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"Perkembangan pengguna internet di Indonesia semakin pesat. Pengguna internet tahun 2018 tumbuh sekitar 8% dari tahun 2017. Di sisi lain, 97% trafik internet global saat ini dibawa oleh Sistem Komunikasi Kabel Laut (SKKL). Tentunya ini akan menjadi peluang bagi operator SKKL jika bisa dikelola dengan baik. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi SKKL Batam – Manado sebagai penghubung direct broadband alternatif antara Eropa, Asia, dan Amerika sehingga berpotensi menjadi Global Digital Hub. SKKL Batam-Manado saat ini masih memakai model bisnis sistem closed cable. Padahal industri kabel laut saat ini menawarkan opsi sistem open cable yang memungkinkan konvergensi antara Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE) eksisting dengan SLTE dari vendor lain. Di dalam tesis ini dilakukan penelitian pengembangan model bisnis sistem open cable pada SKKL Batam-Manado. Dengan analisis Threat Opportunity Weakness Strength (TOWS) Matriks didapatkan hasil bahwa bisnis sistem open cable berada pada kuadran I yang berarti grow or build. Penelitian juga dilakukan dengan menghitung analisis kelayakan investasi dengan metode capital budgeting menggunakan lima parameter, yaitu Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), dan Average Rate Return (ARR). Perhitungan analisis kelayakan investasi juga menunjukkan bahwa kondisi real 5 tahun (3 tahun operasi dan 2 tahun prediksi) sistem closed cable berjalan ini tidak sesuai dengan perhitungan ideal saat pertama kali investasi. Proyeksi ideal pada tahun kelima Cumulative NPV sebesar Rp -4.107.229.000,00, namun pada kenyataannya hanya didapatkan sebesar Rp -405.816.169.000,00 saja. Di sisi lain, perhitungan untuk bisnis sistem open cable kondisi optimis menghasilkan angka positif dengan Cumulative NPV hingga tahun 2027 sebesar Rp 1.268.784.159.000,00 dan melebihi dari angka proyeksi ideal yang didapatkan sebesar Rp 1.113.166.082.000,00. Parameter lain juga didapatkan hasil yang layak dengan PBP sebesar 4 tahun 6 bulan (dari 2019), IRR sebesar 19,9%, PI sebesar 1,58, dan ARR sebesar 28%. Dengan demikian, maka model bisnis sistem Open Cable layak diimplementasikan di SKKL Batam-Manado.

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The development of internet users in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Internet users in 2018 grew by around 8% from 2017. On the other hand, 97% of global internet traffic is currently carried by the Submarine Cable System. This condition will be an opportunity for SKKL operators if it can be managed properly. This research investigates SKKL Batam - Manado as an alternative direct broadband link between Europe, Asia and America so that it has the potential to become a Global Digital Hub. SKKL Batam-Manado is currently still using the closed cable system business model. Whereas the submarine cable industry currently offers an Open Cable System option that allows convergence between existing Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE)s and SLTEs from other vendors. In this thesis, a research is conducted on the development of the Open Cable System business model at SKKL Batam-Manado. With the Threat Opportunity Weakness Strength (TOWS) Matrix analysis, the results show that the Open Cable System business is in quadrant I which means grow or build. Research was also conducted by calculating the investment feasibility analysis with the capital budgeting method using five parameters, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), and Average Rate Return (ARR). The calculation of the investment feasibility analysis also shows that the real condition for 5 years (3 years of operation and 2 years of prediction) for closed cable runs is not in accordance with the ideal calculation for the first time investing. The ideal projection in the fifth year of Cumulative NPV is IDR -4,107,229,000.00, but in reality it is only IDR -405,816,169,000.00. On the other hand, the calculation for the open cable system business in optimistic condition resulting in a positive number with Cumulative NPV until 2027 touch IDR 1,268,784,159,000.00 and bigger than the ideal projection that obtained just of IDR 1,113,166,082.000,00. Other parameters also obtained feasible results with a PBP of 4 years 6 months (from 2019), an IRR of 19.9%, a PI of 1.58, and an ARR of 28%. Thus, the Open Cable System business model is feasible to be implemented in SKKL Batam-Manado."

"PDB Indonesia setiap tahun semakin meningkat. Hal ini memungkinkan pemerintah melmulai banyak proyek pembangkit listrik. Permintaan kabel nasional mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan hal tersebut. Selain itu, pemerintah juga menggalakan pembangunan green infrastructure. Oleh karena itu, produsen kabel nasional mmemiliki insentif untuk memproduksi kabel secara berkelanjutan. Salah satu aspek yang penting dalam melakukan proses produksi dalam rangka memenuhi pesanan adalah pemilihan pemasok. Terdapat tiga tahap dalam penentuan prioritas pemasok bahan baku kabel. Pertama adalah penentuan faktor yang mempengaruhi penilaian pemasok berdasarkan keberlanjutan dan penilaian terhadap pemasok itu sendiri. Terdapat 8 faktor utama penilaian pemasok bahan baku kabel. Selanjutnya ialah penentuan bobot dari setiap faktor dengan menggunakan fuzzy AHP. Kriteria dampak lingkungan memiliki bobot tertinggi. Terakhir ialah penentuan peringkat pemasok bahan baku kabel dengan menggunakan TOPSIS. Pemasok 2 merupakan prioritas utama pemasok bahan baku kabel.

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Indonesia experiences a steady GDP increase every year. This allows the government to start many power plant projects. The demand for national cable has increased accordingly. In addition, the government is also heavily promoting the development of green infrastructure. Therefore, national cable producers have incentives to produce cables in a sustainable manner. One of the important aspects in carrying out the production process in order to fulfill the demand is the selection of suppliers. There are three stages in determining the priority of cable raw material suppliers. First is determining the factors that influence supplier ratings based on sustainability and the assessment of the supplier itself. There are 8 main factors in determining the location of a raw material supplier. Next is determining the weight of each factor by using fuzzy AHP. The environmental impact criteria have the highest weight. The last is determining the ranking of suppliers of cable raw materials using TOPSIS. Supplier 2 is the main priority of cable raw material supplier."

"In this study connection between cable and pylon in a cable stayed bridge was experimentallyinvestigated A structural model of cable stayed bridge was manufactured where connection betweencable and pylon was pulley, sliding or hinged type. Pulley connection is a connection which is able torotate without any function between cable and pylon. To obtain longitudinal stifness and dynamiccharacteristics (such as fundamental natural frequency and damping ratio), static load test and freevibration test were carried out. Dynamic responses of bridge structure were obtained Font harmonicforced vibration test. Using a shaking table, excitation in the longitudinal direction was applied to thatmodel. Then longitudinal deflection at the top of pylon was measured Results of the model test shownthat the pylon with hinged connection Ls more rigid and its deflection could be minimal but has lowdamping ratio. While sliding type connection is more flexible but has high damping ratio. Damping ratiowas strongly influence by functions occurred in the bridge."

"PT PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Distribusi Jakarta Raya adalah salah satu perusahaan dimana sebagian besar jaringan distribusi menggunakan Saluran Kabel Tegangan Menengah sebagai media penyalur tenaga listrik dari Gardu Induk sampai ke konsumen. Dalam hal pemeliharaan, PT PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Distribusi Jakarta Raya melakukan pengujian Partial discharge (PD) guna mengetahui kondisi kabel bawah tanah, namun hal ini belum dapat mengetahui masa manfaat tersisa dari kondisi kabel tersebut. Sebagai upaya mewujudkan hal tersebut, dalam tesis ini dirancang suatu pemodelan dan analisis perhitungan sisa masa manfaat kabel dengan menggunakan hasil pengujian PD yang telah dilakukan. Pemodelan ini melakukan perhitungan terkait dampak kemunculan void pada bahan isolasi sebagai akibat dari adanya PD pada bahan isolasi kabel XLPE. Dimana pemodelan yang dibuat dapat memberikan estimasi dan atau prediksi sisa masa kemampuan suatu kabel untuk dapat beroperasi normal sebelum terjadinya kegagalan isolasi. Dari hasil pengujian pemodelan pada Penyulang Pelindo segmen GH 238N – PK 258 menghasilkan nilai sisa masa manfaat sebesar 24 hari pada titik 601 ms untuk masing – masing fasa dan 69 hari pada titik 656 ms fasa 1 serta 80 hari pada titik 656 ms fasa 2 dan 3. Sementara itu pada Penyulang Ovaltine Segmen BK 90 – BK 190 menghasilkan nilai sisa masa manfaat sebesar 7 hari pada titik 0 ms dan 30 hari pada titik 1179 ms untuk fasa 1. Nilai sisa masa manfaat tersebut selanjutnya dapat dijadikan sebagai rekomendasi dalam menentukan penjadwalan pemeliharaan kabel XLPE

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PT PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Distribusi Jakarta Raya is one of the companies where most of the distribution network uses Medium Voltage Cable Channels as a medium for distributing electricity from the substation to the consumer. In terms of maintenance, PT PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Distribusi Jakarta Raya conducts Partial Discharge (PD) testing to determine the condition of the underground cable, but this has not been able to determine the remaining useful life of the cable condition. As an effort to achieve this, in this thesis a modeling and analysis of the calculation of the remaining useful life of the cable is designed using the results of the PD tests that have been carried out. This model performs calculations related to the impact of the appearance of voids on the insulating material as a result of the presence of PD in the XLPE cable insulation material. Where the modeling made can provide estimates and or predictions of the remaining life of a cable's ability to operate normally before an insulation failure occurs. From the results of modeling testing on Pelindo Feeder segment GH 238N – PK 258, the remaining useful life value is 24 days at 601 ms point for each phase and 69 days at 656 ms phase 1 and 80 days at 656 ms phase 2 and 3 Meanwhile, the Ovaltine Feeder Segment BK 90 – BK 190 produces a remaining useful life of 7 days at the 0 ms point and 30 days at the 1179 ms point for phase 1. The remaining useful life value can then be used as a recommendation in determining cable maintenance scheduling XLPE"

"Pemohonan listrik merupakan salah satu penurunan kemampuan (degradasi) pada bahan isolasi padat berupa struktur mirip pohon, bercabangcabang akibat medan listrik tak seragam yang sangat tinggi antara bahan isolasi dengan konduktor atau induksi dari rongga Medan listrik lokal sebesar lebih dari 1MV/mm dapat muncul di daerah seperti ini. Penurunan kemampuan (degradasi) lokal akibat tekanan medan listrik seperti ini akan menginisiasi munculnya pemohonan listrik.Pemohonan ini makin lama akan makin panjang yang akan menghubungkan elektroda atau bagian konduktor dengan konduktor lain. Bila hal ini terjadi maka biasanya isolasi polimer sudah tidak dapat lagi berfungsi untuk menahan medan listrik normal.Pada skripsi ini, akan dibahas pengaruh tekanan medan listrik lokal pada isolasi XLPE pada kabel bawah tanah terhadap pertumbuhan pemohonan listrik Pada skripsi ini akan diamati pula pengaruh tegangan yang diterapkan dan jarijari ujung tonjolan pada permukaan tabir konduktor terhadap medan listrik lokal tersebut, yang pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan pemohonan listrik.Electrical treeing is pre-breakdown phenomonen in insulation with structure like tree, branched by high divergen electrical field between insulation and conductor or partial discharge in void. Local electrical field above 1MV/mm can be appeared in this region. Local insulation degradation by such electrical field will initiate electrical treeing.

This electrical treeing will increase higher, ultimately that can bridged between electrodes. In this case, insulation won’t be longer withstand normal electrical field.

In this paper, local field effect toward electrical treeing growth within XLPE cable will be discused. In this paper, influence of voltage and protrusion tip radius toward such a local electrical field ultimately can effect treeing growth , will be observed."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai perhitungan pembangunan secara bertahap berdasarkan ketergantungan waktu (time dependent) jembatan cable stayed dengan studi kasus Jembatan Suramadu. Adapun hasil yang akan diperoleh pada penelitian ini yaitu mengevaluasi perilaku struktur pada saat pelaksanaan bertahap menggunakan metode kantilever seperti besarnya gaya-gaya kabel, tegangan elemen struktur, dan lendutan gelagar yang terjadi pada setiap tahapan konstruksi. Teknik analisa yang digunakan yaitu forward assemblage analysis dan backward disassemblage analysis. Dimana untuk teknik menggunakan forward assemblage analysis pelat dimodelkan sebagai non komposit dan komposit serta menggunakan standar CEB-FIP dan ACI untuk mengetahui seberapa pengaruh nilai lendutan kedua standar tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa terjadi penurunan besaran lendutan gelagar sebesar 19 % dan gaya kabel sebesar 22 % setelah 10 hari pengecoran pelat dilakukan (sudah terjadi efek struktur komposit), dari asumsi pelat dimodelkan sebagai beban luar menjadi pemodelan struktur komposit. Dengan menggunakan standar CEB-FIP dan ACI diperoleh hasil bahwa nilai lendutan pada awal penempatan pelat (sudah terjadi struktur yang komposit) lebih kecil jika menggunakan code ACI. Hal ini disebabkan karena efek ACI pada awal terjadi struktur yang komposit memberikan nilai efek kekuatan material yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan CEB-FIP. Sedangkan pada akhir-akhir pelaksanaan konstruksi nilai lendutan gelagar menggunakan CEB-FIP memperoleh hasil yang cenderung lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan ACI. Hasil perbandingan analisa antara forward assemblage analysis dan backward disassemblage analysis menggambarkan bahwa untuk nilai lendutan gelagar, terjadi perbedaan hasil rata-rata sebesar 3 % sedangkan untuk nilai gaya kabel terjadi variasi perbedaan antara 1 - 4 %.

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This thesis discuss the construction calculation in stages based on the dependence of time (time dependent) cable stayed bridge, using Suramadu Bridge as a case study. Results that will be obtained in this study are to evaluate the behavior of structures during the implementation stages by using cantilever method such as the cable forces, tension structural element, and girder deflection that occurs in each stage of construction. The analysis technique that used in this thesis are the forward assemblage analysis and backward disassemblage analysis. Where the forward assemblage analysis technique modeled the plate as a non-composite and composite form by using CEB-FIP and ACI standards to determine the influence of the deflection.

The result showed that there are decreasing deflection around 19% and cable force by 22% after 10 days of casting plate done (already in composite structure), from the assumption, the plate is modeled as external loads into composite structures model. By using standard CEB-FIP and ACI showed the value of deflection in initial placement of the plate (in composite structure) is smaller when using the ACI code. This is because the effect of ACI in the early composite structure gives the material strength in a greater value than the CEB-FIP. In contrary, at the end of the construction stages, the girder deflection that using CEB-FIP gives smaller deflection compared to ACI. The comparison analysis between the forward assemblage analysis and disassemblage analysis illustrates that there was an average difference of 3 % while for the cable force variations the differences are between 1 - 4 %."

"ABSTRACTThe present study deals with the static and dynamic behavior of cable-systems and cable-stayed bridge systems. In the static analysis, linear. and geometry nonlinearities such as large-deflections and stress-stiffening are evaluated. In the dynamic analysis, only linear: analysis is taken into account, the nonlinearities are disregarded. In the cable system, there are two cable models evaluated, i.e., the horizontal cable-systems and inclined cable-systems. The cable systems are modeled as three-dimensional (3-D) structural system. The various prestressed forces in the cables are investigated, and the results show that the nonlinearity effects do not quite have an influence when the prestressed forces are between 21% - 45% fp. and 15% - 45% fpU for the horizontal cable and inclined cable-systems, respectively. The transverse (coupling effect) stiffnesses are nearly zero for the prestressed forces in the cable between 16% - 45% Cu. The dynamic characteristic of both cable-systems are quite similar, with the first mode is out-of-plane motion. The gravity acceleration does not take an important influence in the dynamic behavior of the cable-systems study herein. In the cable-stayed bridge systems, two common types of cable-stayed bridge are investigated, namely the fan-type and the harp-type cable-stayed bridge. The bridges are modeled as two-dimensional (2-D) structural system. The comparison results of axial forces in the cables, vertical displacement in the mid-point of middle span, horizontal displacement at top of pylon, bending moment in the deck, axial forces in the deck and also vertical reaction at foundation of pylon are all investigated. The results show that the nonlinearity effects with the prestressed forces in stay cable between 16% - 45% fp? seem do not have quite important influence. The natural frequencies and mode shapes for the first 20 modes are presented and the results are quite similar for the both bridge systems. The influence of dead load multiplier to the dynamic characteristic of such bridges are also evaluated and the results show that the structure buckle under 19 DL (Dead Load) and 15 DL for the fan and harp-type, respectively. These results show that bridge models studied herein are in the safe design consideration."