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"Pertanian merupakan salah satu sektor yang mendukung dalam pemenuhan kebutuhanpangan di Indonesia. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk yang ada di Indonesia setiap tahuntidak sebanding dengan hasil panen pertanian yang semakin menurun. Pemilihan pupukkimia untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian dinilai tidak efektif karena dinilai tidak ramahlingkungan. Salah satu cara alternatif untuk meningkatkan hasil panen adalah denganmemanfaatkan bakteri sebagai pendukung pertumbuhan tanaman atau Plant GrowthPromoting Bacteria (PGPB). Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan bakteri yangberpotensi sebagai pendukung pertumbuhan tanaman meliputi kemampuan dalamproduksi Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), pelarutan fosfat, kitinase, dan selulase. Larva lalattentara hitam dinilai dapat menjadi sumber bakteri karena kemampuan konversi biowasteyang relatif cepat, sehingga diduga berkorelasi dengan bakteri yang terdapat di larva.Isolasi bakteri dari larva lalat tentara hitam dilakukan pada fase larva instar I dan Vdengan 4 variasi medium isolasi (Casein Starch Agar, Carboxymethyl Cellulose agar,Yeast Extract-suplemented Minimal agar, dan Skim Milk Agar). Setiap isolat yang telahdidapat telah berhasil dilakukan penapisan produksi IAA, aktivitas pelarutan fosfat,aktivitas enzim selulolitik, dan aktivitas enzim kitinolitik. Selain itu, setiap isolat telahdilakukan karakterisasi secara morfologi dan sifat biokimia. Sebanyak 22 isolat telahdidapatkan dengan kode B1-B22, 5 (B1, B11, B15, B16, dan B21) dari seluruh isolattersebut memiliki hasil positif pada dua penapisan uji aktivitas dan 9 isolat memiliki hasilpositif pada satu penapisan uji aktivitas. Isolat B21 merupakan isolat terbaik karenamemiliki hasil positif pada dua uji (uji aktivitas enzim selulolitik dan kitinolitik) danmemiliki nilai tertinggi pada kedua uji tersebut. Isolat B21 diduga berasal dari dari genusGardnerella atau Haemophilus berdasarkan tabel identifikasi.

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Agriculture is one of the sectors that support the fulfillment of food demand in Indonesia.

Increasing in the number of people in Indonesia every year is not proportional to the

decreasing agricultural yields. The use of chemical compounds to increase agricultural

yields is considered ineffective because it can damage the surrounding environment. One

alternative way to increase crop yields is to use bacteria as Plant Growth Promoting

Bacteria (PGPB). This study aims to obtain bacteria that have the potential to support

plant growth including the ability to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), phosphate

solubilization, chitinase, and cellulase. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are considered a

source of bacteria because their role in bioconversion of organic waste are thought to be

correlated with bacteria in BSF larvae. Isolation of bacteria from BSF larvae was carried

out using larval stages instars I and V with 4 variations of isolation medium (Casein

Starch Agar, Carboxymethyl Cellulose agar, Yeast Extract-supplemented Minimal agar,

and Skim Milk Agar). Isolates have been successfully screened for IAA production,

phosphate solubilization activity, cellulolytic enzyme activity, and chitinolytic enzyme

activity. In addition, each isolate has been characterized by morphological

characterization and biochemical tests. A total of 22 isolates were obtained with codes

B1-B22, five isolates (B1, B11, B15, B16, and B21) of these isolates had positive results

in two activity tests and nine isolates had positive results in one activity test. Isolate B21

was the best isolate because the isolate showed positive results in two tests (cellulolytic

and chitinolytic enzyme activity tests) and had the highest score in both tests. The isolate

B21 is believed to be a member of the genus Gardnerella or Haemophilus based on the

identification table."

"Larva lalat tentara hitam (Hermetia illucens L.) atau BSF merupakan agen biologis yang umum digunakan dalam pengelolaan sampah organik. Kemampuan larva lalat tentara hitam dalam mencerna bahan organik didukung oleh berbagai aktivitas bakteri yang hidup di dalam saluran pencernaanya. Pencarian bakteri dengan berbagai aktivitas pendukung pertumbuhan dan proteksi tanaman berpotensi dalam mengurangi dampak akibat penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida sintetis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi, menghitung jumlah populasi bakteri, mengetahui potensi aktivitas isolat, serta mengarakterisasi bakteri saluran pencernaan larva BSF. Pengisolasian bakteri dilakukan dengan metode filtrasi membran dengan pengenceran bertingkat dan uji aktivitas dilakukan pada beberapa medium. Berdasarkan morfologi, sebanyak 21 isolat berhasil terisolasi dan hasil perhitungan kepadatan populasi bakteri pada sampel saluran pencernaan BSF, yaitu 1,136 x 1010 CFU/gr. Berdasarkan uji aktivitas isolat, sebanyak dua isolat memiliki aktivitas selulolitik, yaitu isolat G18 dan G21; empat isolat yang dapat mendegradasi kitin, yaitu isolat G9, G16, G18, dan G21; empat isolat dengan kemampuan pelarutan fosfat dan memproduksi IAA, yaitu isolat G7, G10, G13, dan G19. Isolat G18 dan G10 merupakan isolat terunggul karena isolat G18 memiliki keunggulan dalam proteksi tanaman, sedangkan isolat G10 unggul dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman. Isolat G1 hingga G22 memiliki karakteristik yang beraneka ragam. Berdasarkan identifikasi bakteri secara biokimia, isolat G9, G10, G16, dan G18 memiliki karakteristik bakteri dari kelompok Bacillus.

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Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae are biological agent that commonly used in organic waste management. The ability to digest organic compounds was known to be supported by the diversity of bacterial activities inside their body. The exploration of certain bacterial activities in promoting plant growth and protection may be needed to reduce the impact of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides uses. This study aims to isolate, enumerate the bacterial population from BSF larval gut, screening for potential activities, and characterize isolates. Isolation of bacteria was carried out by membrane filtration method combined with serial dilutions and the bacterial activities carried out on various media. A total of 21 bacteria were isolated from BSF larval gut and the bacterial population density is 1.136 x 1010 CFU/gr. The isolate activity test showed that; two isolates G18 and G21 were positives for cellulolytic activity; four isolates G9, G16, G18, and G21 were able to degrade chitin; four isolates G7, G10, G13, and G19 have the ability to solubilize phosphate and produce IAA. Isolates G18 and G10 were the best isolates because G18 had the advantage in plant protection, while G10 excelled in supporting plant growth. Isolates G1 to G22 had various characteristics. Based on the biochemical identification, isolates G9, G10, G16, and G18 had the characteristics of bacteria from the Bacillus group."

"Pertanian merupakan salah satu sektor utama yang berperan dalam perkembangan ekonomi Indonesia. Produktivitas pertanian dan ketahanan pangan berkaitan erat dengan kondisi kesehatan tanaman. Salah satu patogen penginfeksi tanaman adalah fungi. Pengendali hayati atau biokontrol merupakan teknik pengendalian menggunakan aktivitas metabolisme agen hayati seperti bakteri untuk mengendalikan patogen tanaman. Penelitian terdahulu berhasil mengisolasi bakteri saluran pencernaan black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) dan diketahui mampu mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan 10 isolat bakteri saluran pencernaan BSFL terhadap 4 fungi patogen tanaman, yaitu Ganoderma boninense, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum siamense KA, dan Curvularia lunata BM. Pengujian aktivitas antifungi isolat bakteri dilakukan melalui uji aktivitas antagonistik dan uji aktivitas antibiosis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji aktivitas enzim ekstraseluler isolat potensial. Uji aktivitas antagonistik menggunakan metode dual culture secara kualitatif dan semi-kuantitatif. Uji aktivitas antibiosis menggunakan filtrat medium fermentasi berusia 5 hari yang dicampur dengan bubuk medium potato dextrose agar. Uji aktivitas enzim ekstraseluler isolat potensial meliputi uji enzim protease, lipase, amilase, kitinase, dan selulase menggunakan medium selektif. Hasil uji aktivitas antagonistik menunjukkan 4 dari 10 isolat bakteri saluran pencernaan BSFL, yaitu G7, G17, G20, G21 mampu menghambat pertumbuhan keempat fungi uji. Hasil uji aktivitas antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas terbesar diperoleh dari filtrat medium fermentasi isolat G17 dalam menghambat pertumbuhan fungi Ganoderma boninense dengan persentase hambatan sebesar 85,56% – 91,98%. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan isolat G17 memiliki aktivitas enzim ektraseluler protease, lipase, dan kitinase. Isolat G17 teridentifikasi sebagai Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

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Agriculture is one of the main sectors that play a role in Indonesia's economic development. Agricultural productivity and food security are closely related to plant health conditions. One of the plant infecting pathogens is a fungus. Biological control or biocontrol is a control technique using the metabolic activity of biological agents such as bacteria to control plant pathogens. Previous studies have succeeded in isolating black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) gut bacteria and are known to be able to support plant growth. This study aims to determine the ability of 10 bacterial isolates from BSFL gut against 4 plant pathogenic fungi, namely Ganoderma boninense, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum siamense KA, and Curvularia lunata BM. Antifungal activity assay of bacterial isolates was carried out through antagonistic activity assay and antibiosis activity assay followed by potential isolates extracellular enzyme activity assay. The antagonistic activity assay used the dual culture method qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. The antibiosis activity assay used 5 days old fermented medium filtrate mixed with potato dextrose agar medium powder. The extracellular enzyme activity assay of potential isolates included protease, lipase, amylase, chitinase, and cellulase enzyme assay using selective media. The results of the antagonistic activity assay showed that 4 out of 10 BSFL digestive tract bacterial isolates namely G7, G17, G20, G21 were able to inhibit the growth of the four tested fungi. The results of the antibiosis activity assay showed that the greatest effectiveness was obtained from the fermented medium filtrate of isolate G17 in inhibiting the growth of the Ganoderma boninense fungus with an inhibition percentage of 85.56% – 91.98%. The results of the enzyme activity assay showed that isolate G17 had extracellular enzyme activity of protease, lipase, and chitinase. Isolate G17 was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai potensi bakteri basil indigenous sebagai plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Isolat G7, G10 dan G18 yang berpotensi dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman diisolasi dari saluran pencernaan larva lalat tentara hitam, sedangkan isolat B. siamensis LDR dengan potensi sebagai agen biokontrol diisolasi dari cocopeat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk untuk mengetahui karakterisasi pertumbuhan dari isolat G7, G10 dan G18, meliputi pH medium (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) dan suhu inkubasi (30, 40, 50 oC). Uji antagonisme dilakukan antara isolat G7, G10 dan G18 dengan B. siamensis LDR guna melihat kemungkinan isolat-isolat tersebut untuk disatukan dalam satu konsorsium. Uji kemampuan memfiksasi nitrogen dan memproduksi siderofor dilakukan pada isolat G7, G10, G18 dan B. siamensis LDR.  Hasil menunjukkan bahwa isolat G7, G10 dan G18 dapat tumbuh pada pH 5—9 dengan pertumbuhan optimum pada kisaran pH 7—9. Suhu optimum bagi ketiga isolat diketahui pada 40 oC. Terdapat hubungan antagonisme isolat G7, G10 dan G18 terhadap B. siamensis LDR sehingga isolat-isolat tersebut tidak dapat disatukan dalam satu konsorsium. Kemampuan memfiksasi nitrogen ditunjukkan oleh isolat G7 dan G10. Kemampuan memproduksi siderofor dimiliki oleh semua isolat, yaitu G7, G10, G18 dan juga B. siamensis LDR. Isolat G7 dan G10 yang mampu memfiksasi nitrogen serta memproduksi siderofor merupakan isolat yang lebih unggul karena memiliki karakteristik PGPB yang lebih lengkap.

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Research has been carried out on the potential of several indigenous bacili bacteria as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Isolates G7, G10 and G18 with potential to increase plant growth were isolated from the digestive tract of black soldier fly larvae, while B. siamensis LDR with potential as a biocontrol agent was isolated from cocopeat. This research was conducted to determine the growth characteristics of isolates G7, G10 and G18, including medium pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and incubation temperature (30, 40, 50 oC). Antagonism test was carried out between isolates G7, G10 and G18 against B. siamensis LDR to see the possibility of these isolates to be combined in one consortium. The ability to fix nitrogen and produce siderophores were carried out on isolates G7, G10, G18 and B. siamensis LDR. The results showed that isolates G7, G10 and G18 could grow at pH 5—9 with optimal growth in the range of pH 7—9. The optimum temperature for the three isolates was at 40 oC. There was an antagonistic relationship between isolates G7, G10 and G18 towards B. siamensis LDR so these isolates could not be combined into one consortium. The ability to fix nitrogen was shown by isolates G7 and G10. The ability to produce siderophores was shown by all isolates, namely G7, G10, G18 and also B. siamensis LDR. Isolates G7 and G10 which are able to fix nitrogen and produce siderophores, were the best isolates because they have more complete characteristics as PGPB."

"Bakteriosin dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri terutama yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dengan bakteri penghasil. Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) telah diketahui dapat menghasilkan bakteriosin yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Bakteriosin berpotensi digunakan sebagai komplemen antibiotika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi serta mengkarakterisasi aktivitas bakteriosin dari BAL galur Leuconostoc dengan optimasi pH dan suhu inkubasi. Penelitian dilakukan melalui penentuan zona hambatan menggunakan metode difusi agar cara sumuran dan penentuan potensinya berdasarkan metode Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM). Bakteri indikator yang digunakan adalah Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 dan JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 dan Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Katalase, Tripsin dan Protease K digunakan sebagai uji konfirmasi berdasarkan hasil skrining pengujian aktivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Leu. mesenteroides MBF7-17 dan MBF2-5 menghasilkan bakteriosin yang hanya dapat menghambat Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 dan JCM 6124. Hasil penentuan potensi bakteriosin berdasarkan KHM dari BAL penghasil bakteriosin pada pH dan suhu inkubasi optimum yaitu pH 6 dan 32°C adalah 90% untuk Leu. mesenteroides MBF2- 5 dan 80% untuk Leu. mesenteroides MBF7-17.

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Bacteriocin can inhibit bacteria mostly those which have close relationship to the producer bacteria. Lactid Acid Bacteria (BAL) are known to produce bacteriocins which have function as antimicrobial activity. Bacteriocin has potentially been used as antibiotic complement.

This research aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriocins activity from Leuconostoc strains. Optimization of pH and incubation temperature have also been carried out.

This research used well diffusion agar method and bacteriocin potency assay by performing MIC. Bacterial indicators that used in this research are Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120, and JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 and Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Catalase, Trypsin and Protease K were also used following the screening assay for confirmation test.

Results showed that both Leu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 possessed bacteriocin activity although against both Leu. mesenteroides only, the TISTR 120 and JCM 6124 indicators strains. Result for bacteriocin potency assay of bacteriocin producer LAB i.e. Leu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 by performing MIC done at optimation pH incubation temperature, i.e. pH 6 and 32°C, showed value of 90% and 80%, respectively."

"L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) telah menarik perhatian para peneliti karena manfaatnya dalam industri farmasi dan makanan. Bakteri laut merupakan sumber penghasil L-glutaminase yang paling diminati, terutama untuk memperoleh L-glutaminase yang tahan garam. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penapisan dan karakterisasi L-glutaminase ekstraselular yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri laut dari perairan Sangihe-Talaud, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Penapisan L-glutaminase secara kualitatif menggunakan media cair (Padma, et.al., 2009) dan metode pengukuran aktivitas L-glutaminase dilakukan secara spektrofotometri berdasarkan metode Imada, et.al (1973). Identifikasi isolat murni dengan aktivitas L-glutaminase paling tinggi dilakukan menggunakan sekuensing gen 16S rRNA. Terdapat 7 isolat menunjukkan hasil positif L-glutaminase, satu diantaranya dengan aktivitas 147,99 U/L atau setara dengan aktivitas spesifik 62,32 Unit/mg dipilih untuk diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Hasil sekuensing gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menunjukkan kemiripan 96% dengan Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Parameter fisika yang mempengaruhi produksi L-glutaminase menunjukkan produksi optimum pada suhu 30 0C, kecepatan rotasi 100 rpm, pH media 6, dan konsentrasi starter inokulum 5%. Karakterisasi aktivitas L-glutaminase ekstraselular dari Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (isolat II.1) menunjukkan kondisi optimum aktivitas enzim pada suhu 37-45 0C, dan pH 7. Aktivitas enzim stabil pada penambahan larutan NaCl hingga 8% dan aktivitasnya mulai berkurang pada penambahan larutan NaCl 16% dan 20% dengan aktivitas relatif berturut-turut mencapai 79,00% dan 74,22%. Pengaruh penambahan ion-ion logam seperti Mn2+, Mg2+, dan Co2+ menunjukkan kenaikan aktivitas, sedangkan pada penambahan ion logam Zn2+, Fe3+, dan Ca2+ aktivitas enzim menurun. Bobot molekul L-glutaminase berkisar 42 kDa dan 145 kDa.

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L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) has attracted much attention with respect to proposed applications in both pharmaceuticals and food industries. Salt-tolerant L-glutaminase produced by marine bacteria become the most desirable in food industry. The current work details the screening of L-glutaminase producing marine bacteria from Sangihe-Talaud Sea, in North of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Screening of L-glutaminase was done using a broth medium (Padma et.al., 2009) and measurement of L-glutaminase activity carried out by spectrophotometry (Imada, et.al., 1973). Identification of selected isolate was performed by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. There are seven isolates showed positive results of L-glutaminase, one of them with the activity 147.99 U/L, equivalent to the specific activity of 62.32 units / mg was selected for further study.

Bacterial identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing has revealed the isolate 96% similarity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Optimization of physical parameters that affect the production of L-glutaminase production showed an optimum at 30 0C, 100 rpm, pH of medium 6, and with 5% of starter inoculum. Characterization of extracellular L-glutaminase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (II.1 isolates) showed the enzyme activity was optimum at temperature 37-45 0C, and pH 7. The enzyme activity was stable in the addition of NaCl solution up to 8% and began to decrease on addition of NaCl solution 16% and 20% with relative activity consecutively 79.00% and 74.22%. The effect of metal ions such as Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ showed increased enzyme activity, whereas the addition of others metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+) decreased the activity. The molecular weights of L-glutaminase was found around 42 kDa and 145 kDa."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) yang difermentasi selama 7 hari secara alami tanpa penambahan inokulum yang hasilnya disebut dengan PKMK. Produk fermentasi ditambahkan dengan telur Hermetia illucens L. (Maggot) dan diinkubasi selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kenaikan berat dan panjang maggot. Analisis proksimat menunjukkan kenaikan berat kering, nitrogen total dan serat, tetapi terjadi penurunan lemak dan abu.

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Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) was naturally fermented for 7 days without any addition of inoculum mentioned as Palm Kernel Meal conversion (PKMK). It was added with eggs of Hermetia illucens L. and incubated for 14 days. The results showed that the maggot had increased in mass weight and lenght at the end of the experiment. The proximate analysis of the PKMK showed an increasing of dry content, total nitrogen and fiber, however decreasing of lipid and ash"

"Enam isolat bekteri pembentuk histamin telah ditapis untuk melihat kemampuannya menghasilkan histamin pada medium Niven termodifikasi. Hasil penapisan menunjukkan ke enam isolat mampu menghasilkan histamin dengan ditandai terjadinya perubahan warna merah jambu/pink pada medium. Produksi histamin ke enam isolat pada medium Niven cair diukur menggunakan metoda Hardy & Smith. Hasil uji menunjukkan ke enam isolat menghasilkan histamin pada medium cair sebanyak 92,35 - 305,49 mg/100 ml medium. Dari enam isolat tersebut, Enterobacter spp. menghasilkan aktivitas tertinggi (305,49 mg/100 ml). Medium sintetik digunakan untuk mempelajari pola pertumbuhan dan waktu optimum produksi enzim HDC pada Enterobacter spp and Morganella morganii (kontrol). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa untuk kedua jenis bakteri tersebut, jam ke 8 merupakan waktu optimum untuk memproduksi enzim.

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Selection and test of L-histidine decarboxylase enzyme activity of six isolates of histamine forming bacteria. Six isolates of histamine forming bacteria were screened to see the degree of ability in producing histamine on modified Niven?s medium. The result showed that the six bacteria were able to produce histamine by giving a pinkish color on the medium, which could be used as a preliminary identification of histamine-forming bacteria (HFB). The isolates were grown in liquid modified Niven medium to measure the production of histamine. The histamine produced were determined by Hardy and Smith method. The result showed that all of the isolates produced high level of histamine (92.35 - 305.49 mg/100 ml of the medium). From all of them, Enterobacter spp. produced the highest level of histamine (305.49 mg/100 ml). A synthetic medium was used to measure the growth pattern and optimum time required by Enterobacter spp and Morganella morganii (as control bacteria) to produce the L-histidine decarboxylase enzyme (HDC) which is responsible for histamine production. The result showed that for both bacteria, the optimum enzim production was 8 hours after incubation."

"Limbah industri kelapa sawit Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) dan sampah organik mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi namun belum dimanfaatkan dengan optimal. Pengelolaan sampah yang baik harus dilakukan dengan daur ulang sampah organic. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan solusi berupa biokonversi menggunakan larva Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) dengan penambahan perlakuan fermentasi untuk mengoptimalkan proses biokonversi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh fermentasi PKM dan sampah organik terhadap pertumbuhan larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF); dan kandungan nutrisi larva BSF. Larva BSF berusia 6 hari (6-DOL) dipelihara pada media pertumbuhan dengan lima perlakuan berbeda, yaitu campuran limbah PKM dan sampah organik fermentasi dan tanpa fermentasi, Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan uji homogenitas Levene’s test, dilanjutkan dengan uji ANOVA dengan derajat kepercayaan α=0,05. Hasil penelitian diperoleh campuran limbah dengan fermentasi efektif digunakan sebagai media pertumbuhan larva BSF dalam meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup, konsumsi pakan, indeks reduksi limbah, dan kandungan nutrien berupa protein dan lemak yang tinggi. Sedangkan campuran limbah tanpa fermentasi efektif dalam meningkatkan biomassa larva dan efisiensi konversi pakan. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan penambahan perlakuan fermentasi PKM dan sampah organik sebagai media pertumbuhan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan larva BSF. Penambahan fermentasi PKM dan sampah organik berpengaruh terhadap kandungan nutrisi larva BSF.

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Palm oil industrial waste Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) and organic waste contain high organic matter but have not been utilized optimally. Good waste management must be done by recycling biowaste. Therefore, we need a solution, namely by bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae with the addition of fermentation treatment to optimize this bioconversion process. This research aims to analyze the effect of PKM and organic waste fermentation on the growth of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae and nutritional content of BSF larvae. BSF larvae aged 6 days (6-DOL) were maintained on the feed media with five different treatments, namely a mixture of PKM and organic waste fermented and unfermented. Data analysis used was the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality and the Levene's test of homogeneity, continued with ANOVA test with a degree of confidence α =0.05. The results of research showed fermented waste mixture was effectively used as a growth media for BSF larvae in increasing survival rate of BSF larvae, feed consumption rate, waste reduction index, and high nutrient content namely protein and lipid. While the unfermented waste mixture was effectively used as a growth medium for BSF larvae in increasing the biomass of BSF larvae and efficiency conversion of ingested food. The results of data analysis showed that the addition of PKM and organic waste fermentation treatment as a growth medium had no significant effect on the growth of BSF larvae. The addition of PKM and organic waste fermentation affected the nutritional content of BSF larvae."

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Latar Belakang : Infeksi intraabdomen (IIA) merupakan respons inflamasi peritoneum oleh mikroorganisme penyebab sepsis dan kematian kedua terbanyak di ruang intensive care unit (ICU).^1,2Complicated intra-abdominal infection worldwide observational study (CIAOW) menunjukkan angka kematian infeksi intraabdomen komplikata sebesar 10,5%. Terapi antimikroba atau antibiotik merupakan hal penting dalam penanganan IIA. Dalam mendukung keberhasilan penanganan kasus IIA dibutuhkan informasi akurat mengenai karakteristik dan pola kepekaan terhadap antibiotik yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan penggunaan antibiotik pada kasus IIA. Tujuan: Mendapatkan karateristik mikrobiologis dan klinis pada kasus IIA dan mengetahui hubungan antara faktor klinis dan mikrobiologi dengan luaran klinis pasien.

Metode: Data diambil secara prospektif  dengan desain pontong lintang. Sampel penelitian berupa jaringan intraabdomen dan darah yang diambil saat pembedahan. Uji identifikasi dan uji kepekaan dilakukan untuk deteksi bakteri aerob dan bakteri anaerob. Hasil:. Infeksi intraabominal komplikata lebih banyak dibandingkan IIA non-komplikata (63,63%), kasus sepsis (63,63%) dan peritonitis (45,45%). Infeksi intraabominal terkait rumah sakit lebih banyak dibanding IIA komunitas yaitu 56,36%). Patogen yang paling sering ditemukan adalah Eschericia coli (34,78%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,86%) dan Enterococcus faecalis ((8,69%). Pola kepekaan terhadap amikasin, meropenem, ertapenem dan tigesiklin adalah 100% pada isolat E. coli, sementara piperasilin/tazobaktam lebih rendah (90,62%), seftazidim dan sefepim (68,75%). Ditemukan E. coli resisten multiobat  (62,5%), K. pneumoniae resisten multiobat (50%) dan E. faecalis resisten multi obat (50%). Terdapat hubungan antara faktor klinis sepsis dengan luaran klinis. Pemberian terapi antimikroba sebaiknya mengacu kepada rekomendasi yang dibuat berdasarkan pola kuman dan pola kepekaan setempat.

Kesimpulan: Bakteri Gram negatif masih merupakan bakteri yang paling sering ditemukan pada kasus IIA. Dengan tingginya temuan bakteri resisten multiobat makan pemberian antimikroba harus mempertimbangkan cakupan antimikroba terhadap patogen penyebab.

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Background: Intraabdominal infection (IAI) is the peritoneum inflammatory process due to microorganisms, the leading cause of sepsis, and the second cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Complicated intra-abdominal infection worldwide observational study (CIAOW) showed the mortality rate of complicated IAI of 10.5%. Antimicrobial therapy or antibiotics is important in managements of IAI. Accurate information is needed to improve IAI management; regarding the characteristics and patterns of sensitivity of antibiotics as a reference for antibiotics use in IAI.

Aim: This study aims to obtain microbiological and clinical pictures in IAI and the correlation between clinical and microbiological factors with the patient’s clinical outcomes.

Method: Data were collected prospectively using a cross-sectional design. The sampel in this study is intraabdomen tissue and blood that was taken during surgery. Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out to detect aerob and anaerob bacteria.

Result: Complicated cases is larger in number more than non-complicated IAI (63.63%), sepsis (63.63%) and peritonitis (45.45%). Hospital-related IAI much more than community IAI (56.36%). The most common pathogens are Eschericia coli 34.78%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.86%) and Enterococcus faecalis (8.69%). The sensitivity of amikacin, meropenem, ertapenem and tigesycline was 100% in E. coli, while piperacillin/ tazobactam was lower (90.62%), ceftazidime and cefepime (68.75%). It was found that multi-drug E. coli was (62.5%), multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae (50%) and multi-drug resistant E. faecalis (50%). There is correlation between sepsis clinical factors with patient’s outcome. The administration of antimicrobial therapy should refer to recommendations made based on local microba and sensitivity patterns. 

Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria are still the most common bacteria found in patient intraabdominal infections. With the high findings of multi-drug resistant bacteria, antimicrobial administration must consider the antimicrobial coverage of the causative pathogen.

 

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