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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pharmaceuticalization pada obat pelangsing tubuh, khususnya menggali penggunaan, pemaknaan obat pelangsing tubuh dan pandangan konsumen perempuan mengenai tubuh ideal yang dilatarbelakangi oleh nilai dan norma mengenai tubuh sehat dan cantik. Berdasarkan hasil studi-studi sebelumnya, proses pharmateucalization terjadi akibat kerja sama antara industri farmasi, ekspektasi budaya dan peran media (Direct-ToConsumer-Advertising) mampu membangun informasi mengenai suatu penyakit serta pentingnya penggunaan obat-obatan. Kurangnya studi yang membahas pharmateucalization obat pelangsing herbal menjadi peluang peneliti untuk menggali lebih dalam mengenai fenomena ini dari sudut pandang para konsumen. Peneliti berargumen bahwa proses pharmaceuticalization obat pelangsing secara mikro terjadi akibat adanya pencampuran dari standarisasi kecantikan, wacana industri medis, farmasi, dan iklan mengenai kegemukan sebagai penyakit yang perlu disembuhkan dengan menormalisasi penggunaan obat gaya hidup (lifestyle drugs). Hasil temuan data memperlihatkan bahwa proses pharmaceuticalization melibatkan banyak aktor seperti perusahaan farmasi, strategi pemasaran obat (DTCA, celebrity endorsement, self-diagnosis), perubahan peran pasien dan konsumen, media massa, wacana kesehatan, wacana kecantikan, dan bantuan agen pendukung lainnya yang melihat berat badan sebagai permasalahan yang perlu diselesaikan dengan penggunaan obat pelangsing herbal yang menjadi lifestyle drugs untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup. Pada prosesnya, terdapat praktik penggunaan obat pelangsing yang dapat dibahas dari status konsumsi, durasi konsumsi, pola konsumsi, dan pengalaman konsumen terhadap obat pelangsing. Kemudian, obat pelangsing herbal dimaknai oleh perempuan sebagai obat yang memberikan ‘harapan palsu dan semu’ untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup penggunannya dengan menurunkan dan atau menjaga berat badan. Tubuh ideal dimaknai sebagai tubuh yang langsing sesuai dengan wacana kecantikan yang justifikasi merupakan tubuh yang sehat.

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This study aims to explain the pharmaceuticalization of slimming drugs, in particular, to explore the use and meaning of slimming drugs and the views of female consumers regarding the ideal body based on values and norms regarding a healthy and beautiful body. Based on the results of previous studies, the pharmateucalization process occurs as a result of cooperation between the pharmaceutical industry, cultural expectations, and the role of the media (Direct-To-ConsumerAdvertising) to build information about a disease and the importance of using drugs. The lack of studies discussing the pharmaceuticalization of herbal slimming drugs is an opportunity for researchers to dig deeper into this phenomenon from consumers point of view. The researcher argues that the pharmaceuticalization process of slimming drugs on a micro basis occurs due to the mixing of beauty standardization, medical industry discourse, pharmaceuticals, and advertisements regarding obesity as a disease that needs cured by normalizing the use of lifestyle drugs. The data findings show that the pharmaceuticalization process involves many actors such as pharmaceutical companies, drug marketing strategies (DTCA, celebrity endorsement, selfdiagnosis), changing roles of patients and consumers, mass media, health discourse, beauty discourse, and the help of other supporting agents who see the weight is a problem that needs to be solved by using herbal slimming drugs which are lifestyle drugs to improve the quality of life. In the process, there is a practice of using slimming drugs that can be discussed from consumption status, duration of consumption, consumption patterns, and consumer experiences with slimming drugs. Then, herbal slimming drugs are interpreted by women as drugs that give 'false and false hopes' to improve the quality of life of their users by losing and or maintaining weight. The ideal body is defined as a slim body following the discourse of beauty which justifies a healthy body."

"Kegemukan/obesitas telah diakui sebagai salah satu masalah kesehatan yang serius. Pencegahan obesitas dan kelebihan berat badan semakin menjadi perhatian. Baru-baru ini, asupan herbal untuk pelangsing dan suplemen makanan secara signifikan diminati oleh orang-orang yang mencoba berjuang dengan obesitas. Pada kenyataannya, suplemen makanan herbal untuk pelangsing mempengaruhi tubuh manusia lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan obat pelangsing sintetis. Sehingga, Bahan Kimia Obat (BKO) sering kali ditambahkan ke dalam sediaan obat tradisional. Meskipun dilarang, namun pada kenyataanya, di pasaran masih juga beredar Produk Herbal untuk Pelangsing yang mengandung bahan kimia obat (BKO). Fokus utama dari Review Artikel ini adalah untuk menyoroti pendekatan skrining baru yang digunakan dalam pendeteksian BKO pada produk herbal untuk pelangsing yang ada di pasaran. Metode spektroskopi ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) merupakan alat skrining yang layak dan menarik untuk menganalisis produk herbal untuk pelangsing yang dicurigai dipalsukan. Interpretasi/pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah kemometrik. Penggunaan ATR-FTIR telah terbukti dapat menganalisis sampel dengan cepat, sederhana, dan tidak memerlukan persiapan sampel yang sulit. Selain itu, teknik ini cukup akurat, tidak mememerlukan pelarut berbahaya dan reagen serta ramah lingkungan. ATR-FTIR umumnya digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi, karakterisasi, penjelasan struktur, dan pemantauan reaksi dalam kimia analitik. Spektroskopi ATR- FTIR dikombinasikan dengan metode kemometrik model HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) dan PCA (Principal Component Analysis) ditemukan cukup akurat untuk pendeteksian BKO Sibutramin HCl dan pemalsuan lainnya didalam produk herbal untukpelangsing.

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Overweight/Obesity has been recognized as a serious health problem. Prevention of obesity and overweight is increasingly becoming a concern. Recently, the intake of herbs for slimming and dietary supplements is significantly in demand by people trying to struggle with obesity. In fact, herbal slimming supplements affect the human body more slowly than synthetic slimming drugs. Thus, chemical drugs are often added to traditional medicinal preparations. Although it is prohibited, in fact, in the market there are also Herbal Slimming Products that contain chemical drugs. The main focus of this review article is to highlight new screening approaches used in the detection of chemical drugs in herbal slimming products on the market. The ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier TransformInfrared) spectroscopic method is a feasible and attractive screening tool to analyse herbal slimming products suspected of being counterfeited. The interpretation/processing of the data used is chemometric. The use of ATR-FTIR has proven to be able to analyse samples quickly, simply, and does not require difficult sample preparation. In addition, this technique is quite accurate, does not require harmful solvents and reagents and is environmentally friendly. ATR-FTIR is commonly used for identification, characterization, structure explanation, and reaction monitoring in analytical chemistry. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with the chemometric method of HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) models was found to be quite accurate for the detection of Sibutramine HCl and other adulterations in herbal slimming products."

"Evidence based herbal drugs are on hi-acceptance day by day due to health friendly nature compared to synthetic drugs. The active ingredients in herbal drugs are different chemical classes, e.g. alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, terpenes etc., are identified at molecular level using current analytical practices, which are unique characteristic, as finger, so known as fingerprints. The fingerprints are used for assessment of quality consistency and stability by visible observation and comparison of the standardized fingerprint pattern, have scientific potential to decipher the claims made on these drugs for authenticity and reliability of chemical constituents, with total traceability, which starts from the proper identification, season and area of collection, storage, their processing, stability during processing, and rationalizing the combinational in case of polyherbal drugs. These quality oriented documents have ample scientific logics so well accepted globally by regulatory authorities and industries, to determine intentional/ unintentional contamination, adulteration, pollutants, stability, quality, etc. parameters. Based on geo-climatic factors, a same plant species has different pharmacological properties due to different ingredients; such regional and morphological variations are identified by fingerprints, at the time of collection of the medicinal herb. The chromatographic (TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC,) and spectral (UV-Vis., FTIR, MNR, MS, LC-MS, GC-MS etc.) techniques have world-wide strong scientific approval as validated methods to generate the fingerprints of different chemical classes of active ingredients of herbal drugs. Presently there is a need for a book having all the fingerprinting techniques for herbal drugs at a place with theory, case studies and art to discover patentable forms. "

"Sibutramin Hidroklorida merupakan salah satu obat antiobesitas yang paling sering dicampurkan yang ditemukan di formulasi pelangsing herbal. Sibutramin HCl diindikasikan untuk membantu menurunkan dan pemeliharaan berat badan, selain itu obat ini dapat meningkatkan faktor masalah kardiovaskular, seperti hiperlipidemia dan kontrol glikemi pada pasien diabetes tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis sibutramin HCl pada produk pelangsing herbal secara Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Densitometri. Digunakan pelarut metanol, panjang gelombang analisis pada 227 nm, dan eluen terpilihnya yaitu toluen-dietilamin (10:0,3) pada Rf 0,58. Hasil dari validasi metode analisis didapat koefisien korelasi kurva kalibrasi (r = 0,9993) berada pada rentang konsentrasi 250,2-2502,0 µg/ml, memiliki nilai batas deteksi 108,74 µg/ml dan batas kuantitasi 362,47 µg/ml. Nilai koefisien variasi pada tiga konsentrasi berbeda antara lain 1,46 %, 1,42 %, dan 1,03 %. Nilai rata-rata uji perolehan kembali pada tiga konsentrasi berbeda antara lain 99,57 %, 100,32 %, dan 99,20 %. Hasil validasi metode memenuhi kriteria yang ditetapkan. Dari tujuh sampel yang dianalisis, enam diantaranya positif mengandung sibutramin HCl. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sibutramin HCl yang ditentukan secara KLT-Densitometri bervariasi antara 3-26 mg per satu dosis pemakaian.

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Sibutramine Hydrochloride is one of the anti-obesity drug most commonly found in herbal slimming formulations. Sibutramine HCl is indicated to help lower and weight maintenance, other than that these drugs may increase the factor of cardiovascular problems, such as hyperlipidemia and control glikemi in patients with diabetes type 2. This study aims to analyze sibutramine HCl in herbal slimming products by Thin Layer Chromatography Densitometry. The TLC system was methanol as solvent, the analytical wavelength 227 nm, and eluent is toluene-diethylamine (10:0,3) at Rf 0,58. The results from the validation, calibration curve correlation coefficient (r = 0,9993) concentrations were in the range from 250,2 to 2502,0 µg/ml, limit of detection 108,74 µg/ml and the limit of quantitation 362,47 µg/ml. Result from coefficient of variation at three different concentrations were 1,46 %, 1,42 %, and 1,03 %. The average of percent recovery tests at three different concentrations were 99,57 %, 100,32 %, and 99,20 %. The validation result comply the specified criteria. From seven of the samples analyzed, six of them tested positive for Sibutramin HCl. Analysis indicated that the amount of sibutramine HCl content determined by TLC-Densitometric varied from 3 to 26 mg per one single dosage."

"HIV-1 (Human immunodeficiency virus tipe 1) adalah anggota famili retrovirus yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit AIDS ketika menginfeksi manusia. Epidemi AIDS adalah salah satu penyakit yang paling destruktif di zaman modern. Diperkirakan lebih dari 33 juta orang telah terinfeksi hingga tahun 2010.Berbagai penelitian perancangan obat yang mentarget berbagai enzim virus HIV terus dilakukan terutama enzim vital untuk reproduksi virus seperti transkriptase balik, integrase, dan protease. Penapisan virtual sebagai salah satu metode pendekatan in silico telah digunakan pada pencarian senyawa penuntun dari basis data senyawa library ataupun dari basis data bahan alam sebagai inhibitor HIV-1.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penapisan virtual basis data senyawa tanaman obat di Indonesia pada transkriptase balik, integrase dan protease HIV-1. Penapisan dilakukan menggunakan piranti lunak GOLD, AutoDock dan AutoDock Vina.Berdasarkan hasil penapisan didapatkan 10 peringkat senyawa terbaik dari tiap metode untuk tiap enzim. Metode penapisan yang relatif lebih akurat adalah AutoDock untuk transkriptase balik; AutoDock Vina dan GOLD untuk protease; serta AutoDock Vina untuk integrase.

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HIV-1 (Human immunodeficiency virus type 1) is a member of retrovirus family that could infect human and causing AIDS disease. AIDS epidemic is one of the most destructive diseases in the modern era. There were more than 33 million people infected by HIV until 2010.

Various researches have been done to design drug that targeting HIV enzymes primarily vital reproduction enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease. Virtual screening as in silico approach has been used to find lead molecules from compound library or natural database as HIV-1 inhibitors.

In this research, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database was done to reverse transcriptase, integrase and HIV-1 protease. Virtual screening was done using GOLD, AutoDock, and AutoDock Vina.

Based on this research, top ten ranked compound was obtained for each methods and enzymes. Virtual screening method which relatively more accurate is AutoDock for reverse transcriptase; AutoDock Vina and GOLD for protease; and AutoDock Vina for integrase."

"Pemakaian obat herbal dimasyarakat diiringi dengan berkembangnya industri obat tradisional. Khusus untuk Industri Kecil Obat Tradisional (IKOT) setiap tahun pertumbuhannya semakin meningkat. IKOT turut berkontribusi sebesar 20% dari omset nasional produk herbal. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi oleh IKOT adalah ketersediaan bahan baku dan kualitas produksi yang belum terstandar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketersediaan bahan baku untuk produk IKOT dan kontribusi dari kualitas produk IKOT terhadap pemakaian produk herbal masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah survey dan wawancara kepada 4 IKOT di kota Depok dan responden yang menggunakan produk herbal sebanyak 84 orang. Berdasarkan analisa hasil penelitian diperoleh Y = 0,549 X atau pemakaian produk = 0,549 kualitas produk. Artinya apabila kualitas produk ditingkatkan satu kali maka pemakaian produk akan meningkat 1/0,549 atau sekitar dua kali. Kualitas produk berkaitan secara bermakna dengan kualitas bahan baku herbal. Kontinuitas produksi di IKOT tergantung pada bahan baku yang berasal dari bukan hasil budidaya. Kemitraan dengan petani penyedia bahan baku melalui pola penanaman sistem Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). Pembinaan petani diarahkan pada cara budidaya, pengelolaan panen dan pasca panen serta cara penyimpanan bahan baku yang sesuai dengan Cara Pembuatan Obat Tradisional yang Baik (CPOTB). Kerjasama dengan pihak perguruan tinggi dalam hal pengujian bahan baku herbal harus dilakukan oleh IKOT agar kualitas bahan terstandar.

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The use of herbs remedies in industrial growth accompanied by traditional medicine. Specifically for Small traditional medicine Industry (IKOT) increasing its growth each year. IKOT contribute 20% of the national turnover of herbs products. The main problems faced by IKOT is the availability of raw materials and production quality that has not been standardized. This research aims to analyze the availability of raw materials for the product and IKOT contributions from IKOT product quality to the use of herbs products community. The method used was a survey and interviews to 4 IKOT in Depok and respondents who use herbs products as much as 84 people. Based on an analysis of the research results obtained Y = 0.549 X or product usage = 0.549 product quality. It means that, when the quality of products improved once and then use the product to rise 1/0.549 or about twice. The quality of the product concerned significantly to the quality of raw herbs. Continuity of production at IKOT depending on the raw material comes from is not the result of cultivation. Partnership with farmers providing raw materials through a system of planting pattern of Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). The construction of the farmers directed at how the cultivation, harvest and post harvest management and storage of the raw materials according to the way of making a good traditional medicine (CPOTB). Cooperation with the College in terms of raw herbs material testing must be carried out by the quality of the ingredients, standardized so that the IKOT."

"Penelitian mengenai perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dengan metode bibliometrika ini mengangkat ilmu kedokteran herbal sebagai objek. Dengan mengadopsi metode pengukuran perkembangan ilmu yang dinyatakan Garfield dan Diodato yakni menggunakan pendekatan analisis sitiran, penelitian difokuskan pada literatur ilmu kedokteran herbal di Indonesia dan Malaysia.Hasil temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ilmu kedokteran herbal di Indonesia dan Malaysia berkembang sejak lama (dari literatur tertua yang ditemukan yakni dokumen Heyne) pada tahun 1927 dan masih terus dikembangkan dealam kurun waktu 3 tahun terakhir. Paparan penelitian disajikan dengan hasil pengolahan data berupa tabel dan gambar peta jaringan sitasi serta peta sitiran Indonesia dan Malaysia.

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This research is a development of herbal medicine in Indonesia and Malaysia from bibliometric point of view. Using citation analysis method as mentioned by Garfield, this research focuses on literatures of herbal medicine science in Indonesia and Malaysia.It was found that herbal medicine science in Indonesia and Malaysia has been developed since 1937, yet still growing within the last 3 years. The result as presented with text as well as supplied by tables? illustration of citation networks and its visualization."

"Herbal medicine have widely been used to treat many type of diseases despite the advance of standard or cenventional theraphy. In fact, many people in Indonesia use medicinal plant as their customary oart of life. Therefore, it si necessary to further explore the use of herbal medicines through modern perception.. In this study we would like to know the frequency and species of herbal medicines used among cervical cancer patients in national cancer hospital dharmais, Jakarta, Indonesia and also to assess the relationship between age, education, jobs, stage of cancer and payment status of the patients. The results were 61,8 % patients used herbal medicines. . The herbal medicines used most were mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocorpa scheef, Boerl) 35.3%, temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc) 32.4% and buah merah (Pandanus conodeus Lam) 17,6% . There was a significant relationship (p=0.039) between the use of herbal medicines and stage of cancer but no relationship between age, education, occupation , income payment status with the use of herbal medicines."