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"Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat xenofobia dari tahun 2012 hingga 2018, pada masa Pemerintahan dua Presiden yaitu François Hollande dan Emmanuel Macron. Pada masa pemerintahan presiden François Hollande banyak terjadi peristiwa terorisme di Prancis yang telah diklaim dilakukan oleh jihadist Islam diluar Prancis, membuat banyak masyarakat Prancis merasa khawatir dan takut kepada imigran. Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Emmanuel Macron juga terjadi krisis ekonomi, sehingga membuat rakyat Prancis merasa adanya persaingan antara warga lokal dan warga pendatang. Karakteristik kebijakan dari kedua masa pemerintahan berdampak terhadap tingkat toleransi dan juga aksi rasisme yang terjadi di Prancis. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teknik studi kepustakaan, penelitian ini mendeskripsikan kebijakan François Hollande dan Emmanuel Macron, dengan kondisi sosial politik pada dua masa yang bertentangan dengan ideologi politik kedua pemerintahan dan sikap terhadap fenomena xenofobia. Di samping itu, solusi yang dibentuk oleh kedua presiden juga dipengaruhi oleh kepada siapa kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut tertuju, yaitu keturunan imigran yang tinggal di Prancis. Maka diketahui, pada masa pemerintahan Emmanuel Macron kehidupan kedua pihak antara masyarakat Prancis dan masyarakat pendatang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan masa pemerintahan François Hollande karena tingkat xenofobia terlihat lebih rendah.

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This article aims to determine the level of xenophobia from 2012 to 2018, during the reigns of two Presidents François Hollande and Emmanuel Macron. During the reign of President François Hollande, there were many incidents of terrorism in France which had been claimed by Islamic jihadists outside France, making many French people feel worried and afraid of immigrants. During the reign of President Emmanuel Macron, there was also an economic crisis, which made the French people feel that there was competition between local residents and immigrants. The characteristics of the policies of the two reigns had an impact on the level of tolerance and also the acts of racism that occurred in France. By using qualitative methods and literature study techniques, this study describes the policies of François Hollande and Emmanuel Macron, with the socio-political conditions at two times which contradicted the political ideologies of the two governments and attitudes towards the xenophobic phenomenon. In addition, the solution formed by the two presidents is also influenced by who the policies are aimed at, namely the descendants of immigrants living in France. Thus, it is known that during the reign of Emmanuel Macron, life between the French and immigrant communities was better than during the reign of François Hollande because the level of xenophobia was seen to be lower."

"Sejak pertama kali dinyatakan ilegal melalui la loi n° 70-1320 du 31 décembre 1970, kebijakan pemerintah Prancis terhadap ganja tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Prancis merupakan salah satu negara dengan hukuman paling berat untuk penggunaan ganja di Eropa. Namun, meskipun memiliki hukum yang berat, Prancis merupakan salah satu negara dengan persentase konsumen ganja tertinggi di Eropa. Hasil survei populasi umum yang dilakukan oleh Santé publique France dan OFDT menunjukkan bahwa ganja merupakan psikoaktif terlarang yang paling banyak digunakan di Prancis dan penyebaran ganja di Prancis terus meningkat sejak diberlakukannya kebijakan pelarangan tersebut. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai peran regulasi tersebut dalam menanggulangi permasalahan konsumsi ganja di Prancis. Penelitian ini mencari tahu pengaruh konsumsi ganja di Prancis terhadap regulasi yang dibuat pada masa pemerintahan Emmanuel Macron dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teknik studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa kebijakan sebelumnya yang tidak efektif serta seruan reformasi dari masyarakat tidak mempengaruhi kebijakan Emmanuel Macron dalam upaya menanggulangi permasalahan terkait ganja di Prancis. Dalam menghadapi permasalahan ini, pemerintahan Emmanuel Macron memutuskan untuk mengambil jalan tengah, yaitu dekriminalisasi parsial atau contraventionnalisation serta percobaan penggunaan ganja untuk tujuan terapeutik. Meskipun kebijakan baru Macron dianggap tidak benar-benar menyelesaikan masalah, langkah ini berupaya untuk menghindari perselisihan antara pihak-pihak yang menuntut legalisasi ganja, serta pihak konservatif yang bersikeras mempertahankan hukum ganja yang represif

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Since it was first declared illegal through la loi n ° 70-1320 du 31 décembre 1970, the French government's policy towards cannabis has not changed significantly. France is one of the countries with the most severe penalties for the use of marijuana in Europe. However, despite its tough laws, France has one of the highest percentage of cannabis consumers in Europe. The results of a general population survey conducted by Santé publique France and OFDT shows that marijuana is the most widely used illicit psychoactive in France and that diffusion of cannabis in France has continued to increase since the enactment of the ban. This raises questions about the role of these regulations in overcoming the problem of cannabis consumption in France. This research investigates the effect of marijuana consumption in France on regulations made during Emmanuel Macron administration period using qualitative methods and literature study techniques. This research proves that the previous ineffective policies and calls for reform from the public did not influence Emmanuel Macron's policies in trying to tackle the problems related to cannabis in France. In dealing with this problem, Emmanuel Macron's government decided to take a middle course, namely partial decriminalization or contraventionnalisation and the trial of using marijuana for therapeutic purposes. While Macron's new policies do not really solve the problem, the move seeks to avoid clashes between parties claiming marijuana legalization and conservatives who insist on maintaining repressive cannabis laws"

"brazil is one of the state with a large farmland. Having colonized by the Portuguese until 1822. The Portuguese have inherited the sytem of farmland ownership. But that system was exceptionally beneficial just for the rich. It brings about rios because the farmer claims their rights for the farmland ownership. The MST was born as a independent organization to handle this issue. The MST arrange the farmers movement to claims their right without violence and riots."

"Skripsi ini memaparkan keberadaan kaum imigran di Prancis dan berbagai kebijakan pemerintah Prancis mengenai kaum imigran sejak dasawarsa 1970. Arus masuk imigran ke Prancis telah dimulai sejak evolusi industri, tahun 1852-1870. Arus masuk imigran sempat dihentikan pada awal dasawarsa 1970, demi pemulihan perekonomian dari krisis minyak yang membuat banyak orang kehilangan pekerjaan. Namun, pemerintah Prancis tidak berhasil membatasi dan mengurangi jumlah imigran di Prancis karena beberapa imigran tidak bersedia kembali ke negara asal mereka. Selain itu, imigran gelap terus berdatangan ke Prancis. Keadaan imigran di Prancis cukup memprihatinkan. Sebagian besar dari mereka bekerja di lapisan bawah pekerjaan sosioprofesional dengan penghasilan rendah atau menganggur, hidup dalam kemiskinan dan tinggal di pemukiman kumuh, serta sulit berintegrasi. Pemerintah Prancis menetapkan beberapa kebijakan sehubungan dengan imigran. Penetapan kebijakan tersebut dimaksudkan untuk membatasi arus masuk imigran, membendung kedatangan imigran gelap, dan mempermudah integrasi imigran. Sampai saat ini, berbagai kebijakan yang ditetapkan pemerintah Prancis itu mampu membatasi arus masuk imigran, namun tidak sepenuhnya berhasil dalam membantu imigran dalam berintegrasi. Ada beberapa imigran yang tidak ingin berintegrasi dan lebih memilih untuk berbaur dengan kelompok etnisnya sendiri. Selain itu, pemerintah Prancis juga belum berhasil membatasi jumlah imigran yang masuk dengan alasan mencari pekerjaan di Prancis, karena masih banyak imigran yang terpaksa menganggur atau bekerja dengan penghasilan rendah."

"Prancis saat ini menjadi negara di Eropa yang memiliki keberagaman di dalamnya, mulai dari agama, ras, dan etnis. Keberagaman ini disebabkan salah satunya oleh kedatangan para imigran dan orang asing, khususnya saat periode Pasca-Perang Dunia Kedua. Alasan awal kedatangan imigran adalah faktor ekonomi atau pekerjaan. Dalam menangani mobilisasi penduduk ini, Prancis memberlakukan kebijakan-kebijakan imigrasi yang beragam yang tertuang pada situs Kementerian Dalam Negeri dan Seberang Lautan. Oleh karena itu, perlu diketahui bentuk kebijakan imigrasi di Prancis. Penelitian ini kemudian berfokus pada kebijakan imigrasi pemerintahan François Hollande dan Emmanuel Macron berdasarkan perbedaan poros politik mereka. Dengan demikian, tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan perbedaan isi kebijakan imigrasi antara pemerintahan Hollande dan Macron. Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data berupa kebijakan imigrasi kedua pemerintahan selama lima tahun menjabat. Untuk menemukan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif oleh Iosifides dengan teori analisis wacana kritis Norman Fairclough dan konsep ideologi politik oleh D. Parenteau dan I. Parenteau. Hasil temuan dari penelitian ini adalah orientasi kiri dari Hollande menghasilkan kebijakan imigrasi yang pro-masyarakat (imigran), sedangkan orientasi tengah Macron lebih memperketat kebijakannya terhadap masyarakat asing.

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France is a country in Europe that embraces diversity in terms of religion, race, and ethnicity in its society. The arrival of migrants and foreigners, especially in the post-Second World War period contributed to France’s current demographic landscape. In dealing with the influx of population, France has adopted various immigration policies, as stated on the website of the Ministry of the Interior and Overseas, but has not significantly improved the current situation. As the immigration issue has continuously become prominent in French society, this research takes on comparing the policies carried by the governments of François Hollande and Emmanuel Macron on the issue while also taking into account their different political axes. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the political discourses embedded in the immigration policies between the Hollande and Macron administrations. This research makes use of available sources from the immigration policies of both governments during their five years in office. The data was collected by employing qualitative research methods by Iosifides combined with critical discourse analysis theory by Norman Fairclough and the concept of political ideology by D. Parenteau and I. Parenteau. The findings of this research suggest that Hollande's leftist orientation contributed to his pro-people (immigrants) immigration policy, while Macron's center orientation attempted to tighten the immigration policy towards foreigners."

"Most of multicultural literature works explore identity problems. The writer analyzes White Teeth and Brick Lane. Both of them have similarities in terms of situation, setting of place and theme. Both of them explore the theme of diaspora identity undergone by Bangladeshi immigrants. The novels are studied closely on the focus of theme through Stuart Hall's concept of cultural identity by considering character, conflict, setting, tone and point of view.

The leading character of two novels chooses cultural identity in the contrary position. Samad Miah Iqbal, the leading character of White Teeth tries hard to reconstruct his essential identity through residual cultural traits (ethnic and moderate religion). His choice results in his being alienated and exclusive when others follow dominant culture. He is in crisis when failing to find out the identity assumed transcendent and pure, even disillusioned by his twin's taking his own identity quests beyond his hope. Alsana and Neena Begum criticize most of Samad?s identity quest.

In Brick Lane, the leading character, Nazneen adapts herself gradually into dominant culture. She had once applied religion for identity quest before she criticized the fundamentalist Islamic group, Bengal Tigers. Ethnic is easier to adapt than religion. Nazneen is in opposite with Chanu who is conservative and defends his cultural identity with ethnicity. Nazneen gives her daughters a chance to find out their own identity. After her proper adaptation into dominant culture, Nazneen finds a convenient position and remains in London with her daughters when Chanu comes back to Bangladesh.

Second Generation of Bangladeshi immigrant following English culture is Magid in White Teeth and Shanana in Brick Lane. Since the very beginning, they have fought to release themselves from ethnical and religious burden in order to identify themselves with English culture. The end of White Teeth shows that Magid is in opposite with Samad and Millat, while Shanana in Brick Lane is finally allowed to lead her own way of identity quest after having been controlled by Chanu for a long time.

Second Generation of Bangladeshi immigrant emphasizing his essential identity through residual culture traits (fundamental religion) is Millat Zulfikar Iqbal and Karim who join ethno-religious group. Millat joined KEVIN and Karim established Bengal Tigers. KEVIN and Bengal Tigers are dedicated for Islam struggle and also for opposing dominant culture. Ethnic is used to support their main goal, i.e. religious struggle. Thus, ethno-religious is used as their collective identity. Their radical attitude causes them to be called Islamic fundamentalist group. This supports Western stereotype that Islam is related with fanaticism, violence and intolerance.

Both of novels prove Stuart Hall's concept that an immigrant identity needs to be positioned in dominant culture because they are in diaspora within a strange land. Referring to residual culture (religion and ethnic) will lead an immigrant into exclusive and alienated life. Identity crisis takes places when one fails to find out the cultural identity assumed pure, fixed, and coherent.

The author of two novels implies the importance of assimilation for immigrant's success in different way. Zadie Smith implies it by showing Samad's identity crisis and failure of finding essential identity. On the other hand, Monica Ali implies it by revealing Nazneen's happiness, as she is willing to adapt herself into dominant culture."

"Televisi merupakan media yang paling banyak dan mudah dijangkau oleh masyarakat umum. Sajian tayangan yang beragam dan dikemas secara menarik membuat televisi digemari banyak orang dari berbagai kalangan usia. Reality show merupakan salah satu program acara yang banyak menarik minat publik. Sajian acara yang berfokus menayangkan aktivitas pemerannya dikemas serapi mungkin agar menampilkan kesan yang nyata sehingga dapat melekat di diri para penikmatnya. Korea Selatan adalah salah satu negara yang memiliki banyak sekali acara reality show, termasuk reality show yang berfokus menampilkan aktivitas sehari-hari imigran yang tinggal di negara tersebut. my neighbor charles adalah salah satu reality show Korea Selatan yang menggunakan imigran sebagai pemeran dalam setiap episodenya. Acara ini banyak menampilkan kehidupan berbagai kelompok masyarakat pendatang, termasuk masyarakat muslim. Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana my neighbor charles merepresentasikan kehidupan masyarakat muslim di Korea Selatan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif analisis konten. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan reality show my neighbor charles menampilkan citra imigran muslim yang tinggal di Korea Selatan dalam dua wajah yang berbeda.

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Television is the most widely accessible medium for the general public. The variety of shows that are packaged in an attractive way makes television popular with people of all ages. Reality shows are one of the programs that attract a lot of public interest. The presentation of the program that focuses on showing the activities of the actors is packaged as neatly as possible so that it displays a real impression so that it can be attached to the audience. South Korea is a country that has a lot of reality shows, including reality shows that focus on showing the daily activities of immigrants living in the country. My Neighbor Charles is a South Korean reality show that uses immigrants as characters in every episode. This event showcases the lives of various groups of immigrant communities, including the muslim community. This study analyzes how My Neighbor Charles represents the life of the muslim community in South Korea. The method used is a qualitative method of content analysis. The results of this study show that the reality show My Neighbor Charles displays the image of muslim immigrants living in South Korea in two different faces."

"Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perbedaan dan persamaan mariage forc/em>atau pernikahan paksa di Prancis pada masa pemerintahan Jacques Chirac dan François Hollande. Kebebasan individu untuk menikah direnggut oleh adanya praktik pernikahan paksa yang mana bertolak belakang dengan prinsip negara Prancis yang tertulis dalam Konstitusi Republik Kelima tahun 1958. Perbedaan sikap Prancis dalam melawan fenomena pernikahan paksa diwujudkan dalam kebijakan-kebijakan yang disahkan oleh kedua presiden. Berawal dari pengesahan kebijakan pertama yang memperketat kontrol praktik pernikahan paksa, hingga dibentuknya hukum pidana pada pelaku pernikahan paksa. Karakteristik kebijakan dari kedua masa pemerintahan yang berdampak terhadap praktik pernikahan paksa di Prancis penting untuk dibahas berdasarkan pengaruh ideologi politik dan kepentingan otoritas publik pada kedua masa pemerintahan. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teknik studi literatur, penelitian ini memaparkan kebijakan Jacques Chirac dan Fraois Hollande serta kondisi sosial masyarakat pada masanya untuk menguraikan keterkaitan ideologi politik kedua pemerintahan, sikap Prancis terhadap pernikahan paksa pada periode itu, serta dampak implementasi terhadap jumlah praktiknya. Melalui analisis dengan konsep ideologi politik dan konteks pada masa kedua pemerintahan, ditemukan bahwa ideologi politik tidak sepenuhnya menjadi faktor pengendali sikap Prancis pada kedua masa pemerintahan, mementingkan perlindungan wanita dan anak secara keseluruhan, dan bukan mengangkat imigran sebagai fokus utama permasalahan.

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This article aims to explain the differences and similarities of mariage forc or forced marriage in France under Jacques Chirac and François Hollande presidency. Individual freedom to marry were torn by the existence of the practice of forced marriage which is contrary to the principle of France written in Fifth French Republic Constitution 1958. Frances different attitude in fighting against this phenomenon is manifested in policies made by the two presidents. Starting from the first policy ratification which reinforce control of the marriage, until the creation of criminal law on perpetrators of the practice. The policies characteristic of the two presidency that have impacts on the practice are important to be discussed based on the influence of political ideology and the interests of public authorities in both presidency. Using qualitative methods and literature study techniques, this study describes Jacques Chirac and Franois Hollandes policies and the social conditions of society at the time to describe the interrelationships of the political ideologies of the two presidency, the attitude of France to forced marriage in that period, and the impact of implementation on the number of practices. Through analysis with the concept of political ideology and the context of the two presidency, found that political ideology was not entirely a controlling factor of French attitudes in both presidency, but rather concerned with the protection of women and children in general, rather than focused on the immigrant."