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"Tesis ini membahas Karakteristik Oseanografi Perairan Indonesia dalam Upaya Mendukung Optimalisasi Perikanan Tangkap Ikan Pelagis. Parameter yang diamati terdiri dari parameter fisika laut, intensitas klorofil-a serta daerah potensial penangkapan ikan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa puncak musim penangkapan ikan di perairan Indonesia fase pertama berlangsung dari bulan April sampai bulan Mei. Fase kedua berlangsung dari November sampai bulan Januari. Pengaruh utamanya adalah akibat produktifitas klorofil-a pada bulan-bulan tersebut yang cukup tinggi akibat dipengaruhi oleh dinamika parameter fisik sepanjang tahun. Sementara masa paceklik terjadi dari bulan Juli sampai bulan September.

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This thesis discusses Oceanographic Characteristics of Indonesian Waters in Efforts to Support the Optimization of Pelagic Fish Fishing. The parameters observed consisted of physical parameters of the ocean, the intensity of chlorophyll-a and potential fishing areas. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The results of this study found that the peak fishing season in Indonesian waters in the first phase lasted from April to May. The second phase runs from November to January. The main effect is that the productivity of chlorophyll-a in these months is also quite high which is influenced by the dynamics of physical parameters throughout the year. While famine occurs from July to September."

"ABSTRAKLetak geografis Indonesia mengakibatkan perikanan di Selat Sunda turut terkena dampak dari dinamika iklim global. Salah satunya yaitu fenomena ENSO El Nino-Southern Oscillation di Samudera Pasifik yang mempengaruhi musim dan perairan laut di Indonesia. Perikanan di Selat Sunda memiliki komoditi berupa ikan pelagis yang wilayah potensialnya dapat diperkirakan dari parameter-parameter oseanografi berupa suhu permukaan laut SPL dan konsentrasi klorofil-a di perairan laut. Dinamika parameter oseanografi secara spasial dan temporal akibat variasi fenomena ENSO dapat diidentifikasi dari citra satelit Aqua yang membawa sensor MODIS. Informasi wilayah potensi ikan pelagis dibutuhkan untuk membantu efektifitas kegiatan perikanan dan menambah produksi perikanan tangkap. Parameter-parameter oseanografi bulanan di Selat Sunda ditampal berdasarkan 4 variasi musim dalam setahun pada setiap variasi fenomena ENSO dan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan kelas potensial sedang, potensial, dan sangat potensial. Hasilnya, wilayah potensi ikan pelagis yang sangat potensial di Selat Sunda pada fenomena La Nina dan El Nino lebih besar dibanding pada kondisi normal dan terjadi pada musim timur hingga peralihan II. Sebarannya berada di Samudera Hindia di sebelah barat Selat Sunda.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia 39s geographical location resulted in the fisheries in the Sunda Strait also affected by global climate dynamics. One of them is the ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean that affects the seasons and marine waters in Indonesia. The fishery in the Sunda Strait has a commodity of pelagic fish where the potential area can be estimated from oceanographic parameters such as sea surface temperature SST and chlorophyll a concentration in marine waters. The dynamics of the spatial and temporal parameter of oceanography due to the variation of ENSO phenomena can be identified from Aqua satellite images carrying the MODIS sensor. Information on potential areas of pelagic fish is needed to help the effectiveness of fishery activities and increase the production of capture fisheries. Monthly oceanographic parameters in the Sunda Strait are overlayed based on 4 seasonal variations in a year on each variation of the ENSO phenomenon and are classified by moderate, potential, and very potential classes. As a result, the potential areas of very potential pelagic fish in the Sunda Strait in the La Nina and El Nino phenomena are greater than in normal conditions and occur in the east seasons until the second transition. The spread is in the Indian Ocean to the west of the Sunda Strait."

"[ABSTRAKKabupaten Banggai memiliki potensi unggulan daerah dari sector maritime berupaperikanan tangkap, tetapi implementasi manajeman penangkapannya belumoptimal. Ikan pelagis besar merupakan salah satu potensi unggulan di kabupatenini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sebaran daerah potensialkeberadaan ikan pelagis besar di perairan Kabuaten Banggai denganmenggabungkan teknologi knowledge base dan teknologi Geographic InformationSystem (GIS). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi klorofil-a dansuhu permukaan laut yang bersumber dari data citra aqua modis selama kurunwaktu 7 (tujuh) tahun. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebaran potensial ikanpelagis besar di perairan Kabupaten Banggai. Umumnya sebaran potensi ikanpelagis besar di perairan Kabupetan Banggai memiliki kelas kerapatan rendah,sedang, dan tinggi pada wilayah Kecamatan Boalemo dan Kecamatan Masamapada bulan Juli dan Agustus dengan wilayah cukup luas, dan wilayah dengankelas kerapatan rendah, sedang dan tinggi yang selalu ada sepanjang tahun padawilayah Kabupaten Morowali dan Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan.

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ABSTRACTBanggai district has excellent potential areas of fisheries maritime sectors, but theimplementation is not yet optimal for fisheries management, the big pelagic fishare one of the excellent potential in this district (Banggai District). The purpose ofthis study was to determine the distribution of potential areas where the bigpelagic fish in the ocean of the Banggai District by integrated technologyknowledge base and Geographic Information System (GIS). The study wasconducted by identifying chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature derived fromthe fashionable aqua image data over a period of 7 (seven) years. Results from thisstudy is the potential distribution of big pelagic fish in the ocean of the Banggaidistrict. Generally the potential distribution of big pelagic fish in the ocean of theBanggai island have low, medium, and high density grade in the District ofBoalemo and the District Masama in July and August with a fairly wide area, andareas with a low density grade, medium and high are always there along year inthe area Morowali and Banggai Kepulauan, Banggai district has excellent potential areas of fisheries maritime sectors, but theimplementation is not yet optimal for fisheries management, the big pelagic fishare one of the excellent potential in this district (Banggai District). The purpose ofthis study was to determine the distribution of potential areas where the bigpelagic fish in the ocean of the Banggai District by integrated technologyknowledge base and Geographic Information System (GIS). The study wasconducted by identifying chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature derived fromthe fashionable aqua image data over a period of 7 (seven) years. Results from thisstudy is the potential distribution of big pelagic fish in the ocean of the Banggaidistrict. Generally the potential distribution of big pelagic fish in the ocean of theBanggai island have low, medium, and high density grade in the District ofBoalemo and the District Masama in July and August with a fairly wide area, andareas with a low density grade, medium and high are always there along year inthe area Morowali and Banggai Kepulauan]"

"ABSTRAKIntensifnya respon Indonesia terhadap isu IUU fishing pada akhir tahun 2014 hingga tahun 2016 telah mengidikasikan adanya upaya sekuritisasi isu ini oleh Pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo. Berdasarkan teori konteks dalam sekuritisasi milik Thierry Balzacq, penelitian ini menganalisis konteks apa yang mempengaruhi sekurtisasi isu IUU fishing tersebut. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah analisis konten terhadap lsquo;penyampaian-penyampaian rsquo; tentang IUU fishing oleh Pemerintah, artikel-artikel yang dimuat oleh media massa nasional, serta regulasi-regulasi dalam rezim IUU fishing regional dan internasional. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa diskursus tentang IUU fishing di ranah domestik dan rezim internasional maupaun regional tentang IUU fishing merupakan konteks yang mempengaruhi sekuritisasi karena keduanya menjadi sumber makna tekstual dan sumber makna kultural tentang IUU fishing bagi Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia rsquo s intensive response to IUU fishing by the end of 2014 until 2016 has been indicated Joko Widodo administration rsquo s securitization of this issue. In light of Balzacq rsquo s theory of context in securitization, this research analyzes the context which affects the securitization of IUU fishing in Indonesia. The methodology employed in this research is a content analysis of the speeches delivered by government officials, as well as editorials put forward by national media. In addition, it also looks at international IUU fishing regime rsquo s regulation. This research finds that the discourse on IUU fishing in domestic, international and regional IUU fishing regimes are the contexts which shape the frames of securitization by providing the source of textual and cultural meanings of IUU fishing for Indonesia."

"Sehubungan dengan visi pembangunan sektor perikanan tangkap berbasis blue economy, pemerintah menyesuaikan kebijakan Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak Pungutan Hasil Perikanan (PNBP PHP). Berdasarkan PP 85/2021, titik pungutan PNBP PHP digeser dari yang sebelumnya berada di saat mengajukan perizinan berlayar (PNBP Pra Produksi), menjadi berada di saat mendaratkan ikan hasil tangkapan (PNBP Pasca Produksi). Kebijakan ini merupakan transformasi substansial dalam lanskap kebijakan fiskal Indonesia dan memicu perdebatan sejak diterapkan 1 Januari 2023. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kebijakan PNBP Pasca Produksi dengan menggunakan tiga kriteria evaluasi kebijakan Dunn (2018), yaitu efektivitas, efisiensi, dan keadilan. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah post-positivist dengan teknik pengumpulan data secara kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan PNBP Pasca Produksi belum memenuhi kriteria efektivitas, efisiensi, dan keadilan. Dari kriteria efektivitas, kebijakan ini belum efektif dalam mencapai lima tujuan yang ditetapkan. Dari kriteria efisiensi, kebijakan ini memberatkan wajib bayar dan fiskus dari segi direct money costs, time costs, maupun psychological costs. Dari kriteria keadilan, kebijakan ini berhasil memenuhi benefit receive principle karena PNBP dipungut berdasarkan berat ikan hasil tangkapan riil, bukan berdasarkan perkiraan sebagaimana PNBP Pra Produksi. Namun, indeks tarif belum memenuhi prinsip nondiskriminasi karena adanya pembedaan tarif antar ukuran kapal yang tidak relevan. Untuk dapat mendukung pembangunan sektor perikanan tangkap berbasis blue economy, kebijakan PNBP Pasca Produksi setidaknya harus memenuhi ketiga kriteria tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menyarankan adopsi teknologi di setiap pelabuhan yang dapat memenuhi kriteria efektivitas dan efisiensi kebijakan. Selain itu diperlukan reformulasi indeks tarif agar kriteria keadilan terpenuhi.

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In connection with the vision of developing a capture fisheries sector based on a blue economy, the government has adjusted the Non-Tax State Revenue Policy for Fishery Product Levy (PNBP PHP). Based on PP 85/2021, the PHP PNBP collection point has been shifted from previously being at the time of applying for a sailing permit (Pre-Production PNBP), to being at the time of landing the caught fish (Post-Production PNBP). This policy is a substantial transformation in the fiscal policy landscape in Indonesia which has sparked debate since it was implemented on January 1, 2023. This research aims to evaluate the Post-Production PNBP policy using Dunn's (2018) three policy evaluation criteria, namely effectiveness, efficiency and equity. The approach used is post-positivist with qualitative data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation and literature study. The research results show that the Post-Production PNBP policy does not meet the criteria for effectiveness, efficiency and equity. From the effectiveness criteria, this policy has not been effective in achieving the five stated objectives. From the efficiency criteria, this policy burdens the payer and the tax authorities in terms of direct money costs, time costs and psychological costs. From the equity criteria, this policy succeeds in fulfilling the benefit receive principle because PNBP is collected based on the weight of real fish caught, not based on estimates like Pre-Production PNBP. However, the rate index does not fulfill the principle of non-discrimination because there are irrelevant rate differences between ship sizes. To be able to support the development of the capture fisheries sector based on a blue economy, the Post-Production PNBP policy must at least meet these three criteria. Therefore, this research suggests adopting technology in each port that can meet the criteria for policy effectiveness and efficiency. Apart from that, reformulation of the rate index is needed so that the equity criteria are met."

"The utilization of fisheries and maritime resources in Indonesia has not been done optimally. Therefore, the information about fisheries and maritime resources still becomes a serious problem. The exploration of fisheries and maritime resources should be supported with science and technology in order to determine the accurate, effective, efficient ways in maintaining the sustainability of the resources. Acoustic method is already wellknown as one of the methods in fisheries technology. The observation about Pelagic fish density and distribution using hydro acoustic as well as observation of oceanography condition in the western part of aceh waters conducted on August 6-8, 2005. The instruments used are SIMRAD EK 60 with its Split Beam Acoustic System to observe Pelagic fish density and distribution as well as CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) Seabird model SBE-119 for climate and salinity observation. The collection of data was performed by K.M. Bawal Putih within covering area approximately 5 mile, the distance from coastal area to the offshore is about 35 mile, and 4.898 area of research width in total. The horizontal distribution of pelagic fish is mostly influenced by land condition thus more pelagic fish were found at the neurotic area, which encompasses water mass lying down on the surface of the continent. This area contains same nutrient derived from coastal area. Because of the shallow depth, the water temperature remained warm. The research results show that the highest average density is located on Meulaboh waters (Leg 13, 14, and 15) within the density value about 1752 fish/1000 m3. This condition is predicted due to suitable climate and salinity of waters. The highest temperature was 290 C (temperature average 28,50 C) and the lowest salinity 32,82 PSU, it might be happen because of the runoff from the river (rivers in Meulaboh). However, vertically, most of the density value tend to decline along with the increase of depth, the highest density occur on level 1 (1 to 10 m) about 1745 fishes /1000 m2, whereas the lowest density found on the thermo cline layer at level 9 to 10 (80 - 100m) nearly 343 fishes/1000m3. Its condition can be happened due to the decrease of fish’s tolerant level on physical condition of thermo cline layer such as: temperature effect, salinity, intensity of light and also the decrease of food supplies. Target Strength data indicated that the different variation of fish sizes depends on its depth. On first layer, strength target frequency about 60 -dB 45 Db dominated the waters, it explains that the first level is dominated by small Pelagic fish or others but it has smaller size than deep water fish. Strength target value which is relatively lower was found on near-shore area, while the higher target is quite far from the coastal area. The value of temperature and salinity in the western part of Aceh seas vertically show the same method. The warm-thick isothermal layer was observed between 80 to 120 meters. Horizontally the temperature of sea surface is various from 28,65oC to 30,15oC. The sea surface temperature increases gradually form north to south, and show the decrease from coastal area to Hindia Ocean. Salinity of sea surface on west Aceh seas doesn’t show significant variation, between 32,8 PUS and 33,7 PSU. The salinity of coast area from north to south relatively low and gradually increases to Hindia Ocean. The lowest salinity was found near the Meulaboh waters. Correlation analysis using Spearman's rho test shows a negative correlation between depth parameter and temperature (-0.691), and density of fish (-0.336). It means that water temperature and fish density will decrease in increasing depth. Positive correlation is shown between depth and salinity parameters within number 0.842 it demonstrates that in western aceh seas, there are a big influence of river discharge to the surrounding area especially in lower salinity parameter on the surface."

"Pada tahun 2014 dan 2020, Indonesia memberlakukan kebijakan pelarangan ekspor bijih nikel sebagai upaya untuk mendorong hilirisasi industri nikel. Kebijakan ini diharapkan dapat menarik investasi asing dan mendirikan industri pengolahan bijih nikel ke tahap selanjutnya. Dengan menggunakan kerangka berpikir domestic sources of foreign policy milik Michael J. Hiscox, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menggali lebih dalam preferensi aktor dan dinamikanya dalam institusi pada kebijakan pelarangan ekspor nikel Indonesia dengan pertanyaan penelitian: “Bagaimana preferensi aktor domestik memengaruhi dimunculkannya kebijakan pelarangan ekspor nikel?” Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelusuran pustaka yang diperkuat dengan wawancara serta observasi langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat aktor-aktor dalam posisi kekuasaan yang berpotensi diuntungkan baik secara material maupun non-material dari penerapan kebijakan pelarangan ekspor nikel yang mendukung hilirisasi industri nikel. Selanjutnya, potensi keuntungan tersebut memunculkan preferensi aktor yang berproses dalam desain institusi yang longgar.

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In 2014 and 2020, Indonesia implemented a policy banning nickel exports to encourage the downstream nickel industry. This policy is expected to attract foreign investment and develop the nickel processing industry to the next stage. Using Michael J. Hiscox's domestic sources of foreign policy framework, this research aims to dig deeper into actor preferences and their dynamics within institutions in Indonesia’s nickel exports ban policy with the research question: "How do domestic actor preferences influence the emergence of the nickel export ban policy?" The research method was a literature search reinforced by interviews and direct observation. The research results show that there are actors in positions of power who have the potential to benefit both materially and non-materially from the implementation of the nickel export ban policy which supports the downstream nickel industry. In addition, these potential benefits give rise to actor preferences that proceed within a loose institutional design."

"Kabupaten Pacitan terdiri dari Teluk Pacitan dan perairan Samudera Hindia yang dimanfaatkan nelayan untuk mencari ikan. Sebagian besar cara yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan rumpon. Penempatan rumpon didaerah yang sesuai dengan kondisi oseanografi dapat lebih meningkatkan hasil produksinya dibanding yang tidak menggunakan rumpon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui wilayah kesesuaian rumpon dan produksi perikanan pada wilayah kesesuaian rumpon, yang terletak pada wilayah dengan kondisi oseanogafi. Baik nelayan yang tanpa menggunakan rumpon dan yang memanfaatkan rumpon. Pengambilan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan Citra Landsat 8, dengan parameter yang digunakan pada penelitian ini diantaranya suhu, kecepatan arus, kekeruhan, salinitas, kedalaman dan kelimpahan klorofil-a. Metode analisis spasial yang digunakan yaitu analisis overlay dengan teknik SIG. Adapun untuk memperoleh data produksi pada wilayah kesesuaian rumpon dilakukan wawacara dengan nelayan. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan pada wilayah kesesuaian rumpon, pada region 1 terdapat wilayah yang terkategori sesuai dengan sedikitnya terdapat wilayah yang sesuai. Pada region 2 tergolong wilayah yang sesuai dengan 5 % wilayah yang kurang sesuai. Pada region 3 tergolong sesuai. Produksi ikan dari nelayan yang menggunakan rumpon memiliki produksi 5 kali lipat atau lebih tinggi dibanding yang tidak menggunakan rumpon. Wilayah yang secara kualitas air sangat sesuai untuk penempatan rumpon, menghasilkan ikan dengan kualitas lebih baik, yakni 75 % hasil produksinya merupakan ikan pelagis besar.

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The main fishing ground of Pacitan Regency are Pacitan Bay and Indian Ocean. In addition to traditional methods, Pacitan fishermen also use Fish Aggregating Devices(FADs) to catch fish. The use of FADs in areas that have suitable water quality can further improve their production. The purpose of this study was to determine effective fish production at FADs locations, which are located in areas with appropriate oceanic conditions. This applies for both fishermen who use fishing rods and those who use FADs. The data collection method in this study used Landsat 8 Imagery, with parameters used in this study including temperature, current velocity, turbidity, salinity, depth and abundance of chlorophyll-a. The method used in this research was Spatial with GIS technique. As for obtaining production data, an interview was conducted with fishermen. The results of the study show that the FAD conformity area, in region 1, is categorized according to at least the corresponding area. In region 2 it is classified as an area that corresponds to 5% of the regions that are not suitable. In region 3 it is considered appropriate. Whereas in quite suitable areas are in the waters south of Pacitan with very deep water conditions. Fish production from fishermen using FADs has 5 times higher production than those who do not use FADs. Areas that are highly suitable for the placement of FADs, produce better quality fish, which is 75% of its production is large pelagic fish."