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"Tuberkulosis (TB) disebabkan oleh infeksi kuman Mycobacterium tuberculosis merupakan satu dari sepuluh penyebab kematian tertinggi di dunia yang dapat dicegah melalui vaksinasi. Vaksin BCG sebagai satu-satunya vaksin TB, memiliki beberapa kekurangan, diantaranya tingkat proteksi yang tidak merata di populasi orang dewasa dan kekhawatiran aplikasinya pada populasi imunokompromais, hal ini mendorong dikembangkannya vaksin TB alternatif. PE11 merupakan protein yang bertanggung jawab dalam rekonstruksi komponen lipid dinding sel M. tuberculosis dan berdasarkan analisis in-siliko diketahui memiliki domain pengenalan terhadap antibodi dan MHC-II. Dalam studi ini, gen pe11 dari M. tuberculosis strain Beijing diinsersikan ke dalam plasmid pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1-pe11, yang kemudian diuji kemampuannya dalam menginduksi respon imun humoral dan mediator seluler pada mencit Balb/c sebagai bentuk DNA vaksin. Berdasarkan uji western blot, respon imun humoral berupa IgG spesifik terhadap protein rekombinan PE11-His berhasil dikonfirmasi. Selain itu, mediator imun seluler dari splenosit mencit pasca vaksinasi dan pajanan antigen secara in-vitro menunjukkan adanya peningkatan produksi IL-12, IFN-γ dan IL-4 dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, namun tidak terhadap sitokin IL-10.

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Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of ten causes of death in the world that can be prevented through vaccination. The BCG vaccine, as the only TB vaccine, has several drawbacks, including an uneven level of protection in adult population and risk application in immunocompromised population, this has led to the development of an alternative TB vaccine. PE11 is a protein that is responsible for the reconstruction of the lipid component of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis and based on in-silico analysis is known to have the recognition domain for antibodies and MHC-II. In this study, the pe11 gene from the Beijing strain of M. tuberculosis was inserted into the plasmid pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1-pe11, then tested for its ability to induce humoral immune responses and cellular mediators in Balb/c mice as a form of vaccine DNA. Based on the western blot test, the specific IgG humoral immune response to the recombinant protein PE11-His was confirmed. In addition, cellular immune mediators from post-vaccination mice splenocytes and in-vitro antigen exposure showed increased production of IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-4 compared to the control group, but not to the IL-10 cytokine."

"ABSTRAKVaksin baru sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengendalikan tuberkulosis TB . Protein yang disekresikan oleh M.tuberculosis diketahui dapat menginduksi kekebalan protektif. Pada genom M.tuberculosis terdapat protein yang berperan dalam reaktivasi M.tuberculosis, protein tersebut bernama resuscitation promoting factor Rpf . RpfD merupakan salah satu dari keluarga Rpf yang telah terbukti imunogenik sehingga membuat RpfD cocok untuk digunakan sebagai vaksin TB. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkonstruksi vaksin DNA yang menyandi gen rpfD dan menginvestigasi imunogenisitas vaksin tersebut pada mencit. Gen rpfD M.tuberculosis diamplifikasi menggunakan teknik PCR. Gen rpfD dan plasmid pcDNA3.1 kemudian dipotong dengan enzim restriksi EcoRI dan HindIII kemudian diligasi dan ditransformasikan ke E.coli DH5?. Plasmid rekombinan pcDNA3.1-rpfD yang telah diuji kebenaran urutan asam amino dan orientasinya ditransfeksikan ke dalam sel CHO-K1. Selanjutnya, mencit Balb/c diimunisasi setiap dua minggu sekali secara intramuskular dengan pcDNA3.1-rpfD. Antibodi spesifik yang terdapat di serum mencit dideteksi dengan Western Blot. ELISA digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat IL-12, IFN-?, IL-4, dan IL-10. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa telah terdeteksi antibodi yang spesifik terhadap pcDNA3.1-rpfD. Selain itu, vaksin DNA ini juga dapat menginduksi produksi IL-12 dan IFN-? tetapi tidak pada IL-4 dan IL-10.

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ABSTRACTNovel vaccines are needed to control tuberculosis TB . Proteins secreted by M.tuberculosis are known to induce the protective immunity. In the M.tuberculosis genome, there is protein for which a possible role in reactivation of M.tuberculosis, this protein called resuscitation promoting factor Rpf . RpfD is one of the Rpfs family which proved to be immunogenic as make it suitable to be used as TB vaccine. The aim of this study was to construct the DNA vaccine encoding rpfD gene and to investigate its immunogenicity in mice. The rpfD gene of M.tuberculosis was amplified using PCR techniques. The rpfD gene and pcDNA3.1 plasmid are then digest with restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII then ligated and transformed to E.coli DH5 . The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 rpfD that has been tested the sequences and its orientation is transfected into CHO K1 cells. Furthermore, Balb c mice were immunized every two weeks intramuscularly with pcDNA3.1 rpfD. The specific antibodies in the serum detected by Western Blot. ELISA was applied to determine the levels of IL 12, IFN , IL 4, and IL 10. The result showed that the specific antibody was detected in the serum mice. Besides that, DNA vaccine can induce IL 12 and IFN but not in IL 4 and IL 10 production."

"Penelitian mengenai pengembangan vaksin DNA pengekspresi antigen fusi hemaglutinin dan VP22 terhadap respon antibodi spesifik dan sel T CD8 pada mencit BALB/c telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai penambahan VP22 secara terfusi pada plasmid pcDNA H5cop?TM terhadap respon imun humoral dan seluler yang diinduksi oleh vaksin DNA pemgekspresi antigen hemaglutinin virus influenza A H5N1. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu uji eksperimental berupa kenaikan dan reaktivitas serum yang diperoleh dari kelompok mencit BALB/c yang divaksin dengan pcdnawt, pcdna-H5cop?TM, pcdna-, pcdnaH5cop?TM-VP22, pcdnaH5copfull serta respon sel T CD8 dari spleen mencit BALB/c yang mensekresikan IFN-? spesifik terhadap peptida H5N1 MHC Class I. Mencit BALB/c berusia 8 minggu divaksinasi sebanyak tiga kali secara intramuskular dengan interval waktu 2 minggu untuk tiap vaksinasi. Semua kelompok mencit menunjukkan peningkatan respon antibodi spesifik dibandingkan dengan kontrol dengan nilai rasio OD serum ketiga pada kelompok mencit pcdna-H5cop?TM, pcdnaH5cop?TM-VP22, pcdnaH5copfull dan kontrol secara berurutan adalah 1.71 p=0.006 , 1.56 p=0.010 , 1,05 p=0.016 dan 1.01. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok perlakuan pcdna-H5cop?TM dengan pcdnaH5cop?TM-VP22 terhadap protein HA p=0.200 . Sementara pada respon sel T CD8 yang diperoleh dari optimasi ELISPOT menunjukkan adanya spot forming unit SFC pada spleen mencit yang divaksinasi dengan pcdnaH5cop?TM-VP22 pada berbagai konsentrasi peptida H5N1 yaitu berturut-turut 20 spot 100ng , 22 spot 250ng , 22 spot 500ng , 49 spot 750ng , dan 72 spot 1000ng . Nilai spot tertinggi didapatkan dengan konsentrasi peptida H5N1 sebanyak 1000ng. Hasil yang diperoleh mengindikasikan bahwa dengan adanya penambahan VP22 secara terfusi pada pcdna-H5cop?TM dapat meningkatkan respon seluler terhadap virus influenza A H5N1.

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Research on the development of DNA vaccines expressing a fused gene of haemagglutinin HA and VP22 towards specific antibody and CD8 T cells responses in mice BALB c has been done. The purpose of this study was to asses the fused VP22 into the pcDNA H5cop TM towards humoral and cellular imune responses.

The methodology used in this study was experimental method that focused on increase of antibody level of serum obtained from groups of BALB c mice that previously vaccinated with pcDNAwt, pcDNA H5COP TM, pcDNA, pcDNA H5COP TM VP22, pcDNA H5COP full. Response CD8 T cell generated from spleen of mice BALB c that secreted IFN H5N1 peptides specific to MHC class I was also observed. Significant increase of level of specific antibody response were shown by value of control compared to third serum with mean value of OD optical density of pcDNA H5COP TM, pcDNA H5COP TM VP22, pcDNA H5COP full and control 1.71 p 0.006 , 1.56 p 0.010 , 1,05 p 0.015 and 1,01 respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in group treated with pcDNA H5COP TM with pcDNA H5COP TM VP22 towards HA protein p 0.200.

The ELISPOT optimizations showed response to CD8 T cells by formation of spot forming units SFC in the spleen of mice vaccinated with pcDNA H5COP TM VP22 with various concentrations of peptide H5N1 applied, 20 spots 100ng , 22 spots 250ng , 22 spots 500ng , 49 spots 750ng , and 72 spots 1000ng respectively. The highest value obtained by peptide of H5N1 with a total peptide 1000ng. The results indicated that the fused of VP22 into the pcDNA H5cop TM can enhance cellular responses against H5N1 influenza A virus. "

"This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems, ICARIS 2012, held in Taormia, Italy, in August 2012. The 19 revised selected papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this book. In addition 4 papers of the workshop on bio and immune inspired algorithms and models for multi-level complex systems are included in this volume. Artificial immune systems (AIS) is a diverse and maturing area of research that bridges the disciplines of immunology, biology, medical science, computer science, physics, mathematics and engineering. The scope of AIS ranges from modelling and simulation of the immune system through to immune-inspired algorithms and in silico, in vitro and in vivo solutions."

"This special issue on Notch regulation of the immune system summarizes recent advances and covers multiple aspects of Notch signaling within the hematopoietic and the immune system. This issue covers subjects including Notch function in embryonic and adult hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocyte development and function as well as in T cell leukemia."

"Dari sekian banyak obat yang diyakini dapat mencegah pertumbuhan virus SARS-CoV2, kombinasi penggunaan lopinavir/ritonavir yang dilakukan secara oral menjadi salah satu pilihan karena dapat mengurangi gejala dan memperpendek durasi pelepasan virus. Namun, penggunaan obat memberikan efek samping pada kesehatan pencernaan pasien yaitu munculnya keluhan penyakit baru yaitu diare akibat kemudahan degradasi ritonavir yang disebabkan oleh pH sistem gastrointestinal yang sangat asam. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai material MOF MIL-101 (Cr) terenkapsulasi material sensitif pH, CMC(Catboxymethyl Cellulose) sebagai material pembawa obat ritonavir dalam upaya mengurangi efek samping tersebut. Sintesis dilakukan dengan secara hidrotermal untuk membentuk kerangka MOF yang diinginkan. Untuk mengetahui kemampuan material sebagai pembawa obat, digunakan variasi penambahan asam asetat pada sintesis MOF MIL-101 (Cr) untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap bentuk, ukuran, dan morfologi MOF, serta jumlah rendemen yang dihasilkan. Hasil analisis dan karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa penambahan asam akan mempengaruhi jumlah rendemen yang dihasilkan, serts ukuran partikel MOF, yang kemudian mempengaruhi kemampuannya sebagai material pembawa obat. Persen rendemen yang didapatkan adalah 30,833% untuk material hasil sintesis dengan penambahan asam, dan 40,5% untuk material hasil sintesis tanpa penambahan asam. Didapatkan pula ukuran partikel MOF Asam yang lebih kecil daripada MOF Non Asam, yang menyebabkan persentase pemuatan obat yang didapatkan juga lebih kecil. Persen pemuatan obat optimum berada pada angka 73,6% untuk MOF Non Asam dengan variasi konsentrasu obat ritonavir 500 ppm. Penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa MOF MIL-101 (Cr) terenkapsulasi CMC memiliki kemampuan dalam memuat obat.

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Of the many drugs that are believed to prevent the growth of the SARS-CoV2 virus, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir taken orally is an option because it can reduce symptoms and shorten the duration of viral shedding. However, the use of drugs has side effects on the patient's digestive system, which is the emergence of a new disease complaint, diarrhea due to the ease of degradation of ritonavir caused by the acidic pH of the gastrointestinal system. Research has been conducted on CMC (Catboxymethyl Cellulose) coated MOF MIL-101 (Cr) as a drug carrier material for ritonavir in an effort to reduce these side effects. Synthesis was carried out hydrothermally to form the MOF framework. To determine the material's ability as a drug carrier, variations in the addition of acetic acid were used in the synthesis of MOF MIL-101 (Cr) to determine its effect on the shape, size and morphology of MOF, as well as the amount of yield produced. The analysis and characterization results show that the addition of acid will affect the amount of yield produced, as well as the particle size, which then affects its ability as a drug carrier material. The yield percentage obtained was 30,833% for materials synthesized with the addition of acid, and 40,5% for synthesized materials without the addition of acid. It was also found that the particle size of Acid MOF was smaller than that of non-Acid MOF, which caused a smaller percentage of drug loading. The optimum percentage of drug loading was at 73,6% for non-Acid MOF with a variation of 500 ppm of ritonavir drug concentration. Research indicated that MOF MIL-101 (Cr) encapsulated CMC has its capability of the drug loading system."