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"Dalam upaya untuk menurunkan emisi CO2 dan mencapai net zero emission pada tahun 2070, Pemerintah Indonesia telah menyerukan berbagai langkah upaya penurunan emisi. Implementasi carbon capture storage di industri merupakan salah satu langkah yang dapat ditempuh. Dengan penggunaan energi fosil yang masih sangat tinggi, salah satunya pada Provinsi Jawa Barat, maka integrasi carbon capture storage dengan industri sektor energi fosil di Jawa Barat dapat menjadi langkah awal yang baik untuk peningkatan implementasi carbon capture storage di Indonesia. Meskipun memberikan keuntungan, proses implementasi carbon capture storage juga memiliki berbagai hambatan seperti hambatan sosial, hambatan kebijakan, dan hambatan infrastruktur. Untuk menghilangkan hambatan-hambatan tersebut, peran pemerintah dalam membuat intervensi kebijakan sangatlah penting. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui kebijakan-kebijakan apa saja yang dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan implementasi carbon capture storage. Dari hasil simulasi alternatif kebijakan yang diterapkan pada tiga skenario, direkomendasikan tiga alternatif kebijakan yang memperlihatkan hasil yang cukup signifikan, yaitu constrain collaboration, rewarded CO2 avoided, dan energy collaboration.

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To reduce CO2 emissions and achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, the Government of Indonesia has called for various measures to reduce emissions. Implementation of carbon capture storage in the industry is one of the steps that can be taken. With the use of fossil energy still very high, one of which is in West Java Province, the integration of carbon capture storage with the fossil energy sector industry in West Java can be an excellent first step for increasing the implementation of carbon capture storage in Indonesia. However, although it provides advantages, the implementation process of carbon capture storage also has various obstacles such as social barriers, policy barriers, and infrastructure barriers. To remove these obstacles, the government's role in making policy interventions is crucial. This study aims to find out what policies can be applied to improve the implementation of carbon capture storage. From the simulation results of alternative policies applied to the three scenarios, it is recommended that three alternative policies show significant results, namely constraint collaboration, rewarded CO2 avoided, and energy collaboration."

"Carbon Capture and Storage, Second Edition, provides a thorough, non-specialist introduction to technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels during power generation and other energy-intensive industrial processes, such as steelmaking. Extensively revised and updated, this second edition provides detailed coverage of key carbon dioxide capture methods along with an examination of the most promising techniques for carbon storage. The book opens with an introductory section that provides background regarding the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, an overview of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, and a primer in the fundamentals of power generation. The next chapters focus on key carbon capture technologies, including absorption, adsorption, and membrane-based systems, addressing their applications in both the power and non-power sectors. New for the second edition, a dedicated section on geological storage of carbon dioxide follows, with chapters addressing the relevant features, events, and processes (FEP) associated with this scenario. Non-geological storage methods such as ocean storage and storage in terrestrial ecosystems are the subject of the final group of chapters. A chapter on carbon dioxide transportation is also included. This extensively revised and expanded second edition will be a valuable resource for power plant engineers, chemical engineers, geological engineers, environmental engineers, and industrial engineers seeking a concise, yet authoritative one-volume overview of this field. Researchers, consultants, and policy makers entering this discipline also will benefit from this reference"

"ABSTRAKPemerintah Indonesia telah menargetkan pengembangan industri battery swapping sebagai salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan adopsi motor listrik. Namun, karena sistem battery swapping merupakan sistem yang kompleks dan dinamis, diperlukan strategi untuk pengembangan industri battery swapping. White-box modeling dapat membantu mendapatkan wawasan mengenai bagaimana driving forces (kekuatan pendorong), yang terdiri dari variabel eksogen serta intervensi kebijakan, dapat berdampak pada pengembangan industribattery swapping. Studi ini fokus pada tiga objektif yaitu tiga objektif yaitu jumlah pengguna motor listrik, jumlah pengguna battery swapping dan profit battery swapping. Terdapat tiga driving forces yang mendorong tercapainya objektif, yaitu teknologi pembuatan baterai serta kebijakan (battery pack standardization, discount on electricity price, dan government subsidy on battery swapping station building). Kebijakan ini diuji ke dalam tiga skenario berbeda. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa standardisasi kemasan baterai berdampak langsung kepada jumlah pengguna motor listrik sehingga berdampak langsung pada jumlah pengguna battery swapping. Selain itu, diskon biaya listrik memiliki peran yang signifikan untuk profit battery swapping.

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ABSTRACTThe Government of Indonesia (GOI) has targeted the development of the battery swapping industry as an attempt to increase the adoption of electric motorcycles. However, since the battery swapping system is a complex and dynamic system, a strategy is needed in order to develop a battery swapping system. System dynamics help gain an insight into how the established driving forces, consisting of exogenous variables and policy measures, affect the battery swapping industry development. This study focuses on three objectives: electric motorcycle user, battery swapping user, and battery swapping profit. There are four driving forces achieve the goal: the technology advancement and the policy measures (battery pack standardization, discount on electricity price, dan government subsidy on battery-swapping station building). The policy measures are assessed into three different scenarios. Results show that battery pack standardization directly affects the number of electric motorcycle user, hence increase the number of battery swapping user. Furthermore, a discount on electricity prices has a significant impact on increase the battery swapping profit."

"This review provides an insight for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologyimplementation possibilities in the niche of coal power generation plants. A brief explanation ofthe technology is necessary for understanding the technological and economic constraintsaffecting successful implementation. Barriers and opportunities for the technology areaddressed, and the advantages for achieving climate change mitigation goals are discussed.Possible solutions to protect the technology and its implementation support are provided aswell. This study maintains that international collaboration, government incentives, a positiveinvestment climate, public awareness, and learning by doing experiments are needed to ensurethat CCS technology operates successfully within coal power plants. Based on the conductedreview, we conclude that renewable energytechnologies must be developed rapidly andimplemented as soon as possible; and until that time, CCS technology can provide a temporarysolution by contributing to climate change mitigation plans. "

"This review provides an insight for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology implementation possibilities in the niche of coal power generation plants. A brief explanation of the technology is necessary for understanding the technological and economic constraints affecting successful implementation. Barriers and opportunities for the technology are addressed, and the advantages for achieving climate change mitigation goals are discussed. Possible solutions to protect the technology and its implementation support are provided as well. This study maintains that international collaboration, government incentives, a positive investment climate, public awareness, and learning by doing experiments are needed to ensure that CCS technology operates successfully within coal power plants. Based on the conducted review, we conclude that renewable energy technologies must be developed rapidly and implemented as soon as possible; and until that time, CCS technology can provide a temporary solution by contributing to climate change mitigation plans."

"Paris Agreement merupakan perjanjian mengenai mitigasi emisi gas CO2. Tujuan perjanjian ini dibentuk untuk menahan laju peningkatan temperatur global. Hal ini juga didukung mengenai volume emisi CO2 akibat pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang mencapai 56% dari total semua emisi global. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) adalah salah satu solusi di bidang teknologi mitigasi yang membahas pemanasan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis konduktivitas listrik pada sampel batuan tersaturasi CO2 yang didapatkan dari perhitungan Digital Rock Physics. Metode Digital Rock Physics adalah suatu metode berbasis digital yang memanfaatkan citra batuan digital untuk mengidentifikasi sifat fisis batuan dan visualisasi struktur mikro batuan secara lebih efektif dan efisien. Dengan memanfaat metode digital rock physics menggunakan sampel batuan pasir dan karbonat, dapat menunjukkan antara korelasi konduktivitas listrik terhadap batuan tersaturasi CO2 dengan konsentrasi 2 mg / L, 6.5 mg/L, dan 10 mg/L tiap saturasi CO2 mulai dari 0% hingga 100%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai konduktivitas listrik sangat baik pada batuan pasir dengan rentang 1.38 μS/cm - 2.80 μS/cm dan batuan karbonat dengan rentang 18.38 μS/cm - 20.47 μS/cm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai konduktivitas listrik berbanding lurus dengan saturasi CO2. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan nilai porositas sangat baik pada batuan pasir dengan rentang 19.51% - 26.92% dan batuan karbonat 12.88% - 14.41%. Porositas juga mempengaruhi nilai konduktivitas listrik terhadap batuan tersaturasi CO2. Semakin besar nilai porositas, maka konduktivitas listrik akan semakin rendah. Konsentrasi CO2 juga mempengaruhi konduktivitas listrik, dimana semakin tinggi konsentrasi CO2 maka semakin besar nilai kondukstivitas listrik yang didapat. Hubungan antara konduktivitas listrik batuan dengan konsentrasi CO2 sangat kuat dengan koefisien korelasi diatas 0,9 untuk semua sampel. Berdasarkan hasil ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu parameter aplikasi Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) untuk mengetahui saturasi CO2 yang berada di dalam reservoir berdasarkan konduktivitas listrik batuan dengan catatan sebelumnya reservoir yang digunakan tidak ada fluida yang terisi dan tidak ada kompaksi tanah.

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The Paris Agreement is an agreement on the mitigation of CO2 gas emissions. The purpose of this agreement was formed to restrain the rate of increase in global temperature. This is also supported by the volume of CO2 emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels, which account for 56% of all global emissions. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the solutions in the field of mitigation technology that addresses global warming. This study aims to identify and analyze the electrical conductivity of CO2 saturated rock samples obtained from Digital Rock Physics calculations. Digital Rock Physics method is a digital based method that utilizes digital rock images to identify rock physical properties and visualize rock microstructure more effectively and efficiently. By utilizing the digital rock physics method using sand and carbonate rock samples, it can show the correlation of electrical conductivity to CO2 saturated rocks with concentrations of 2 mg/L, 6.5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L per CO2 saturation ranging from 0% to 100%. The results of the analysis show that the electrical conductivity is very good in sandstone with a range of 1.38 μS/cm - 2.80 μS/cm and carbonate rocks with a range of 18.38 μS/cm - 20.47 μS/cm. The results of this study indicate the value of electrical conductivity is directly proportional to CO2 saturation. The results also showed very good porosity values in sandstone with a range of 19.51% - 26.92% and carbonate rock 12.88% - 14.41%. Porosity also affects the value of the electrical conductivity of CO2 saturated rocks. The greater the porosity value, the lower the electrical conductivity. The concentration of CO2 also affects the electrical conductivity, where the higher the concentration of CO2, the greater the value of the electrical conductivity obtained. The relationship between the electrical conductivity of rocks with CO2 concentration is very strong with a correlation coefficient above 0.9 for all samples. Based on these results, it can be used as one of the parameters for the application of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) to determine the CO2 saturation in the reservoir based on the electrical conductivity of the rock with the previous record that the reservoir used was not filled with fluid and no soil compaction."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji formulasi kebijakan teknologi carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) yang diatur melalui Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 2 Tahun 2023 dan Peraturan Presiden No. 14 Tahun 2024. Di saat ini, dua regulasi yang hadir tersebut hanya mengatur penggunaan CCUS dalam industri migas secara eksklusif. Kelemahan terbesar yang ada merupakan ketidakhadiran dari insentif ekonomi yang diberikan pemerintah untuk kontraktor atau pelaku industri aktivitas CCUS. Dengan harga hingga USD$1 miliar per fasilitas, adopsi CCUS dengan regulasi yang ada sekarang memiliki lebih banyak resiko daripada keuntungan bagi pelaku industri yang relevan. Keberlanjutan teknologi CCUS di Indonesia juga menjadi pertanyaan mengingat peraturan yang ada tidak membahas penelitian domestik yang dapat mengembangkan CCUS lebih lanjut dan mempermudah adopsinya kedepan. Skripsi ini ingin menjawab mengapa Permen ESDM No. 2 Tahun 2023 dan Perpres No. 14 Tahun 2024 terbatas dalam formulasinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui wawancara dan studi literatur, dimana yang terkumpul akan dianalisis menggunakan teori Bounded Rationality milik Herbert Simon seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Bryan Jones. Keterbatasan yang ditemukan dalam proses perumusan kebijakan CCUS di Indonesia disebabkan oleh tiga faktor: 1) keterbatasan informasi akibat usia muda teknologi penangkapan karbon sehingga data lapangan yang tersedia cukup terbatas; 2) keterbatasan kognisi para pembuat kebijakan yang ditandai dengan ketidakmampuan mereka untuk sepenuhnya memahami kebutuhan, masalah, dan risiko yang mungkin terjadi dalam operasi CCUS; 3) keterbatasan waktu akibat keberadaan kepentingan Indonesia dalam pemenuhan janji-janji yang dibuat pada saat KTT G20 tahun 2022 dan peluang untuk menarik investasi sehingga para pembuat kebijakan mengeluarkan regulasi dalam waktu yang singkat. Kombinasi dari ketiga keterbatasan ini menyebabkan para pembuat kebijakan menghasilkan regulasi tidak optimal, dan hanya menghasilkan regulasi yang “cukup” (satisficing).

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This thesis aims to examine the policy formulation of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) technology regulated through Permen ESDM No. 2 Tahun 2023 and Peraturan Presiden No. 14 Tahun 2024. Presently, the two existing regulations only control the use of CCUS in the oil and gas industry exclusively. The biggest drawback is the absence of economic incentives provided by the government for contractors or industry players of CCUS activities. Costing up to USD$1 billion per facility, the adoption of CCUS with the current regulations has more risks than benefits for the relevant industry players. The sustainability of CCUS technology in Indonesia is also questionable as the existing regulation does not address domestic research that could further develop CCUS and facilitate its future adoption. This thesis aims to answer why Permen ESDM No. 2 Tahun 2023 and Perpres No. 14 Tahun 2024 are limited in their formulation. This research uses qualitative methods through interviews and literature studies, wherein the data collected will be analysed using Herbert Simon's Bounded Rationality theory as explained by Bryan Jones. The limitations found in the CCUS policy formulation process in Indonesia are caused by three factors: 1) limited information due to the young age of carbon capture technology resulting in the limited available field; 2) limited cognition of policymakers characterised by their inability to fully understand the needs, problems, and risks that may occur in CCUS operations; 3) limited time due to the existence of Indonesia's interest in fulfilling the promises made during the G20 Summit in 2022 and the opportunity to attract investment caused the policymakers to issue regulations in a short time period. The combination of these three limitations causes policy makers to produce non-optimal regulations, and only produce "satisficing" regulations."

"Pemerintah Indonesia telah berkomitmen mendukung adopsi sepeda motor listrik untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca serta mengurangi pemakaian BBM. Skema battery swapping merupakan alternatif yang menarik yang dapat digunakan dalam mempercepat adopsi ke sepeda motor listrik karena dapat mengatasi permasalahan jarak tempuh yang terbatas, pengisian baterai yang lama, dan harga beli yang tinggi. Namun skema battery swapping belum optimal menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca karena pengisian baterainya masih menggunakan energi listrik dari jaringan yang bersumber dari bahan bakar fosil. Sehingga perlu diajukan sebuah konsep layanan battery swapping ramah lingkungan yang mengintegrasikan pengisian baterai menggunakan energi bersih dari Solar PV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis atas alternatif kebijakan yang dapat diimplementasikan dalam mendukung pengembangan layanan battery swapping ramah lingkungan menggunakan simulasi model sistem dinamis. Motode sistem dinamis dipilih karena industri layanan battery swapping merupakan sebuah sistem yang kompleks sehingga diperlukan pendekatan secara holistik untuk mengetahui efektifitas kebijakan yang dipilih. Hasil analisa terhadap simulasi diharapkan dapat membantu pengambil keputusan dalam merumuskan kebijakan yang efektif dan efisien dalam mendukung percepatan adopsi sepeda motor listrik melalui pengembangan industri layanan battery swapping yang ramah lingkungan.

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The government of Indonesia (GOI) has committed to accelerating electric motorcycles adoption for reducing transport sector emissions. A battery swapping scheme is an attractive option for the GOI to solve several impediments to electric motorcycle adoption related to short milage, charging times, and initial investment costs. However, the battery swapping policy alone seems ineffective in supporting emission reduction targets since Indonesia’s grid electricity source is still dominated by fossil energy. Therefore, it is crucial to introduce a green battery swapping concept. It is a concept that integrates the battery swapping scheme with the use of solar energy as its primary energy source for the battery. This study aims to analyze alternative policies that can be implemented to support the development of green battery swapping services using a system dynamics model. The battery swapping service industry however is a complex system, so a holistic approach from system dynamics method is needed to determine the effectiveness of the implemented policy. The results of this research are expected to assist decision makers in formulating effective and efficient policies to support electric motorcycles adoption through the development of green battery swapping service industry."

"Sebagai salah satu kontributor utama gas emisi yang mengakibatkan perubahan iklim, industri energi semakin didorong untuk beralih ke penggunaan energi terbarukan. Di Indonesia, PLTS atap rumah tangga diharapkan pemerintah untuk menjadi penopang utama upaya transisi industri energi bahan bakar fosil ke energi baru terbarukan. Sayangnya, upaya tersebut menemui beberapa hambatan, utamanya dari kondisi sosial dan kondisi PLN, BUMN yang mengendalikan industri kelistrikan di Indonesia. Maka dari itu, dilakukan analisis skenario dengan basis model sistem dinamis untuk mengkaji dampak penetrasi PLTS atap rumah tangga dalam beberapa kondisi terhadap PLN dan bagaimana Pemerintah dapat mencapai target bauran energi dan juga lingkungan yang ditetapkan. Analisis pada penelitian menunjukkan bahwa resiliensi PLN terhadap adopsi PLTS atap rumah tangga jauh lebih tinggi dari prakiraan, sedangkan target bauran energi dengan PLTS atap rumah tangga sama sekali tidak tercapai. Hal ini menimbulkan sebuah gagasan rekomendasi akan bagaimana Pemerintah Indonesia harus merancang kebijakan pada kedepannya untuk mengejar target Indikator adopsi PLTS atap rumah tangga dan target indikator lingkungan sembari tetap menjaga keberlanjutan PLN.

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As one of the main contributors of gas emissions that cause climate change, the energy industry is increasingly being encouraged to switch to the use of renewable energy. In Indonesia, the government expects household rooftop PVs to become the main support for the transition of fossil fuel energy industry to renewable energy. Unfortunately, these efforts encountered several obstacles, mainly from social barriers and PLN, the state-owned enterprise that controls Indonesia’s electricity industry. Therefore, a scenario analysis was carried out on the basis of a system dynamics model to examine the impact of household rooftop PV – under several conditions – on PLN and how the Government can achieve its energy mix and environmental targets. The analysis in the study shows that the resilience of PLN is much higher than forecasted, while the energy mix target with household rooftop PV is not achieved at all. This gave rise to a recommendation on how Indonesia’s government should design policies in the future to pursue the target of household rooftop PV adoption indicators and environmental indicators targets while maintaining the sustainability of PLN."

"Kebutuhan energi Indonesia terus meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan di beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhinya seperti populasi, partumbuhan ekonomi, teknologi, juga harga energi. Kebutuhan energi final Indonesia pada 2025 diproyeksikan mencapai 248,4 MTOE. Pada saat yang sama, pemerintah Indonesia menyadari pentingnya pembangunan berkelanjutan, yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan. Kebutuhan energi yang besar dan kesadaran terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan ini menjadi faktor pendorong bagi pemerintah Indonesia untuk membuat suatu target kontribusi energi baru dan terbarukan EBT pada bauran energi final dan untuk menetapkan beberapa kebijakan untuk mendukung usaha untuk mencapai target tersebut. Akan tetapi, ada beberapa tantangan dalam implementasi aturan-aturan ini seperti skema bisnis dan insentif yang dianggap kurang menarik bagi investor, kecenderungan proyek EBT yang kecil dan tersebar di area-area berbeda dan beberapa tantangan lain. Jadi, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberi pengertian mengenai dinamika sistem, variabel, dan hubungan mereka dalam pengembangan EBT di Indonesia, khususnya terkait dengan kebijakan mengenai harga jual listrik dari pembangkit listrik swasta ke PT. PLN menggunakan pendekatan sistem dinamis dengan studi kasus di Jawa Barat. Dengan melakukan simulasi, diketahui bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi, kesenjangan antara permintaan dan kapasitas penyediaan, dan keuntungan investasi merupakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan energi terbarukan. Sementara, pengembangan energi terbarukan sendiri dapat mempengaruhi jumlah lapangan pekerjaan dan total emisi yang dikeluarkan.

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Indonesias energy demand keeps on increasing due to the development in some main influencing factors such as population growth, economic growth, technology development, as well as energy price. Indonesia rsquo s final energy demand in 2025 is projected to reach 248.4 MTOE. At the same time, Indonesian government is concerned about the importance of sustainable development, which is related to environment. The big amount of energy demand and the concern to sustainable development have been the push factors of Indonesias government to create a target of new and renewable energys NRE contribution in the final energy mix and to enact some policies to support the effort to reach the target. However, there are some challenges in the implementation of these regulations such as business scheme and incentive that is perceived to be not lucrative enough by investors, the tendency of NRE development projects to be small and scattered in different areas and some other challenges. Thus, this research aims to understand the dynamics of the system, variables and their interconnections in the development of NRE in Indonesia, especially related to policies about electricity selling price from power producers to State Electricity Company PT. PLN using system dynamics approach with the study case in East Java. By running the simulation, it is found that economy growth, energy supply demand gap and investment profitability are influencing factors to renewable energy development. Meanwhile, renewable energy itself affects the amount of job creation and total emission emitted."