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"Beberapa polutan udara yang mencemari lingkungan antara lain seperti nitrogen oksida (NOx), sulfur dioksida (SO2), dan karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi kontaktor membran merupakan teknologi alternatif dalam menyisihkan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO karena keunggulannya berupa luas area spesifik yang tinggi. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari proses penyisihan gas buang mesin diesel berupa NOx, SO2, dan CO menggunakan pelarut H2O2 dan NaOH pada modul membran serat berongga berbahan polisulfon. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut H2O2 dan NaOH berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut H2O2. Berdasarkan hasil uji, efisiensi penyisihan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO tertinggi pada laju alir gas 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,5 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 99,56%, 99,79%, dan 99,28%, fluks perpindahan massa NOx, SO2, dan CO tertinggi pada laju alir gas 200 mL/menit menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,5 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 1,13 x 10-6 mmol/cm2.s, 9,42 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, dan 8,93 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s serta NOx, SO2, dan CO loading tertinggi pada laju alir gas 200 mL/menit menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,05 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 1,72 x 10-4 mmol NOx/mmol H2O2.s, 1,3 x 10-4 mmol SO2/mmol H2O2.s, dan 1,2 x 10-4 mmol CO/mmol H2O2.s.

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Some air pollutants that affect the environment include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Membrane contactor technology is an alternative technology in NOx, SO2, and CO gases because of its advantages, such as high specific area. This study investigates removing exhaust gases from diesel engines in the form of NOx, SO2, and CO using H2O2 and NaOH solvents on hollow fiber membrane modules made of polysulfone. The exhaust gas of the diesel engine will be in the membrane part of the tube, while the solvent H2O2 and NaOH are in the shell and are static. The independent variables tested in this study were the gas feed flow rate and the concentration of H2O2. Test results, the highest absorption efficiency of NOx, SO2, and CO gas was at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.5 M, respectively, which are 99.56%, 99.79%, and 99.28%, the highest mass transfer flux of NOx, SO2, and CO at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.5 M, respectively, namely 1.13 x 10-6 mmol/cm2.s, 9.42 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, and 8.93 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, and also highest NOx, SO2, and CO loading at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.05 M, respectively, namely 1.72 x 10-4 mmol NOx/mmol H2O2.s, 1.3 x 10-4 mmol SO2/mmol H2O2.s, and 1.2 x 10-4 mmol CO/mmol H2O2.s."

"Polusi yang dihasilkan berbagai kegiatan masyarakat di Indonesia terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Jenis polutan yang dihasilkan dapat berupa gas karbon dioksida (CO2), karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida (SO2) dan nitrogen oksida (NOX). Penggunaan teknologi membran merupakan salah upaya untuk mengurangi tingkat keberadaan polutan gas NOX, SO2 dan CO yang berasal dari mesin diesel. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari mengenai proses absorpsi komponen gas NOX, SO2 dan CO pada kontraktor modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai reaktor gelembung menggunakan pelarut NaClO2 dan NaOH. Gas umpan dengan kandungan gas NOX, SO2 dan CO dihasilkan dari mesin diesel, yang kemudian akan dialirkan pada bagian tube kontraktor membran. Sementara itu campuran pelarut NaClO2 dan NaOH akan dialirkan melalui bagian shell kontraktor membran yang ditutup agar menciptakan gelembung gas. Pada penelitian ini, variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai tertinggi untuk efisiensi penyisihan (%R), fluks perpindahan massa (J), serta NOX, SO2 dan CO loading berturut–turut yakni 99,56%, 99,91% dan 96,83% pada laju alir gas umpan 100 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,5 M;1,88×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s),1,57×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) dan 1,59×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) pada laju alir gas umpan 200 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,5 M; serta 0,227 (mmol NOX)⁄(1 mol NaClO2), 0,194 (mmol SO2)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) dan 0,092 (mmol CO)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) pada laju alir gas umpan 200 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,05 M.

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Pollution generated by various activities in Indonesia continues to increase every year. The types of pollutants produced can be in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). The use of membrane technology has been developed to reduce the presence of NOX, SO2, and CO pollutant gases in the air from a diesel engine. This research will study the absorption process in a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane module contractor as a bubble reactor using NaClO2 and NaOH solvents. The feed gas containing NOX, SO2, and CO gas is produced from the diesel engine, which will flow to the membrane contactor tube part. Meanwhile, a mixture of NaClO2 and NaOH solvents will be flowed through the closed shell contracting membrane to create gas bubbles. The results showed that the highest values for absorption efficiency (%R), mass transfer flux (J), and NOX, SO2 and CO loading respectively were 99.56%, 99.91% and 96.83% at a feed gas flow rate of 100 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.5 M; 1.88×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s), 1.57×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) and 1.59×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) at a feed gas flow rate of 200 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.5 M; also 0.227 (mmol NOX)⁄(1 mol NaClO2), 0.194 (mmol SO2)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) and 0.092 (mmol CO)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) at a feed gas flow rate of 200 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.05 M."

"Konsumsi energi di Indonesia sebagian besar masih didominasi oleh sumber energi tak terbarukan seperti diesel. Saat dibakar, bahan bakar diesel dapat mengeluarkan gas buang beracun ke udara, salah satunya adalah karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi pemisahan membran merupakan metode efisien yang dapat digunakan untuk menangkap gas buang dari atmosfer secara selektif. Dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional lainnya, teknologi pemisahan membran memiliki beberapa keunggulan antara lain, efisiensi pemisahan yang tinggi karena rasio volume terhadap luas permukaan yang tinggi, serta konsumsi energi dan biaya pengoperasian yang relatif rendah. Penelitian ini akan fokus pada penyerapan gas karbon monoksida dari gas buang mesin diesel menggunakan alat kontaktor membran serat berongga polysulfone. Pada percobaannya, akan digunakan dua absorben untuk membantu proses penyerapan pada kontaktor membran, yaitu tembaga (II) klorida (CuCl2) dan trietilamina (TEA). Selain itu, absorben tersebut akan menjalani perawatan nanobubble untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyerapan. Variabel bebas yang akan diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi absorben nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2]. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dengan laju alir gas umpan 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] 1 M, diperoleh efisiensi penyisihan gas CO dan fluks tertinggi berturut-turut 51,94% dan 1,203 x 10-8 mmol/cm2.s. CO loading tertinggi terdapat dengan laju alir gas umpan 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] 0,01 M; CO loading tertinggi yang dapat dicapai adalah 2,294 x 10-3 mmol CO/mol [TEA][CuCl2].s.

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Energy consumption in Indonesia is still largely dominated by non-renewable energy sources such as diesel fuel. When burned, diesel fuel will release toxic exhaust gasses into the air, one of which is Carbon Monoxide (CO). Membrane separation technology represents an efficient method that can be used to selectively capture exhaust gas from the atmosphere. Compared to other conventional methods, membrane separation technology has several advantages including high separation efficiency due to a high surface area to volume ratio, as well as relatively low energy consumption and low operating costs. This research will focus on the absorption of carbon monoxide gas from the exhaust of a diesel engine using a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane contactor. In this experiment, two absorbents will be used to assist the absorption process in the membrane contactor, namely copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) and triethylamine (TEA). In addition to that, these absorbents will undergo nanobubble treatment to potentially improve absorption efficiency. The independent variables that will be examined in this research are the feed gas flow rate and concentration of the nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] absorbent. The results showed that the highest CO removal efficiency (%R) and mass transfer flux (J) was achieved by utilizing a feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] concentration of 1 M, where the results obtained are 51.94% and 1.203 x 10-8 mmol/cm2.s, respectively. The highest CO loading was achieved by utilizing a feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] concentration of 0.01 M; CO loading was measured to be 2.294 x 10-3 mmol CO/mol [TEA][CuCl2].s."

"Sampai saat ini, sebagian besar sumber energi masih berasal dari energi tak terbarukan yang dapat memicu peningkatan emisi gas buang berbahaya, salah satunya, yaitu gas karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi penyisihan gas berupa kontaktor membran dapat menjadi solusi alternatif karena keunggulannya yang memiliki area kontak yang luas dengan ukuran kontaktor relatif kecil, serta konsumsi energi dan biaya relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan teknologi konvensional. Penelitian ini berfokus pada proses absorpsi gas buang mesin diesel (CO) menggunakan modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai perangkat perpindahan massa dengan bantuan pelarut Tembaga (II) Klorida (CuCl2) dan Trietilamina (TEA) sebagai absorben. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dengan laju alir gas umpan yang konstan sebesar 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi perlarut CuCl2 tertinggi 1 M diperoleh efisiensi penyisihan gas CO dan fluks tertinggi berturut-turut senilai 70,09 % dan 2,628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, sementara pada konsentrasi CuCl2 terendah 0,01 M diperoleh CO loading tertinggi sebesar 1,031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. Kemudian, dengan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2 yang konstan 0,1 M, didapatkan efisiensi senilai 61,41% pada laju alir gas umpan terendah 100 mL/menit, sementara fluks dan CO loading tertinggi yang dapat dicapai berturut-turut sebesar 1,978x10-6 mmol/cm2.s dan 7,767x10-2 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s pada laju alir gas umpan tertinggi 200 mL/menit.

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Until now, most energy sources still come from non-renewable energy which can lead an increase in harmful exhaust emissions, one of which is carbon monoxide (CO). The gas removal technology such as membrane contactor can be an alternative solution because of its advantages in having a large contact area with a relatively small contactor size, as well as relatively low energy consumption and low cost compared to conventional technologies. This research focuses on the absorption of diesel engine exhaust gases (CO) using polysulfone hollow fiber membrane modules as a mass transfer device and with the support of solvents Copper (II) Chloride and Triethylamine (TEA) as absorbents. Diesel engine exhaust gas will flow through the membrane tube, while the solvent is static in the shell section. The independent variables tested in this study are feed gas flow rate and CuCl2 solvent concentration. Based on research data with a constant feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and the highest CuCl2 concentration of 1 M, the highest CO removal efficiency and flux were obtained respectively at 70.09% and 2.628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, while at the lowest CuCl2 concentration of 0.01 M, the highest CO loading was obtained at 1.031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. In addition, with a constant CuCl2 concentration of 0.1 M, gas removal efficiency of 61.41% was obtained at the lowest feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute, while the highest flux and CO loading that could be achieved were respectively 1.978x10-6 mmol /cm2.s and 7.767x102 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s at the highest feed gas flow rate of 200 mL/minute."

"Emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO gas, which mainly result from human activities, pose significant health and environmental risks. While various technologies have been developed to tackle these emissions individually, there's a growing need for a solution that can address all of them at once. Membrane contactor technology offers a promising approach due to its efficiency and greener footprint compared to conventional methods. In this study, the simultaneous removal of NOx, SO2, and CO emissions from diesel engine exhaust gas using a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane contactor combined with a nanobubble treated sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as absorbents is discussed. The exhaust gas flows continuously into the tube side, while the shell side contains the absorbents. The independent variables of this research are diesel engine gas feed flow rate and NaClO3, NaOH concentration. The most effective flow rate for removing the exhaust gas is 100 mL/minute, and the concentrations of NaClO3 and NaOH each are 1M and 0.01M.

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Aktivitas manusia menghasilkan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO dalam jumlah besar. Emisi gas-gas tersebut memberikan resiko yang signifikan pada kesehatan dan lingkungan. Hingga kini berbagai teknologi telah di kembangkan untuk menangani masalah emisi gas-gas tersebut secara terpisah, sejalannya waktu kebutuhan untuk solusi yang dapat menangani semua masalah secara bersamaan terus meningkat. Teknologi Membran Kontaktor merupakan pendekatan yang menjanjikan dikarenakan efisiensitas dan lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional. Dalam studi ini, kami ingin mengkaji emisi NOx, SO2, dan CO dapat dihilangkan secara bersamaan dari gas buangan mesin diesel menggunakan "Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor" dengan "Nanobubble treated Sodium Chlorate" (NaClO3) dan "Sodium Hydroxide" (NaOH) sebagai media serapan. Gas buang mengalir secara terus-menerus ke dalam tube, sementara pada sisi shell terdapat media serap. Variabel independen pada riset ini adalah jumlah laju aliran dari gas buang mesin diesel dan kejenuhan NaClO3. Efek dari variabel independen ini akan dikaji ulang dengan variabel lain diantaranya efisiensi serapan (%R), mass transfer flux (J), dan nilai loading dari gas NOx, SO2, dan CO. Laju alir gas buang terefektif untuk CO adalah 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi NaClO3 and NaOH masing-masing adalah 1M dan 0.01M. "

"Bioethanol is a renewable and oxygenated bio-based resource with the potential to reduce particulate emissions in direct fuel injection diesel engines. This study aims to further diminish the outflow of a Diesel Fuel Engine motor fueled by diesel-bioethanol by identifying the most suitable blend by applying various blends of diesel-bioethanol, namely E10, E20, E50, and E80 blends. The Diesel engine had been tested using solely diesel fuel and then with bioethanol blends for comparison purposes. The results show that bioethanol fuel can provide a lower torque for the Diesel engine, but a similar engine performance occurs in terms of Horse Power. However, the presence of bioethanol inside the blended fuels increases the emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbon, (HC), CO, CO2, and NOx compared to engines that use only Pure Diesel. E10 has been found as the most ideal blend from all the fuels tested. Further research is required to distinguish the E80 fuel blend, as it is unable to be tested on a 6-cylinder engine, since the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the E80 blend fuel is a single cylinder."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan proses deposisi dan evaporasi bahan bakar diesel yang dilakukan secara berulang pada sebuah pelat panas. Pelat dipanaskan dengan variasi temperatur di dalam ruang tertutup sehingga kondisinya mendekati kondisi riil pada engine. Pengujian ini menggunakan hot room temperature test rig. Dari pengujian ini, pengaruh temperatur terhadap pertumbuhan dan karakteristik deposit dapat diamati. Penelitian ini lebih mengarah ke jumlah deposit. Jumlah deposit yang berbeda di setiap temperatur dapat menunjukkan temperatur yang optimal untuk mengendalikan pertumbuhan deposit.

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Repetitive process of diesel fuel deposition and evaporation on hot plate are done in this study. The plate was heated at various temperature in closed systems for approaching the real engine condition. This process was done in hot room temperature test rig. Effect of temperature to deposits growth and characteristic could be observed through this repetitive process. Then, the aim of this study is more likely to total deposits. Total deposits structure at every temperature could show the optimum temperature to control the deposits growth."

"The use of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel has the potential to promote better performance with lower emissions in existing diesel engines. The present study aims to analyzes the influence of operating parameters on the overall engine performance and emission characteristics using W/D emulsion fuel and to obtain the optimum level for favorable performance and emission levels. The engine operating parameters were optimized using a Taguchi–grey relation based multi-response optimization tool. Two controlling parameters, namely compression ratio (CR) and percentage of W/D, were considered as input process parameters. An L16 orthogonal array was used to collect the output responses (performance and emissions) under varying engine load conditions. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and grey relational analysis were used to analyze the performance and emission parameters. From the results obtained, it is noted that both controlling parameters have a significant effect on the performance and emission levels. The optimum level of performance and emission levels are obtained at a CR of 18 and water concentration of 10%. Moreover, under these optimum conditions, i.e. at 10% of water concentration, the fuel properties are at par with the standard diesel fuel properties requirement."