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"Gunung Endut merupakan salah satu lapangan di Indonesia yang memiliki potensi panas bumi. Hal ini diketahui dari adanya manifestasi panas bumi berupa mata air panas Cikawah (AP-CKW) dan mata air panas Handeleum (AP-HDL). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun sebuah model konseptual terintegrasi data remote sensing, geologi, geokimia, dan geofisika. Hal ini penting dilakukan untuk mempelajari sistem panas bumi Gunung Endut secara mendetail dan diharapkan dapat menjadi guide dalam melakukan eksplorasi yang lebih detail. Data remote sensing berupa DEMNAS dan LANDSAT8 diolah menjadi peta Fault Fracture Density (FFD) dan menunjukkan adanya zona permeabilitas rendah pada area sekitar AP-CKW, AP-HDL, dan puncak Gunung Endut. Hal ini didukung pula oleh penelitian sebelumnya dengan studi alterasi permukaan dan pemetaan anomali Hg tinggi. Data gravitasi GGMplus juga menunjukkan adanya struktur berupa patahan pada area yang diduga memiliki tingkat permeabilitas tinggi. Interpretasi data hidrogeokimia menunjukkan AP-CKW dan AP-HDL berada pada zona outflow. Hasil geotermometer Na-K dan Na-K-Mg menunjukkan temperatur reservoir berkisar 150 – 160 ℃. Pemodelan forward 2-D gravitasi dan inversi 3-D magnetotellurik menunjukkan adanya pola persebaran clay cap pada kedalaman 300 – 1000 mdpl dengan ketebalan bervariasi 500 – 700 m. Pada data magnetotellurik menunjukkan adanya pola penebalan clay cap yang masih menerus ke arah puncak Gunung Endut. Model konseptual terintegrasi menunjukkan pusat reservoir diduga berada pada area puncak Gunung Endut.

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Mount Endut is one of the fields in Indonesia that has geothermal potential. This is known from the presence of geothermal manifestations in the form of Cikawah hot springs (AP-CKW) and Handeleum hot springs (AP-HDL). This study aims to build an integrated conceptual model with remote sensing, geology, geochemistry, and geophysics. This is important to analyze the Mount Endut geothermal system in detail and it is hoped that it will become a guide in conducting more detailed exploration. Remote sensing data, which is DEMNAS and LANDSAT8 data, processed to Fault Fracture Density (FFD) map and shows a high permeability zone in the area around AP-CKW, AP-HDL, and the summit of Mount Endut. This is also supported by previous research with surface alteration studies and high Hg anomaly mapping. GGMplus gravity data also shows a structure in the form of a fault in an area that is thought to have a high permeability. Hydrogeochemical data interpretation showed that AP-CKW and AP-HDL were in the outflow zone. The results of the Na-K and Na-K-Mg geothermometer shows that the reservoir temperature ranges from 150 – 160 ℃. 2-D gravity forward modeling and 3-D magnetotelluric inverse modeling show a clay cap distribution at a depth of 300 - 1000 masl with a thickness varying from 500 - 700 m. The magnetotelluric data shows a pattern of thickening of the clay cap which is continuing towards the summit of Mount Endut. The integrated conceptual model shows that the reservoir center is thought to be at the peak area of Mount Endut."

"Daerah penelitian “KN” merupakan salah satu daerah prospek geotermal yang menjadi fokus pengembangan dari kawasan Flores untuk menggunakan semua potensi geotermal untuk pembangkit listrik yang diindikasi dengan kemunculan manifestasi fumarol dan mata air panas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran mengenai kondisi bawah permukaan daerah geotermal dalam bentuk model konseptual yang sistematik berbasis analisis terintegrasi data magnetotellurik, data gravitasi GGMplus, data citra satelit serta data penunjang geologi dan geokimia daerah penelitian. Selain model konseptual sistematik, harapan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk dapat merekomendasikan area yang tepat untuk pemboran selanjutnya dan penentuan daerah prospek. Berdasarkan data penunjang geokimia, temperatur reservoir diduga sekitar 220°C melalui perhitungan geothermometer. Berdasarkan data geologi, pada sistem geotermal lapangan “KN” memiliki batuan yang berpotensi untuk menjadi clay cap adalah batuan-batuan vulkanik yang teralterasi di sekitar hot spring. Batuan yang bertindak sebagai cap rock adalah batuan clay tipe argilik. Batuan dasar (basement) berhubungan dengan sedimen laut. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data citra satelit, dapat diidentifikasi mengenai zona Fault and Fracture Density pada daerah penelitian yang menunjukkan zona FFD sedang hingga tinggi sehingga dapat dikategorikan sebagai zona permeable. Hasil pengolahan data gravitasi berdasarkan analisis FHD dan SVD dapat diindentifikasi adanya 13 indikasi patahan dan menunjukkan patahan yang sesuai dengan struktur di dalam peta geologi, nilai anomali gravitasi yang dapat diinterpretasikan untuk dugaan area prospek serta distribusi densitas parasnis yang sesuai dengan data litologi daerah penelitian yang didominasi oleh batuan vulkanik andesit. Hasil pengolahan data magnetotellurik dapat menggambarkan sebaran resistivitas bawah permukaan yang berasosiasi dengan system geotermal daerah penelitian berupa clay cap, reservoir, dan heat source. Hasil MT tersebut juga dapat mengindikasikan pola updome dan dikonfirmasi oleh keberadaan manifestasi fumarol FWO-01 dan 02 dan mata air panas APWO yang bersifat sulfat steam heated water yang menjadi karakteristik zona upflow. Analisis integrasi hasil korelasi dari data-data tersebut, kemudian dipadukan untuk merekonstruksi model konseptual daerah geotermal “KN”. Area prospek geotermal berada pada zona upflow dekat manifestasi fumarole FWO-01 dan 02 serta mata air panas APWO dengan luas sekitar 2.75 km. Rekomendasi titik pemboran sumur eksplorasi berada di arah timur dari manifestasi APWO dengan titik pemboran berada pada elevasi 750 meter hingga - 1000 meter dengan arah directional drilling menuju barat daya sehingga dapat memotong sesar di dekat manifestasi APWO.

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The research area "KN" is one of the geothermal prospect areas in Eastern Indonesia, which is the focus of development in meeting electricity needs. This study aims to describe the subsurface conditions of the geothermal area in the form of a conceptual model based on an integrated analysis of magnetotelluric data, GGMplus gravity data, satellite imagery data, and geological and geochemical supporting data to recommend areas for further drilling and determination of prospect areas. Based on the results of processing satellite image data, the Fault and Fracture Density zone can be identified, which shows a moderate to high zone so that it can be categorized as permeable. The results of processing gravity data based on the analysis of First Horizontal Derivatives and Second Vertical Derivatives can identify the presence of 13 associated fault indications, and the value of gravitational anomalies can be interpreted for the estimation of the prospect area. The results of magnetotelluric data processing can describe the distribution of subsurface resistivity associated with geothermal systems in the form of clay caps, reservoirs, and heat sources. The magnetotelluric results can also indicate an updome pattern confirmed by manifestations of FWO-01 and 02 fumaroles and APWO hot springs, which are sulfate steam heated water characteristic of the upflow zone. The geothermal prospect area is in the upflow zone with an area of ​​about 2.75 km². The recommended drilling point is to the east of the APWO with the drilling point at an elevation of 750 meters to -1000 meters with directional drilling to the southwest so that it can cut faults near APWO."

"Daerah panas bumi Gunung Endut berlokasi di Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi Banten, sekitar 40 km ke arah selatan dari kota Rangkasbitung. Terdapat empat manifestasi mata air panas yaitu mata air panas Handeuleum, Cikawah 1, Cikawah 2, dan Gajrug. Berdasarkan analisis geokimia menggunakan diagram segitiga Na-K-Mg, Cl-Li-B, dan Cl-SO4-HCO3, diketahui bahwa mata air panas Cikawah 1 bertipe klorida sedangkan lainnya bertipe bikarbonat. Temperatur reservoir berkisar 162 -180 oC diprediksi dengan geotermometer SiO2 dan NaK. Secara umum keseluruhan mata air panas merupakan out flow, namun ada pendugaan bahwa Cikawah 1 merupakan upflow ? karena berada pada partial equilibrium dan bertipe klorida. Berdasarkan metode gravitasi, mengindikasikan intrusi batuan beku di Cikawah yang memungkinkan menjadi sumber panas untuk sistem panas bumi Cikawah. Zona clay cap diduga lapisan impermeablel memanjang di bawah permukaan gunung Endut sehingga fluida reservoir tidak bisa muncul di pemukaan Gunung Endut tetapi mengalir ke arah manifestasi berupa outflow. Zona reservoir berada di bawah gunung Endut pada kedalaman > 1000 m. Panas bumi Gunung Endut merupakan sistem hidrotermal dengan fluida reservoir berupa air panas water dominated system . Area prospek panas bumi gunung Endut berada di sekitar manifestasi Cikawah hingga bagian barat gunung Endut. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan melakukan survey geokimia dan gravitasi di sekitar puncak Gunung Endut.

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Endut geothermal area is located in Lebak, Banten province, about 40 km to the south of the town of Rangkasbitung. There are four manifestations of the hot springs, they are hot springs Handeuleum, Cikawah 1, Cikawah 2, and Gajrug. Based on geochemical analysis using the triangular diagram of Na K Mg, Cl Li B and Cl SO4 HCO3, it is known that the hot springs Cikawah 1 is type of chloride water whereas the other type of bicarbonate. Reservoir temperature ranges from 162 180 C predicted by geotermometer SiO2 and NaK. In general overall hot springs are out flow, but there are predictions that Cikawah 1 is an upflow because it is the type of partial equilibrium and chloride. Based on the gravity method, indicating igneous intrusions in Cikawah which allows the source of heat for geothermal systems Cikawah. Clay cap zone allegedly impermeable layer extends below the surface Mt. Endut so that the fluid reservoir Endut could not appear at the surface Gunung Endut but flows towards manifestation in the form of outflow. Reservoir zone located below the Mt. Endut at depths 1000 m. Geothermal of Mt. Endut is a hydrothermal system with a fluid reservoir in the form of hot water water dominated system . Geothermal prospect Mt. Endut areas located around manifestation Cikawah to the western part of the Mt. Endut. Further research is needed to conduct geochemical surveys and gravity around the summit of Mt. Endut."

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Gunung Tangkuban Parahu yang terletak di sebelah utara Bandung, Jawa Barat mulai dieksplorasi sebagai daerah prospek geothermal sejak awal tahun 1980. Pemboran eksplorasi juga pernah dilakukan hingga kedalaman 620m dengan temperature 50-60^oC. Walaupun demikian, hingga saat ini belum ada kemajuan ke tahap pengembangan. Untuk itu, dibutuhkan pemahaman sistem geotermal pada lapangan ini secara rinci dan terintegrasi.

Salah satu aspek penting dalam sistem geotermal adalah zona permeabel yang erat kaitannya dengan keberadaan struktur geologi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memetakan keberadaan struktur geologi, estimasi temperature, zona permeabel, zona prospek geotermal serta lokasi optimal untuk pemboran. Namun begitu, penelitian ini lebih menekankan pada zona permeabel.

Untuk mendapatkan informasi terkait hal tersebut, maka digunakan metodologi analisis remote sensing dan gravity. Teknik pencahayaan pada citra DEMNAS diaplikasikan pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan delapan sudut pencahayaan yang berbeda. Teknik ini mampu merepresentasikan zona high fracture, dan struktur geologi major pada skala besar. Zona high fracture yang menindikasikan zona permeable dominan terbentuk di sekitar patahan major. Penggabungan data DEMNAS dan composite band 432 dan 567 pada Landsat 8 menghasilkan deliniasi litologi pada daerah ini. Lebih lanjut, teknik turunan pada data gravity yaitu First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) memberikan informasi strutkur geologi major seperti Sesar Lembang, Sesar Haruman, dan Sesar Ciater di permukaan menerus hingga ke bawah permukaan, adapun beberapa struktur geologi yang tidak nampak di permukaan.

Analisis struktur geologi yang diintegrasikan dengan data MT dan analisis geokimia air menghasilkan model konseptual sistem geotermal di daerah ini. Berdasarkan model konseptual yang dibuat, zona upflow berada di area manifestasi DMS dan CTR, sedangkan zona outflow berada di Utara dan Selatan gunung Tangkuban Parahu. Berdasarkan model MT, zona reservoir berada tepat di bawah puncak gunung Tangkuban Parahu diindikasikan dengan keberadaan dome. Area tersebut memiliki temperature berkisar 240-250^oC pada kedalaman BOC -500m di bawah permukaan. Heat source diperkirakan berasal dari sisa intrusi magma. Area optimal untuk pengeboran dari hasil penelitian ini berada pada area sekitar manifestasi DMS dan CTR. Dengan catatan area pemboran ini mempertimbangkan area volcanic hazard (erupsi hidrotermal).

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Tangkuban Parahu, located north of Bandung, West Java, has been explored as a geothermal prospect area since the early 1980s. Exploration drilling has also been carried out to a depth of 620m with a temperature of 50-60^oC. However, to this day there has been no progress to the development stage. Therefore, understanding detailed and integrated geological conditions are needed.

One of the important aspects of geothermal system is the permeable zone, which is closely related to the existence of geological structures. Therefore, this research was conducted to map the existence of geological structures, temperature estimates, permeable zones, geothermal prospect zone and optimal locations for drilling. However, this study only focus on the permeable zone.

To obtain the information related to permeable zone, a remote sensing and gravity analysis methodology were used. The artificial lighting technique in DEMNAS datasets were applied in this study using eight different sun azimuth angles. This technique is able to represent fracture zones and major geological structures on a large scale. High fracture zone which indicates a permeable zone, predominantly formed around major faults. The combination of DEMNAS data and composite bands 432 and 567 on Landsat 8 have been able to delineate the lithology in this area. Furthermore, the derivative techniques in gravity data, namely First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) have provide information that some of major geological structures that appear on the surface such as Lembang fault, Haruman Fault and Ciater Fault have continuity to the subsurface, while another geological structures are not visible on the surface.

Integration of structural geological analysis with MT model and water geochemical analysis has produced in a conceptual model of the geothermal system in this area. Based on the conceptual model that has been made, the upflow zone is located in the DMS and CTR areas, while the outflow zone is located in the North and South of Tangkuban Parahu mountain. The reservoir zone is located under the Tangkuban Parahu crater, this is indicated by the presence of a dome in the MT model. The area has temperatures ranging from 240-250^oC at a depth of BOC -500m below the surface. The heat source may have been formed from residual magma intrusion. The optimal area for drilling from the results of this study is around the DMS and CTR manifestations. With a note that the drilling location must consider a volcanic hazard area (hydrothermal eruption).

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"Penelitian ini dilakukan di daerah simisuh, kecamatan rao, kabupaten pasaman, provinsi sumatera barat yang berada pada koordinat 0o 27’ 07’’ - 0o 37’ 58’’ LU dan 99o 50’ 00’’ - 100o 45’ 06’’ BT pada system UTM zona 47. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan zona permeabel dengan menggunakan integrasi metode remote sensing Fault Fracture Density (FFD) serta metode gravitasi satelit GGM+ First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD). Metode FFD digunakan untuk mendeteksi zona permeabel dengan cara menilai area yang memiliki kepadatan struktur tinggi berdasarkan kelurusan yang terbentuk akibat adanya patahan dan rekahan yang biasanya ditandai dengan keberadaan manifestasi. Sedangkan metode FHD dan SVD digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya struktur berupa patahan yang mempengaruhi daerah penelitian. Hasil Pengolahan FFD menunjukkan bahwa nilai lineament density yang tinggi berada pada tengah daerah penelitian serta dibagian kiri dan kanan graben rao. Tingginya nilai lineament density ini dapat dikorelasikan dengan tingkat permeabilitas yang relative tinggi di daerah penelitian. secara umum arah kelurusan pada daerah penelitian menunjukkan pola kelurusan yang didominasi oleh pola kelurusan berarah barat laut – tenggara dan timur laut -barat daya. Pola-pola ini kemungkinan berhubungan erat dengan struktur sesar di daerah penelitian yang mengontrol kemunculan gejala geothermal didaerah penelitian. Untuk hasil Pengolahan FHD dan SVD didapatkan 7 buah patahan yang 3 diantaranya memiliki mekanisme pergerakan sesar normal (turun) dan 4 memiliki mekanisme pergerakan sesar reserve (naik). Hasil integrasi kedua metode tersebut menunjukkan hasil yang baik dan efektif dalam penentuan zona permeabel didaerah penelitian, dimana manifestasi yang terlihat di permukaan merepresentasikan keberadaan patahan bawah permukaan di daerah penelitian.

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This research was conducted in the Simisuh area, Rao sub-district, Pasaman district, West Sumatra province which is located at coordinates 0o 27' 07'' - 0o 37' 58'' North Latitude and 99o 50' 00'' - 100o 45' 06'' East Longitude at UTM system zone 47. This study aims to determine the existence of the permeable zone by using the integration of the Fault Fracture Density (FFD) remote sensing method and the GGM+ satellite gravity method First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD). The FFD method is used to detect permeable zones by assessing areas that have high structural density based on the lineaments formed by faults and fractures which are usually characterized by manifestations. While the FHD and SVD methods are used to determine the presence of a structure in the form of a fault that affects the research area. The results of FFD processing show that the straightness density value is in the middle of the study area and on the left and right of the graben rao. The high value of straightness density can be correlated with the relatively high level of permeability in the study area. In general, the lineament direction in the study area shows a lineament pattern which is dominated by the lineament pattern trending northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest. These patterns may be closely related to the fault structure in the study area which controls the occurrence of geothermal phenomena in the study area. For the results of FHD and SVD processing, there are 7 faults, 3 of which have a normal fault movement mechanism and 4 have a reverse fault movement mechanism . The results of the integration of the two methods show good and effective results in showing the permeable zone in the study area, where what is visible on the surface represents the presence of subsurface faults in the study area."

"Daerah “CB’ merupakan salah satu daerah prospek geotermal di Indonesia. Indikasi adanya potensi sistem geotermal daerah “CB” ditandai dengan kemunculan manifestasi permukaan berupa kelompok mata air panas yang bertemperatur 68 – 74.8oC dengan pH antara 6.35 – 68.4. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun model konseptual terintegrasi dari data magnetotellurik, gravitasi satelit GGMPlus, geologi, dan geokimia. Hasil dari pemodelan inversi 3-D magnetotellurik menunjukkan adanya sebaran clay cap dengan variasi ketebalan 1 - 2 km, yang ditandai dengan nilai resistivitas 1 – 15 Ωm. Lapisan reservoir diduga mempunyai resistivitas 20 – 60 Ωm dengan puncak reservoir yang berada pada kedalaman ≤ 1000 meter di bawah permukaan. Berdasarkan perhitungan dengan menggunakan geotermometer Na/K Giggenbach, rata-rata temperatur reservoir relatif cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 220 - 250 ºC. Sumber panas pada sistem geotermal “CB” ini diperkirakan berasal dari plutonik body yang berasosiasi dengan aktivitas sesar. Dalam penelitian ini juga diperoleh indikasi adanya struktur graben berarah barat laut - tenggara dan beberapa struktur patahan lainnya berdasarkan hasil analisis turunan berupa First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) dari gravitasi satelit GGMPlus. Sistem geotermal “CB” ini diduga termasuk ke dalam klasifikasi fault-controlled geothermal system.reynor Ratio, and Jensen's Alpha with CAPM based on data collected from refinitv, eikon, IDX, Yahoo Finance for the period 2016 – 2021. The results show that in the period of crisis SSRI outperforms ISSI and SRI Kehati and in general SSRI could compete with ISSI and SRI Kehati. These results indicate that incorporating ESG screening into sharia investment decisions does not have a negative impact on returns and risks, so that it can be used as an option for portfolio diversification. In addition SSRI will increase the impact and positive contribution to reducing the financing gap for SDGs, as well as gain a wider investor base.

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Daerah “CB’ merupakan salah satu daerah prospek geotermal di Indonesia. Indikasi adanya potensi sistem geotermal daerah “CB” ditandai dengan kemunculan manifestasi permukaan berupa kelompok mata air panas yang bertemperatur 68 – 74.8oC dengan pH antara 6.35 – 68.4. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun model konseptual terintegrasi dari data magnetotellurik, gravitasi satelit GGMPlus, geologi, dan geokimia. Hasil dari pemodelan inversi 3-D magnetotellurik menunjukkan adanya sebaran clay cap dengan variasi ketebalan 1 - 2 km, yang ditandai dengan nilai resistivitas 1 – 15 Ωm. Lapisan reservoir diduga mempunyai resistivitas 20 – 60 Ωm dengan puncak reservoir yang berada pada kedalaman ≤ 1000 meter di bawah permukaan. Berdasarkan perhitungan dengan menggunakan geotermometer Na/K Giggenbach, rata-rata temperatur reservoir relatif cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 220 - 250 ºC. Sumber panas pada sistem geotermal “CB” ini diperkirakan berasal dari plutonik body yang berasosiasi dengan aktivitas sesar. Dalam penelitian ini juga diperoleh indikasi adanya struktur graben berarah barat laut - tenggara dan beberapa struktur patahan lainnya berdasarkan hasil analisis turunan berupa First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) dari gravitasi satelit GGMPlus. Sistem geotermal “CB” ini diduga termasuk ke dalam klasifikasi fault-controlled geothermal system."

"Parakasak adalah salah satu gunung berapi kuaterner yang sebagian besar tersusun oleh lava andesitik dan piroklastik. Potensi sistem panas bumi terlihat oleh manifestasi sumber air panas di Batukuwung sebagai objek wisata lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem panas bumi di sana dan membuat model konseptual melalui pemahaman kita tentang karakteristik mereka. Metode untuk mencapai ini dapat dilakukan dengan mengambil dan menganalisis sampel geologi, analisis petrografi sebagai data primer, analisis geokimia dan geofisika sebagai data sekunder. Berdasarkan analisis di atas, Mt. Parakasak adalah stratovolcano relief tinggi dengan dua sesar tektonik yaitu sesar Batukuwung dan sesar Wangun. Ia juga memiliki struktur runtuh di pusat gunung sebagai hasil dari letusannya di masa lalu. Karakteristik sistem panas bumi di daerah ini didominasi cairan, air meteorik sebagai sumber, dan memiliki suhu sedang (175˚C-230 ˚C). Sumber panas berasal dari ruang magma dan reservoir adalah lava andesit piroklastik dan fraktur.

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Mt. Parakasak is a quaternary volcano composed mostly of andesitic and pyroclastic lava. Potential geothermal systems are seen by the manifestation of hot springs in Batukuwung as a local tourist attraction. This research aims to find out the geothermal system there and create a conceptual model through our understanding of their characteristics. Methods to achieve this can be done by taking and analyzing geological samples, petrographic analysis as primary data, geochemical analysis and geophysics as secondary data.

Based on the above analysis, Mt. Parakasak is a high relief stratovolcano with two tectonic faults, the Batukuwung fault and the Wangun fault. It also has a collapsed structure at the center of the mountain as a result of its eruption in the past. The characteristics of geothermal systems in this area are dominated by liquids, meteoric water as a source, and has a moderate temperature (175˚C-230 ˚C). The heat source comes from the magma chamber and the reservoir is pyroclastic andesite lava and fracture."

"Wilayah Cisolok-Cisukarame merupakan area prospek geotermal liquid dominated geothermal system yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Aktivitas geotermalnya dicirikan dengan kemunculan manifestasi permukaan dalam bentuk mata air panas di sepanjang sungai Cisolok dan Cisukarame. Eksplorasi geotermal pertama di wilayah Cisolok-Cisukarame telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1970 dan sumur eksplorasi pertama dilakukan pada akhir 1986 di dekat mata air panas Cisolok hingga kedalaman 1200 meter dan mendapati temperatur di dasar sumur sebesar 120o C. Beberapa penelitian serupa telah dilakukan sebelumnya, namun model konseptual dari penelitian terdahulu belum secara akurat dapat menduga lokasi keberadaan reservoir dan heat source dikarenakan keterbatasan data sehingga interpretasi yang dilakukan belum tepat. Dalam penelitian ini, rekonstruksi model konseptual geotermal dilakukan untuk memecahkan permasalahan utama dalam menentukan keberadaan reservoir dan heat source, berbasis integrasi data geologi, geokimia, gravitasi satelit GGMPlus, dan magnetotellurik. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi model konseptual yang telah direkonstruksi, keberadaan reservoir pada sistem geotermal Cisolok-Cisukarame diduga berada dibawah manifestasi permukaan Cisukarame yang berperan sebagai zona upflownya dan mengalami perluasan ke arah timur laut. Temperatur pada reservoir mencapai 235o C dengan sumber panas yang diduga berasal dari sisa panas Gunung Halimun berumur kuarter. Area prospek berdasarkan pertimbangan pola persebaran resistivitas serta batas reservoir diperkirakan memiliki luas sebesar 15 km2 dengan top of reservoir pada kedalaman 500 - 1000 meter. Lokasi titik pemboran sumur eksplorasi direkomendasikan berada pada zona permeable timur laut manifestasi Cisukarame mencapai kedalaman 1000 meter pada zona dengan temperature yang tinggi. Diperkirakan area prospek reservoir masih mengalami perluasan ke arah utara dan timur laut, namun diperlukan survei geofisika lanjut untuk mengonfirmasi kemungkinan possible extend tersebut.

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The Cisolok-Cisukarame region is a liquid dominated geothermal system prospect area located in Sukabumi Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Its geothermal activity is characterized by the appearance of surface manifestations in the form of hot springs along the Cisolok and Cisukarame rivers. The first geothermal exploration in the Cisolok-Cisukarame area has been carried out since 1970 and the first exploration well was carried out at the end of 1986 near the Cisolok hot spring to a depth of 1200 meters and found the temperature at the bottom of the well of 120o C. Several similar studies have been carried out before, but the model conceptual studies from previous studies have not been able to accurately predict the location of the reservoir and heat source due to limited data so that the interpretation is not correct. In this research, the reconstruction of the conceptual geothermal model is carried out to solve the main problems in determining the existence of reservoirs and heat sources, based on the integration of geological, geochemical, gravity satellite GGMPlus, and magnetotelluric data. Based on the interpretation of the reconstructed conceptual model, the reservoir in the Cisolok- Cisukarame geothermal system is predicted below the surface manifestation of Cisukarame which acts as the upflow zone and is expanding to the northeast. The temperature in the reservoir reaches 235o C with the heat source predicted to come from the residual heat of Mount Halimun with quarter age. The prospect area based on consideration of the resistivity distribution pattern and reservoir boundary is estimated to have an area of 15 km2 with a top of reservoir at a depth of 500 - 1000 meters. The location of the exploration well drilling point is recommended to be in the northeastern permeable zone of the Cisukarame manifestation reaching a depth of 1000 meters in a zone with high temperatures. It is estimated that the reservoir prospect area is still expanding to the north and northeast, but further geophysical surveys are needed to confirm the possibility of this possible extend."

"[Daerah prospek panas bumi Gunung Arjuno dan Gunung Welirang berada pada jalur vulkanik yang dikenal dengan jalur ring of fire, yaitu rentetan gunung api, baik yang aktif, maupun gunung api yang tidak aktif. Gunung tersebut berasosiasidengan pembentukan sistem panas bumi yang ditandai dengan kemunculan manifestasi yang terdiri dari mata air panas Padusan, Coban dan Cangar serta adanya fumarol yang terdapat di komplek Gunung Welirang. Dari hasil perhitungan geothermometer daerah prospek panas bumi Gunung Arjuno danGunung Welirang memiliki temperatur 250o C dan masuk dalam kategori high temperature (>225 oC). Untuk mengetahui batas, kedalaman, dan geometri dari reservoir yang ada, dilakukan pengukuran dengan metode Magnetotellurik (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) dan gaya berat. Dari hasil pengukurantersebut, dilakukan pemodelan pada 138 data MT, 103 data TDEM dan 253 data gaya berat. Selanjutnya hasil pemodelan dianalisa dengan menggunakan penampang 1 dimensi, 2 dimensi dan visualisasi 3 dimensi. Karakteristik reservoir berada pada kisaran 10-30 Ohm-m dengan nilai densitas rata-rata 2.2gr/cc dan menghasilkan prospek panas Gunung Arjuno dan Gunung Welirang sekitar 40 km2 dengan potensi yang dapat dikembangkan untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik sebesar 140 MWe, rekomendasi penentuan titik bor eksplorasi berada di 2 km baratlaut dari komplek Gunung Welirang.

---

The geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Mount Welirang is on track which is known as volcanic ring of fire, which is a series of volcanoes, both active and inactive volcanoes. The mountain is associated with the formation of geothermal systems that are characterized by the appearance of manifestations consisting of Padusan, Coban and Cangar hot springs and their fumaroles located

in Mount Welirang complex. From the calculation geothermometer, the geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Welirang has a temperature of 250°C and in the category of high temperature (190 oC-236 oC). To determine the

boundary, the depth, and the geometry of the existing reservoir, measured by the method of magnetotelluric (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) and gravity. From the results of these measurements, modeling performed on the 138

MT data, 103 TDEM data and 253 gravity data. Furthermore, the modeling results were analyzed using 1 dimensional cross-section, 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional visualization. The position of the reservoir is in the range of 10-30 Ohm-m with an average density value 2.2 g/CC3 to generate hot prospects Mt.Arjuno and Mount Welirang approximately 40 km2. with potential developed for power plants of 140 MWe, recommendations exploration drill point

determination located at 3km north-west of the mountain complex Mount Welirang.;The geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Mount Welirang is on track

which is known as volcanic ring of fire, which is a series of volcanoes, both active

and inactive volcanoes. The mountain is associated with the formation of

geothermal systems that are characterized by the appearance of manifestations

consisting of Padusan, Coban and Cangar hot springs and their fumaroles located

in Mount Welirang complex. From the calculation geothermometer, the

geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Welirang has a temperature of

250°C and in the category of high temperature (190 oC-236 oC). To determine the

boundary, the depth, and the geometry of the existing reservoir, measured by the

method of magnetotelluric (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) and

gravity. From the results of these measurements, modeling performed on the 138

MT data, 103 TDEM data and 253 gravity data. Furthermore, the modeling results

were analyzed using 1 dimensional cross-section, 2 dimensional and 3

dimensional visualization. The position of the reservoir is in the range of 10-30

Ohm-m with an average density value 2.2 g / CC3 to generate hot prospects

Mt.Arjuno and Mount Welirang approximately 40 km2. with potential developed

for power plants of 140 MWe, recommendations exploration drill point

determination located at 3km north-west of the mountain complex Mount

Welirang.;The geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Mount Welirang is on track

which is known as volcanic ring of fire, which is a series of volcanoes, both active

and inactive volcanoes. The mountain is associated with the formation of

geothermal systems that are characterized by the appearance of manifestations

consisting of Padusan, Coban and Cangar hot springs and their fumaroles located

in Mount Welirang complex. From the calculation geothermometer, the

geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Welirang has a temperature of

250°C and in the category of high temperature (190 oC-236 oC). To determine the

boundary, the depth, and the geometry of the existing reservoir, measured by the

method of magnetotelluric (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) and

gravity. From the results of these measurements, modeling performed on the 138

MT data, 103 TDEM data and 253 gravity data. Furthermore, the modeling results

were analyzed using 1 dimensional cross-section, 2 dimensional and 3

dimensional visualization. The position of the reservoir is in the range of 10-30

Ohm-m with an average density value 2.2 g / CC3 to generate hot prospects

Mt.Arjuno and Mount Welirang approximately 40 km2. with potential developed

for power plants of 140 MWe, recommendations exploration drill point

determination located at 3km north-west of the mountain complex Mount

Welirang.;The geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Mount Welirang is on track

which is known as volcanic ring of fire, which is a series of volcanoes, both active

and inactive volcanoes. The mountain is associated with the formation of

geothermal systems that are characterized by the appearance of manifestations

consisting of Padusan, Coban and Cangar hot springs and their fumaroles located

in Mount Welirang complex. From the calculation geothermometer, the

geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Welirang has a temperature of

250°C and in the category of high temperature (190 oC-236 oC). To determine the

boundary, the depth, and the geometry of the existing reservoir, measured by the

method of magnetotelluric (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) and

gravity. From the results of these measurements, modeling performed on the 138

MT data, 103 TDEM data and 253 gravity data. Furthermore, the modeling results

were analyzed using 1 dimensional cross-section, 2 dimensional and 3

dimensional visualization. The position of the reservoir is in the range of 10-30

Ohm-m with an average density value 2.2 g / CC3 to generate hot prospects

Mt.Arjuno and Mount Welirang approximately 40 km2. with potential developed

for power plants of 140 MWe, recommendations exploration drill point

determination located at 3km north-west of the mountain complex Mount

Welirang.;The geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Mount Welirang is on track

which is known as volcanic ring of fire, which is a series of volcanoes, both active

and inactive volcanoes. The mountain is associated with the formation of

geothermal systems that are characterized by the appearance of manifestations

consisting of Padusan, Coban and Cangar hot springs and their fumaroles located

in Mount Welirang complex. From the calculation geothermometer, the

geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Welirang has a temperature of

250°C and in the category of high temperature (190 oC-236 oC). To determine the

boundary, the depth, and the geometry of the existing reservoir, measured by the

method of magnetotelluric (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) and

gravity. From the results of these measurements, modeling performed on the 138

MT data, 103 TDEM data and 253 gravity data. Furthermore, the modeling results

were analyzed using 1 dimensional cross-section, 2 dimensional and 3

dimensional visualization. The position of the reservoir is in the range of 10-30

Ohm-m with an average density value 2.2 g / CC3 to generate hot prospects

Mt.Arjuno and Mount Welirang approximately 40 km2. with potential developed

for power plants of 140 MWe, recommendations exploration drill point

determination located at 3km north-west of the mountain complex Mount

Welirang., The geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Mount Welirang is on track

which is known as volcanic ring of fire, which is a series of volcanoes, both active

and inactive volcanoes. The mountain is associated with the formation of

geothermal systems that are characterized by the appearance of manifestations

consisting of Padusan, Coban and Cangar hot springs and their fumaroles located

in Mount Welirang complex. From the calculation geothermometer, the

geothermal prospect areas Mount Arjuno and Welirang has a temperature of

250°C and in the category of high temperature (190 oC-236 oC). To determine the

boundary, the depth, and the geometry of the existing reservoir, measured by the

method of magnetotelluric (MT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) and

gravity. From the results of these measurements, modeling performed on the 138

MT data, 103 TDEM data and 253 gravity data. Furthermore, the modeling results

were analyzed using 1 dimensional cross-section, 2 dimensional and 3

dimensional visualization. The position of the reservoir is in the range of 10-30

Ohm-m with an average density value 2.2 g / CC3 to generate hot prospects

Mt.Arjuno and Mount Welirang approximately 40 km2. with potential developed

for power plants of 140 MWe, recommendations exploration drill point

determination located at 3km north-west of the mountain complex Mount

Welirang.]"

"Pulau Sumatera memiliki potensi panas bumi terbesar di Indonesia yang tersebar di sepanjang zona subduksi antara lempeng Hindia-Australia dan lempeng Eurasia, salah satunya adalah lapangan geothermal ldquo;A rdquo;. Secara umum, litologi di wilayah penelitian didominasi oleh batuan vulkanik yang berumur kuarter dengan manifestasi berupa fumarol dan mata air panas. Struktur geologi berupa patahan dan pendugaan intrusi batuan yang diidentifikasi sebagai heat source menjadi target dalam penelitian ini. Metode penginderaan jauh dengan analisis Fault Fracture Density FFD dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi gejala struktur patahan di permukaan yang berasosiasi dengan manifestasi dan metode gravitasi dengan analisis First Horizontal Derivative FHD dan Second Vertical Derrivative SVD dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi patahan di bawah permukaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan manifestasi berada pada zona FFD tinggi dengan kerapatan sebesar 4 km/km2. Analisis data FHD dan SVD dapat mengkonfirmasi patahan berarah Barat Daya-Timur Laut, Barat Laut-Tenggara, dan struktur kaldera dengan jenis patahan keseluruhan berupa patahan normal. Hasil inversi 3D gravitasi mengidentifikasi batuan clay cap memiliki densitas 2.015 gr/cc sampai 2.24 gr/cc, batuan reservoir memiliki densitas 2.3 gr/cc sampai 2.4 gr/cc dan batuan heat source memiliki densitas 2.5 gr/cc sampai 2/8 gr/cc. Zona upflow terletak di bagian Barat wilayah penelitian dengan suhu reservoir berkisar antara 200°C-220°C.

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Sumatra Island has the largest geothermal potential in Indonesia spread along the subduction zone between the Indies Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. ldquo A rdquo geothermal field is one of them. In general, lithology in the study area is dominated by quaternary volcanic rocks and it has some manifestations such as fumaroles and hot springs. This study is focus on identify the structure and intrusion that identified as a heat source.

Remote sensing methods with Fault Fracture Density FFD analysis were performed to identify symptoms of surface fractures associated with manifestations and gravity methods with First Horizontal Derivative FHD and Second Vertical Derivative SVD analyzes performed to identify subsurface fractures.

The results of this study indicate that the appearance of manifestation is in the high FFD zone with a density of 4 km km2. Analysis of FHD and SVD data can confirm the Southwest Northeast, Northwest Southeast fault, and caldera structure with the overall fracture type are normal fault.

The result of gravity 3D inversion identifies clay cap rock has density 2,015 gr cc to 2,24 gr cc, reservoir rock has density 2,3 gr cc to 2,4 gr cc and heat source rock has density 2.5 gr cc to 2 8 gr cc . The upflow zone is located in the west of the research area with reservoir temperatures ranging from 200°C 220°C."