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"Di balik pesatnya keberhasilan ekonomi Tiongkok akibat reformasi ekonomi yang menciptakan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat, negara ini juga memiliki banyak masalah ekonomi seperti Meningkatnya Ketimpangan Pendapatan akibat pertumbuhan yang tinggi ini. Masalahnya dapat diperiksa dengan menganalisis Koefisien GINI dan Pandangan Politik negara tersebut.

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Behind the rapid success of China’s economy due to an economic reform which created a rapid economic growth, the country also has many economic problems such as Rising Income Inequality due to this high growth. The problem can be examined by analysing the country’s GINI Coefficient and Political Views."

"The objective of this study is to examine the effects of education expenditure towards income inequality in Indonesia. The measure of income inequality used is Gini coefficient. The study is conducted using panel data of 33 provinces in Indonesia during 2007 to 2016. By using panel random effects model, the result conveys that education expenditure and Gini coefficient is positively related. In other words, an increase in education expenditure does not always lead to income inequality reduction. By looking at the short-run and long-run effects, this study finds that income inequality falls with rising education expenditure in the short-run but increases in the long-run. It implies that income inequality reduction effect through increasing education expenditure in Indonesia is not sustainable in the long-term. In addition, the study also finds that poverty rate and economic growth increases income inequality implying that the benefits of the rising economy only go to the middle to upper-class society rather than the poor.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pengeluaran pendidikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Ukuran ketimpangan pendapatan yang digunakan adalah koefisien Gini. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2007 hingga 2016. Dengan menggunakan model panel random effects, terbukti bahwa pengeluaran pendidikan dan koefisien Gini berhubungan positif. Dapat diartikan bahwa peningkatan alokasi pengeluaran pendidikan tidak mengarah pada pengurangan ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan melihat dari sisi efek jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, studi ini menemukan bahwa ketimpangan pendapatan menurun dengan meningkatnya pengeluaran pendidikan dalam jangka pendek tetapi meningkat dalam jangka panjang. Dengan demikian, efek penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan melalui peningkatan pengeluaran pendidikan di Indonesia tidak berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang. Terlebih lagi, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan, yang menyiratkan bahwa manfaat dari kenaikan ekonomi hanya diterima oleh masyarakat kelas menengah ke atas melainkan masyrakat miskin."

"Underground economy dapat mendistorsi perekonomi karena membatasi efektivitas kebijakan, dan menyebabkan meningkatnya erosi basis pajak yang kemudian dapat menciptakan sistem pajak yang tidak efisien. Keberadaan underground economy sendiri juga dapat menjadi salah satu penyebab ketimpangan. Studi ini menganalisis hubungan antara underground economy dan ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan model ECM. Berdasarkan data dari tahun 1980-2020, penelitian kami menunjukkan tren penurunan ukuran underground economy, dari 59,6% pada tahun 1980 menjadi 20,1% pada tahun 2020, namun dengan ukuran rata-rata underground economy, sebesar 31,59%, masih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara lain. Studi kami juga menunjukkan bagaimana ekonomi bawah tanah mempengaruhi ketimpangan, dimana peningkatan ukuran 1% underground economy menyebabkan peningkatan indeks ketimpangan (koefisien gini) 0,13 persen. Selain itu juga menunjukkan sinyal bahwa efek jangka panjang dari underground economy terhadap ketimpangan lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan pemerintah yang bertujuan mengatasi ketimpangan sebaiknya juga perlu mengatasi hal yang mendasari dan mendorong underground economy.

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The underground economy can distort the economy as it limits policies effectiveness, and it implies of an increasing tax base erosion which further creates an inefficient tax system. The existence of an underground economy may also be one of the causes of prevalent inequality. This study analyzes the relationship between the underground economy and income inequality in Indonesia using the ECM model. Based on data from 1980-2020, our study shows the trend of a decrease in UE, from 59,6% in 1980 to 20,1% in 2020, yet the average size of underground economy, which is 31.59%, is still high in comparison to other countries. Our study also shows how underground economy affects inequality, an increase of 1% in the size of underground economy leads to an increase of 0.13 percent in the Gini Coefficient. There is also a signal that the long-run effect of underground economy to inequality is higher. Therefore, policies aiming to tackle inequality may also need to address the basic and driving forces of underground economy."

"[The subject of this book is discussing the income inequality of Chinese residents, its change and the factors that impact it. In this book all kinds of quantitative methods, including decomposing Gini Coefficients method, Fei-Ranis method, two-sectors model and other econometric models. Some special features are that in this book, a two-sectors model was set up to analyze the impact of population migration from urban areas to rural areas on income inequality of total residents, and the inverted U hypothesis was tested by time-series regression model. The inverted U hypothesis is supported by the change of income inequality of Chinese total residents which is different from the conclusion of present reaches. In additional, the impact of rent-seeking income on inequality was discussed, an economic mode was founded to explain the causes of rent-seeking activities in China’s present stage., The subject of this book is discussing the income inequality of Chinese residents, its change and the factors that impact it. In this book all kinds of quantitative methods, including decomposing Gini Coefficients method, Fei-Ranis method, two-sectors model and other econometric models. Some special features are that in this book, a two-sectors model was set up to analyze the impact of population migration from urban areas to rural areas on income inequality of total residents, and the inverted U hypothesis was tested by time-series regression model. The inverted U hypothesis is supported by the change of income inequality of Chinese total residents which is different from the conclusion of present reaches. In additional, the impact of rent-seeking income on inequality was discussed, an economic mode was founded to explain the causes of rent-seeking activities in China’s present stage.]"

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis pro-poor growth di Indonesia. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan, serta menganalisa apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut berpihak pada penduduk miskin (pro-poor growth). Analisa dilakukan melalui data panel 26 propinsi di Indonesia periode 1980-2008. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi signifikan berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pada periode 1980-2008 dan 1999-2008. Namun demikian, pengurangan kemiskinan kurang didorong oleh efek ketimpangan pendapatan. Pengurangan kemiskinan akibat perubahan ketimpangan pendapatan yang ditimbulkan pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya terjadi pada periode 1999-2008. Sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada seluruh periode, signifikan berpengaruh terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan. Meskipun demikian, elastisitas bruto dan neto kemiskinan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi semakin tidak elastis. Sementara itu, hasil perhitungan Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi di semua periode tergolong pro-poor growth. Sayangnya, nilai elastisitas kemiskinan (baik bruto maupun neto) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi tergolong rendah. Selain itu, pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan melalui efek ketimpangan pendapatan pun tidak besar. Oleh sebab itu, pemerintah perlu mempertahankan pro-poor growth yang telah dicapai dengan memberikan perhatian pada upaya peningkatkan pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan dan mendorong pemerataan distribusi pendapatan sehingga mendorong pengurangan kemiskinan.

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This research aimed to analyze pro-poor growth in Indonesia. Related with it, this research attempts to analyze impact of economic growth on income inequality and poverty. This research also analyze whether the economic growth has respect to poor people (pro-poor growth). Analysis is conducted through panel data of 26 provinces in Indonesia for 1980-2008 periods. The result shows that economic growth is significantly affecting the income inequality for period of 1980-2008 and 1999-2008. Nevertheless, poverty reduction is not driven sufficiently by income inequality effect. The poverty reduction caused by change of the inequality by economic growth only happens in 1999-2008. Economic growth in all period is significantly affecting poverty reduction. Even tough, gross and net elasticity of poverty to economic growth become more inelastic. In the other side, calculation of Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) shows that economic growth in all period is included to be pro-poor growth. Unfortunately, poverty elasticity (either gross or net) to economic growth is low. Besides, impact of economic growth on poverty through income inequality effect is not high. Therefore, government needs to maintain achieved pro-poor growth by paying attention on effort to increase economic growth effect on the poverty reduction and support equal income distribution in order to stimulate poverty alleviation."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi antar-daerah di Indonesia yang dibagi ke dalam Wilayah Pesisir Kota, Pesisir Non Kota, dan Non Pesisir. Ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi tersebut digambarkan oleh kecenderungan wilayah pesisir yang lebih maju dibanding non pesisir serta keberagaman karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh wilayah pesisir itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect dan Random Effect Model pada data panel, kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan yang terjadi di dalam wilayah lebih besar dibandingkan ketimpangan antar-wilayah, dimana perbedaan struktur ekonomi berpengaruh positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi di masing-masing wilayah.

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This research aims to analyze the income inequality between regions in Indonesia which are divided into the Urban Coastal, Non-Urban Coastal, and Non-Coastal. Income inequality is described by the tendency of coastal region that is more advanced than non-coastal region as well as the diversity of characteristics possessed by the coastal region itself. By using the Fixed Effects and Random Effects Model in the data panel, the conclusions of this research indicate that income inequality within region is greater than inequality between region, where differences in economic structure has a positive effect on income inequality in each region."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara penerimaan pajak dan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2011-2019. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fixed-effect, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa total penerimaan pajak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Artinya, sistem dan struktur perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia saat ini, baik secara nasional maupun regional belum mampu berkontribusi terhadap upaya pemerataan pendapatan. Sementara itu, jika dilihat secara komposisi, baik penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan dan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai juga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Namun, rasio Pajak Daerah terhadap PDRB berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan menandakan karakteristik dari mayoritas jenis pajak konsumsi pembentuk komponen Pajak Daerah yang cenderung regresif dan menambah ketimpangan.

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This study examines the relationship between tax revenues and income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia from 2011 to 2019. Applying a fixed-effect approach, this study finds that total tax revenue has no significant effect on income inequality. This result implies that Indonesia's current tax system and structure, both national and regional, have been unable to contribute to efforts toward income distribution. Likely due to their composition, both income tax and value-added tax revenues have an insignificant effect. However, the ratio of local taxes to GRDP has a considerable positive effect on income inequality, indicating that the majority of consumption taxes in the local tax component are regressive and increase inequality."

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Dalam ilmu ekonomi pembangunan, infrastruktur fisik dan sosial telah dikenal dapat mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan walaupun hasilnya berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pembangunan infrastruktur fisik dan sosial terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menyusun indeks infrastruktur dan mengestimasi dampak infrastruktur menggunakan panel data dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia pada periode 2009-2017. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa infrastruktur fisik cenderung berkontribusi pada peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan, walaupun tidak robust secara signifikansi. Pembangunan infrastruktur sosial di Indonesia juga cenderung meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan meskipun hasilnya juga tidak robust secara signifikansi.

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In the economic development field, physical and social infrastructures have been argued to affect income inequality despite the mixed results. This study examines the impact of physical and social infrastructure on income inequality in Indonesia. This study constructs infrastructure summary indices and estimates the impacts of infrastructure using 34 provincial unbalanced panel data during 2009-2017 in Indonesia. The main finding of this study is that physical infrastructure tends to increase income inequality in Indonesia, although it is not robustly significant. Similarly, social infrastructure is also positively associated with income inequality increases in Indonesia though not robustly significant.

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"this study aims to test and demonstrate empirically the influence of special autonomy fund (DOK), the general allocation fund (DAU) and PAD allegedly not necessarily improve economic growth. This study analyzed the partial influence of DOK, DAU and PAD to conomic growth in Aceh province.this stady covers 23 districts / cities and one countained in the Aceh province. The data in this study is a secondary data countained in the office of financial management aceh (DPKA), the central bureau of statistics provinces of Aceh and other sources that can be accounted for.Based on the results of data processing show that partially DOK and DAU significant effect on economic growth in Aceh. While variable PAD negatively affect economic growth in the province. The most dominant variable is DOK, this due to the use of DOK has been set for a sector that has a greater impetus to economic growth, such as infrastructure, health an education.The results date processing, also indicates that the variable DOK, DAU and PAD simultaneously significant effect on economic growth in Aceh."