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"Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, terjadi peningkatan perdebatan mengenai kedaulatan dalam kajian Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Salah satu titik krusial yang mendorong perdebatan ini adalah terbentuknya Uni Eropa melalui Maastricht Treaty pada tahun 1992. Setelah itu, terdapat beragam literatur yang membahas mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa, sehingga diperlukan sebuah kajian kepustakaan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, studi ini memetakan perkembangan literatur mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa pasca Maastricht Treaty. Dari tiga puluh artikel jurnal/buku/chapter edited volume yang dikaji, terdapat empat tema besar yaitu (1) karakteristik kedaulatan di Uni Eropa; (2) dinamika kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa: antara intergovernmentalisme dan supranasionalisme (3) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan terhadap perubahan bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dan (4) kritik terhadap penerapan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa. Setelah melakukan pemetaan dan analisis literatur, kajian kepustakaan ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, karakter kedaulatan di Uni Eropa memiliki penafsiran yang berbeda-beda, mulai dari kedaulatan dipandang disatukan (pooled sovereignty), dibagi (shared sovereignty), hingga dianggap masih berada di negara. Kedua, penerapan kedaulatan dalam tatanan praktis dalam level kebijakan di Uni Eropa dapat bertahan maupun berubah, menyesuaikan preferensi negara-negara anggotanya. Ketiga, penerimaan negara terhadap beragam bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi, faktor interdependensi, dan faktor keamanan. Keempat, dinamika serta cara pandang terhadap kedaulatan di Uni Eropa tampaknya dipengaruhi oleh fenomena-fenomena empirik atau perkembangan yang terjadi di Uni Eropa. Terakhir, dari keseluruhan literatur, studi ini mengindentifikasi celah literatur yang terdapat dalam sedikitnya analisis mengenai kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa, serta kurangnya studi komparatif yang membandingkan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dengan kedaulatan dalam entitas politik lainnya.

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Over the last few decades, the topic of Sovereignty has been increasingly discussed in International Relations. One of the crucial factors leading to the debate was the establishment of the European Union through the enactment of Maastricht Treaty in 1992. As an effect, various literature discussing sovereignty in the European Union emerged and subsequently neccessitates a literature review on it. This study mapped various literature on sovereignty in the European Union after Maastricht Treaty. By taking into account thirty journal articles/books/chapters of edited volume, this study found four major themes in the literature: (1) the characteristics of sovereignty in the European Union; (2) the dynamics of sovereignty in the European Union policies: between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism; (3) the factors influencing the acceptance of the changing form of sovereignty in the European Union; and (4) the critiques on the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union. After mapping and analyzing the literature, this study found several important points. First, the characters of sovereignty in the European Union result in various interpretations such as pooled sovereignty, shared sovereignty, and sovereignty that are embedded within member states. Second, the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union policies could both be static or dynamic, depending on the member states' preferences. Third, member states’ acceptance of various sovereignty forms in the European Union are influenced by economic, interdependence, and security factors. Fourth, the dynamics of the sovereignty in the European Union are perceived to be influenced by events happening in the European Union. Lastly, this study identifies several literature gaps on the lack of literature analyzing sovereignty aspect of European Union’s policies and the minimum amount of comparative studies between sovereignty in the European Union and sovereignty in other political entities."

"Meskipun Uni Eropa telah secara eksplisit menyatakan ambisinya untuk mencapai kedaulatan digital pada tahun 2020, pemahaman terhadap istilah tersebut masih minim dan belum familiar. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk memahami perkembangan literatur tentang kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa dan mengidenfikasi celah yang terdapat dalam berbagai literatur tersebut. Metode pengikutsertaan (inclusion) dan pengecualian (exclusion) digunakan untuk menelusuri literatur yang akan digunakan dalam kajian literatur ini, sedangkan metode taksonomi digunakan untuk mengorganisasikan literatur-literatur yang ditemukan dengan melakukan klasifikasi sesuai dengan tema-tema dominan. Dengan menggunakan 43 literatur, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan literatur tentang kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa berada dalam tiga kategori bahasan utama, yaitu: (1) konseptualisasi kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa; (2) strategi kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa; dan (3) aktor dalam kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa. Setelah mengkaji berbagai literatur tersebut, kajian literatur ini menemukan bahwa kedaulatan digital merupakan manifestasi dari keinginan Uni Eropa untuk mengatur ruang siber agar selaras dengan nilai-nilai Uni Eropa di tengah persaingan geopolitik antara Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok, serta dominasi kedua negara tersebut dalam ranah digital. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kajian tentang strategi konkret Uni Eropa untuk mencapai kedaulatan digital masih berhubungan erat dengan ranah keamanan dan pertahanan. Perkembangan literatur turut mengidentifikasi bahwa dalam konteks kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa, kajian tentang hubungan Uni Eropa dengan aktor negara lain masih didominasi oleh hubungannya dengan Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok. Fenomena tersebut menyingkap celah yang ditemukan dalam berbagai literatur tersebut, seperti minimnya literatur yang membahas tentang strategi konkret Uni Eropa untuk mencapai kedaulatan digital dalam ranah ekonomi, hubungan Uni Eropa dengan negara-negara lain selain Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok, peran aktor non-negara lain selain perusahaan swasta, hingga siapa sesungguhnya yang berwenang untuk mengatur kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa. Akhir kata, kajian literatur ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi dalam memperkaya pemahaman terhadap kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa sekaligus memberikan rekomendasi praktis terhadap pengimplementasian kedaulatan digital di Uni Eropa.

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Although the European Union explicitly declared its ambition to achieve digital sovereignty in 2020, the understanding of this term is still limited and unfamiliar. This literature review aims to understand the development of literature on digital sovereignty in the European Union and identify gaps in the existing literatures. The inclusion and exclusion methods are employed to select relevant literatures for this review, while the taxonomy method is used to organize the identified literatures by classifying them according to dominant themes. Based on the analysis of 43 literature sources, this literature review reveals that the literatures on digital sovereignty in the European Union fall into three main categories of discussion: (1) the conceptualization of digital sovereignty in the European Union; (2) the digital sovereignty strategies in the European Union; and (3) actors in digital sovereignty in the European Union. After examining various literatures, this literature review argues that digital sovereignty is a manifestation of the European Union’s desire to regulate cyberspace in line with European values amidst the geopolitical competition between the United States and China, as well as the dominance of these two countries in the digital realm. These findings highlight the close relationship between concrete strategies for achieving digital sovereignty in the European Union and the domains of security and defense. The literature development also identifies that in the context of digital sovereignty in the European Union, studies on the European Union's relations with other countries are still dominated by its relationship with the United States and China. These occurrences reveal several gaps in these literatures, such as a limited number of literatures have addressed concrete strategies of the European Union to achieve digital sovereignty in the economic domain, the European Union’s relations with countries other than the United States and China, the role of non-state actors besides private enterprises, and the authority responsible for regulating digital sovereignty in the European Union. In conclusion, this literature review is expected to contribute to a better understanding of digital sovereignty in the European Union and provide practical recommendations for the implementation of digital sovereignty in the European Union."

"Multilingualism in EU is a state of affairs emerged as a range of different languages encounter one another. The history of European integration and the course of language policy in EU show that there is no policy on the language of EU. Issues related to language regulate themselves to practical tenets. This is what is identified as laissez-faire policy model. The putting into practice of this laissez-faire policy model in EU has significant implications to French language. They are closely correlated with the question of power. France, as a member-state having a vital role and strong leadership character in integration, perceives this circumstance as a form of threat against the strength and the popularity of its language.Situations of multilingualism and language policy belong to one theoretical framework of sociolinguistics study and come into surface alongside political thinking_ One of the sociolinguistics scholars is Pierre Bourdieu, who suggests diverse concepts; among them are champ, capital, habitus, ilhrsio, libido and symbolique violance. Bourdieu develops sociology theory and associates it with other studies, such as media, literature, and politics. The study on Ianguage policy in ELI in this thesis applies the approaches put forward by Bourdieu. EU has been an arena of political interest struggle (champ) to two key member states i.e. France and the UK. Both states engage in the champ and draw on different capital. Language policy is the primary factor determining the dissemination and reinforcement of French language. France has vigorously promoted its language by employing massive policies on language and culture. Nevertheless, the results of these efforts cannot go beyond the popularity of English in EU, which in this case is influenced by the factors of economy, culture, and politics.There is in fact another factor that determines the dissemination and reinforcement of English language, i.e_ the factor of the U.S. soft power. This thesis uses the concepts of power proposed by Joseph Nye Jr as well. Nye Jr defines soft power as an ability to gain what is desired by means better than force or money. English has ties to the economic system and global network dominated by the U.S. English itself is an integral part of globalization. The power of globalization becomes a habitus which at the end supports the dissemination and reinforcement of English language. The government of the UK does not need to carry out massive efforts similar to the ones done by the French government to elevate its language on top of language hierarchy. If hierarchy of language is regarded as something that is proper and natural, the acknowledgment of one single dominant language will easily take place. English will easily become the lingua franca of EU. EU's language policy which regulates to practical tenets will turn English into the de facto dominant language. This condition can eventually deteriorate EU's slogan of united in diversity_ The challenge for EU now lies on the ways of how to manage and regulate issues concerning language to strengthen the slogan without having to diminish the national identity of its member states."

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Di akhir abad ke-20, Uni Eropa mulai menyusun kerangka kerja sama energi terbarukan guna menjawab masalah kolektif terkait suplai energi dan perubahan iklim. Berbagai literatur kemudian muncul beriringan dengan perkembangan kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa tersebut. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meninjau perkembangan literatur kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa dengan menggunakan 83 literatur yang terakreditasi secara internasional. Dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi, literatur-literatur tersebut dibagi ke dalam empat tema umum, yakni (1) konseptualisasi kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa, (2) ragam kepentingan kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa, (3) aktor berpengaruh dalam kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa, dan (4) persepsi aktor eksternal terkait kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa. Tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk menganalisis konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan literatur dari literatur-literatur yang dibahas. Tulisan ini menyingkap fakta bahwa kerja sama energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa menggambarkan kuatnya preskripsi intergovernmentalism dalam proses integrasi Eropa karena masih sentralnya peran negara dalam membentuk dan melaksanakan kerja sama energi terbarukan. Oleh sebab itu, kerja sama energi terbarukan akan memberikan tantangan bagi integrasi Eropa untuk dapat menyeimbangkan kepentingan negara anggota Uni Eropa dan solusi teknokratik terkait masalah suplai energi dan perubahan iklim.

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At the end of the 20th century, the European Union has begun to develop frameworks for renewable energy cooperation to address collective problems related to energy supply and climate change. Various literatures then emerged along with the development of renewable energy cooperation in the European Union. This paper aims to review literature development regarding the renewable energy cooperation in the European Union by using 83 international accredited literatures. Using taxonomy method, the literatures are divided into four general themes, which are (1) conceptualization of renewable energy cooperation in the European Union, (2) variety of interests of renewable energy cooperation in the European Union, (3) influential actors within renewable energy cooperation in the European Union, and (4) the perception of external actors regarding renewable energy cooperation in the European Union. This literature review seeks to analyze the consensus, debates, and literature gap from the literatures that are being reviewed. This paper found that renewable energy cooperation in the European Union illustrates the strength of intergovernmental prescriptions in the European integration process because of state’s centrality in creating and implementing renewable energy cooperation. Accordingly, renewable energy cooperation will present a challenge for European integration in order to balance the interests of European Union’s member states and technocratic solutions related to the problem of energy supply and climate change.

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"Semakin berkembangnya kelembagaan dan misi eksternal Uni Eropa khususnya dalam mempromosikan norma-normanya mendorong literatur-literatur untuk membahas peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Normative power dianggap sebagai salah satu peran internasional Uni Eropa yang membedakannya dengan aktor-aktor internasional lainnya. Kendati telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai literatur mengenai Uni Eropa, namun konsep normative power belum mendapat perhatian serius dari literatur-literatur disiplin Ilmu Hubungan Internasional yang lebih luas. Kajian literatur ini membahas bagaimana perkembangan literatur mengenai Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Dengan metode taksonomi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur Uni Eropa sebagai normative power berada dalam empat kategori: 1 konseptualisasi normative power; 2 penggunaan normative power, 3 persepsi aktor mitra terhadap normative power, dan 4 Uni Eropa sebagai normative power dalam perspektif Hubungan Internasional. Berdasarkan berbagai literatur yang sudah dikaji, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power merupakan suatu konstruksi yang dikembangkan oleh akademisi dan pejabat Uni Eropa untuk menemukan relevansi dan mengangkat posisi politik Uni Eropa dalam peran internasionalnya. Konstruksi ini dipertegas melalui seleksi memori yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap klaim normative power-nya. Kajian literatur ini juga menunjukkan terbatasnya keberhasilan penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa terhadap para mitranya. Perkembangan literatur turut mengidentifikasi kecenderungan skeptisisme aktor-aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa. Selain itu, kajian literatur ini berargumen bahwa konsep normative power memiliki kecenderungan adanya bias Eurosentris dan perkembangan literatur didominasi oleh literatur-literatur liberal dan konstruktivis. Berdasarkan literatur-literatur yang ditinjau, tulisan ini menemukan adanya celah riset pada persepsi aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap normative power dan penulisan melalui perspektif non Eropa.

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The development of European Union's institutions and external mission, especially in promoting its norms, encourages literature to discuss the role of the EU as normative power. Normative power is considered one of the EU's international roles that distinguishes it from other international actors. Although widely used in literature on the European Union, the concept of normative power has not received serious attention from the wider International Relations readers.

This literature review discusses how the development of literature on the European Union as normative power. Using taxonomy method, this literature review shows the literature development of the EU as normative power fall into four categories: 1 the conceptualization of normative power; 2 the use of normative power, 3 partner actors' perceptions of normative power; and 4 EU as normative power according to IR perspectives.

Based on the literature that has been studied, this literature review argues that the role of the EU as normative power is a construction developed by academics and EU officials to find relevance and elevate the political position of the European Union in its international role. It is reasserted by how EU do memory selection to its own history in claiming its normative power.

This literature review also shows the limited success of normative usage power by the EU against its partners. The development of literature also identifies the tendency of skepticism of EU partner actors against the use of normative power by the European Union. In addition, this literature review argues that the concept of normative power has a tendency for Eurocentric bias and the development of literature dominated by liberal and constructivist literature.

Based on the literature reviewed, this paper found a research gap on the perceptions of EU partner actors and writing through a non-European perspective. "

"Penelitian ini membahas alasan Uni Eropa sebagai anggota tetap di dalam forum G20, terutama penekanan pada mamfaat yang diperoleh oleh Uni Eropa melalui G20. Teori yang digunakan untuk meneliti Keanggotaan Uni Eropa di G20 adalah teori interdependensi kompleks, teori efek domino dan konsep global governance. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pada saat berdirinya dan pada saat transformasi Uni Eropa di G20, adalah respon dari krisis keuangan yang dinilai ber-efek domino terhadap ekonomi global. Uni Eropa dengan anggota G20 lainnya dinilai mempunyai kemampuan dan memiliki interdependensi untuk berkerjasama menyelesaikan krisis dan mencegah efek domino. G20 dalam perkembangannya, berkembang menjadi global governance khususnya dalam tatanan ekonomi dunia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Uni Eropa semakin mendapat tempat sebagai aktor global melalui G20 untuk mewujudkan visi Effective Multilateralism berbasis nilai, berperan dalam mengembangkan manajemen keuangan dunia dan meningkatkan keuntungan perdagangannya.

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This study analyses the permanent membership of European Union in G20, especially its benefit as a member of G20. Theory used in this study consists of interdependence complex and domino effect theories and global governance concept. This study finds out that the establishment and transformation of European Union within G20 are the response toward domino effect in global financial crisis. European Union and other member of G20 are considered having the ability and interdependence to cooperate solving the crisis and prevent the domino effect. G20 thrives to be a global governance, specifically in world economic order. Finally, this study concludes that by way of G20, European Union becomes one of the promising global actors that helps actualising value based Effective Multilateralism vision, develops world financial management and enhances its trading profit. "

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Nama                         : Megan Anglingsari Raritra Intanti

Program Studi             : Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Judul                          : Kebijakan Luar Negeri Uni Eropa

Pembimbing                : Dr. phil. Yandry Kurniawan

 

Kajian Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri atau FPA telah menjadi bidang studi independen dalam ilmu hubungan internasional sejak tahun 1950an. Fokus FPA terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri dianggap telah berhasil menjawab permasalahan studi HI yang cenderung menciptakan jarak antara politik domestik dan internasional. Menariknya, klaim bahwa FPA telah inklusif menuai kritik diantara cendekia Eropa, khususnya dalam pembahasan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Maka dari itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana literatur menempatkan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa diantara kajian FPA. Dalam rangka mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis menyusun 96 total temuan literatur dengan akreditasi internasional dalam empat kategori tema, yaitu: (1) konsep kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa; (2) institusionalisasi kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa; (3) Uni Eropa sebagai aktor; dan (4) lingkup kawasan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Upaya tinjauan literatur menghasilkan beberapa temuan seperti konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan terkait topik ini. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga menelusuri tren tema literatur, persebaran penulis, serta tren persebaran paradigmatik. Berangkat dari kondisi tersebut, tulisan ini berhasil menyingkap fakta bahwa FPA belum menjadi perspektif yang umum digunakan dalam mengkaji kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Meskipun begitu, tulisan ini tidak menemukan literatur yang menolak keberadaan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Tulisan ini akan ditutup dengan penjabaran sejumlah rekomendasi untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang meliputi perluasan paradigmatik khususnya FPA dan pendekatan kritis, serta topik-topik yang belum banyak terbahas tetapi cukup relevan dengan kondisi empirik kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa.

 

 

 

Kata kunci:

Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Uni Eropa, kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa, European Foreign Policy, hubungan eksternal Uni Eropa, EPC, CFSP

 

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Name                        : Megan Anglingsari Raritra Intanti

Study Program           : International Relations

Title                          : European Union’s Foreign Policy

Counsellor                 : Dr. phil. Yandry Kurniawan

 

Foreign Policy Analysis or FPA has been developed as an independent field of international relations (IR) studies since the 1950s. FPA’s primary focus on foreign policy decision making processes is considered to have successfully answered IR studies problem which tends to create a gap between domestic and international politics. Interestingly, the claim that FPA has been inclusive drawn criticism among European scholars, particularly in the discussion of the EU's foreign policy. Therefore, this paper aims to explain how literature interpret EU’s foreign policy among FPA studies. In order to achieve this goal, the authors compiled 96 total international accreditation literature within four categories of themes, namely: (1) the concept of EU’s foreign policy; (2) institutionalization of EU’s foreign policy; (3) European Union as an actor; and (4) regional scope of the EU’s foreign policy. This literature review has resulted in several findings such as consensus, debates, and gaps related to this topic. In addition, this paper also traces the literature trend, distribution of authors’ origin, as well as the paradigmatic trend. Based on these conditions, this paper was successfully revealed the fact that FPA is not a mainstream perspective in studying EU’s foreign policy. Even so, this paper didn’t identify scholar that rejects the idea of EU’s foreign policy. This paper will conclude with some recommendations for further research including paradigmatic diversification, especially FPA and a critical approach, as well as topics that rarely discussed but are quite relevant to the empirical conditions of EU’s foreign policy.

 

 

 

Keywords:

Foreign Policy Analysis, European Union, European Foreign Policy, EU Foreign Policy, EU External Relations, EPC, CFSP

 

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"Isu keamanan dan pertahanan di Uni Eropa mulai muncul ke permukaan pasca periode Perang Dingin. Sistem internasional yang berubah menjadi unipolar, menghadirkan tantangan dan dinamika ancaman yang baru. Adanya upaya untuk dapat bertindak secara independen dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap NATO dalam menentukan arah kebijakan pertahanannya, membuat Uni Eropa mulai berusaha mengembangkan kerjasama pertahanan secara internal. Sejumlah literatur kemudian mencatat progres secara kelembagaan dan pembentukan sejumlah inisiatif untuk meningkatkan struktur dari operasionalisasi kerjasama pertahanan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meninjau perkembangan literatur mengenai kerjasama pertahanan Uni Eropa. Dalam tulisan ini juga terdapat sejumlah 37 literatur yang digunakan untuk peninjauan pustaka. Berdasarkan metode taksonomi, literatur-literatur tersebut terbagi ke dalam enam kategori yang terdiri dari (1) fungsi kerangka kerjasama pertahanan, (2) proses evolusi kerjasama pertahanan, (3) proses pengambilan keputusan, (4) pengerahan pasukan, (5) relasi terhadap NATO, dan (6) relasi terhadap PBB. Tulisan ini akan berusaha dalam melihat perdebatan, konsensus, dan sintesis dalam literatur yang membahas kerjasama pertahanan Uni Eropa. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa kerjasama pertahanan Uni Eropa memiliki relevansi dalam studi keamanan terutama dalam melihat kontribusi Uni Eropa melalui sejumlah operasi dan misi yang telah dan sedang dijalankan. Meskipun demikian, penulis melihat perluasan perspektif literatur yang tidak terbatas hanya pada akademisi yang berasal dari Uni Eropa dan Amerika Utara, akan dapat memperkaya dan meningkatkan kualitas dan relevansi penelitian.

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Security and defense issues in the European Union began to surface after the Cold War period. The international system turned unipolar, presenting new challenges and threat dynamics. The effort to be able to act independently and reduce dependence on NATO in determining the direction of its defense policy, made the European Union begin to try to develop defense cooperation internally. A number of literatures then note the institutional progress and the establishment of a number of initiatives to improve the structure of the operationalization of defense cooperation. This paper aims to review the growing literature on EU defense cooperation. In this paper, a total of 37 literatures are used for the literature review. Based on the taxonomy method, the literature is divided into six categories consisting of (1) the function of the defense cooperation framework, (2) the evolutionary process of defense cooperation, (3) the decision-making process, (4) deployment of troops, (5) relations to NATO, and (6) relations to the UN. This paper will attempt to look at the debates, consensus, and synthesis in the literature discussing EU defense cooperation. This paper concludes that EU defense cooperation has relevance in security studies, especially in looking at the EU's contribution through a number of operations and missions that have been and are being carried out. However, the author believes that broadening the perspective of the literature beyond academics from the European Union and North America would enrich and improve the quality and relevance of the research."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perluasan keanggotaan suatu organisasi internasional, secara khusus mengenai proses perluasan keanggotaan Turki di dalam Uni Eropa. Uni Eropa, seperti kebanyakan organisasi internasional lainnya, memberikan persyaratan perluasan keanggotaan bagi negara-negara yang ingin bergabung menjadi negara anggota. Untuk dapat diterima menjadi negara anggota di Uni Eropa, sebuah negara harus memenuhi persyaratan yang terkandung di dalam Traktat Maastricht 1992 dan Kriteria Copenhagen 1993. Turki telah mengajukan aplikasi perluasan keanggotaan kepada Uni Eropa sejak tahun 1987 dan telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk memenuhi persyaratan yang ada, namun hingga saat ini Turki masih harus puas dengan statusnya sebagai kandidat anggota di Uni Eropa. Berbagai hal dianggap menjadi kendala dalam proses bergabungnya Turki di Uni Eropa, misalnya adalah keadaan ekonomi Turki, hal tentang perlindungan hak minoritas, dan konflik Turki dengan Siprus yang telah menjadi anggota Uni Eropa pada tahun 2004. Namun demikian, Turki hingga saat ini masih terus melakukan upaya-upaya dalam harapan Uni Eropa dapat segera menerima Turki sebagai negara anggota di Uni Eropa.

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Every international organization has its own provision or requirement on its enlargement. The European Union, as any other international organizations, also requires the state that desires to join into it as a member state. In order to be accepted as a member state in the European Union, a state must fulfill all the requirements stipulated in Maastricht Treaty 1992 and Copenhagen Criteria 1993. Turkey had submitted its enlargement application in 1987 and it has done all its efforts since then to satisfy the requirements, but until now Turkey has to be content with its status as a candidate state. Several things are considered to be the constraints on the process of Turkey's application; the Turkey's economic condition, the protection of minority rights, and the conflict between Turkey and Cyprus, which had been an European Union's member state since 2004. However, Turkey still continues to make efforts to fulfill all the requirements in the hope of its acceptance in the European Union."