rapid development of AI technology has introduced new challenges in criminal law, particularly because Indonesia currently lacks specific regulations governing AI. This research aims to explore the existing legal framework, examine relevant liability concepts, and propose a balanced and equitable liability model.The study employs a normative juridical method with a document analysis approach, focusing on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data were collected through secondary sources and validated via interviews with competent experts. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively, and conclusions were drawn using deductive reasoning. The findings indicate that Indonesia requires specific regulations addressing AI to establish a reliable, safe, and accountable technological ecosystem. The study also proposes recognizing AI as an independent legal subject with electronic legal personality. This status would enable AI to bear responsibility for its actions or decisions, particularly in autonomous situations. Additionally, all stakeholders, including the government, developers, users, and society, hold interconnected roles and responsibilities in the development and use of AI. Future regulations should be designed to balance technological advancement and legal protection effectively."

"This introduction to human dignity explores the history of the notion from antiquity to the nineteenth century, and the way in which dignity is conceptualised in non-Western contexts. Building on this, it addresses a range of systematic conceptualisations, considers the theoretical and legal conditions for human dignity as a useful notion and analyses a number of philosophical and conceptual approaches to dignity. Finally, the book introduces current debates, paying particular attention to the legal implementation, human rights, justice and conflicts, medicine and bioethics, and provides an explicit systematic framework for discussing human dignity. Adopting a wide range of perspectives and taking into account numerous cultures and contexts, this handbook is a valuable resource for students, scholars and professionals working in philosophy, law, history and theology."

"Memetic Algorithms (MAs) are computational intelligence structures combining multiple and various operators in order to address optimization problems. The combination and interaction amongst operators evolves and promotes the diffusion of the most successful units and generates an algorithmic behavior which can handle complex objective functions and hard fitness landscapes. “Handbook of memetic algorithms” organizes, in a structured way, all the the most important results in the field of MAs since their earliest definition until now. A broad review including various algorithmic solutions as well as successful applications is included in this book. Each class of optimization problems, such as constrained optimization, multi-objective optimization, continuous vs combinatorial problems, uncertainties, are analysed separately and, for each problem, memetic recipes for tackling the difficulties are given with some successful examples. "