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"Perbedaan interpretasi mengenai aspek perpajakan Bentuk Usaha Tetap (BUT) perusahaan pelayaran, yang diatur dalam Keputusan Menteri Keuangan (KMK) nomor 417/KMK.04/1996 dan Perjanjian Penghindaran Pajak Berganda (P3B) Indonesia dengan negara mitra, sering terjadi bahkan terdapat sengketa yang telah memiliki putusan pengadilan pajak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interpretasi Branch Profit Tax (BPT) dan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) berdasarkan P3B Indonesia dan Singapura menurut Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) dan BUT perusahaan pelayaran, serta memberikan masukan untuk menyelesaikan perbedaan interpretasi tersebut dengan membuat surat penegasan atau mengubah aturan (rule determination). Penelitian ini menggunakan The Theory of Legal Interpretation dan konsep penafsiran hukum. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis menggunakan teknik descriptive, content, dan thematic analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa BUT perusahaan pelayaran menggunakan interpretasi sistematis atau logis dan menginterpretasikan tarif PPh sebesar 2,64% dalam KMK nomor 417/KMK.04/1996 sudah termasuk BPT, sedangkan DJP menggunakan interpretasi gramatikal dan menginterpretasikan tarif PPh sebesar 2,64% dalam KMK tersebut tidak termasuk BPT. Sedangkan terkait penurunan tarif PPh, baik BUT maupun DJP menggunakan interpretasi gramatikal. DJP menginterpretasikan bahwa BUT tidak mendapat penurunan tarif, sedangkan BUT menginterpretasikan sebaliknya. Masukan yang diberikan adalah mengubah KMK nomor 417/KMK.04/1996 dan membuat surat penegasan agar tidak terjadi perbedaan interpretasi pada masa yang akan datang dan KMK tersebut dapat dipergunakan untuk BUT perusahaan pelayaran asal seluruh negara mitra.

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Differences in interpretation regarding the taxation aspects of permanent establishment (PE) of shipping company, which are regulated in Minister of Finance Degree (KMK) number 417.KMK.04/1996 and Agreement for The Avoidance of Double Taxation (P3B) between Indonesia and partner countries, often occur. There were even disputes that already have a tax court ruling. This study aims to analyze the interpretation of Branch Profit Tax (BPT) and the reduction in the rate of income tax (PPh) based on P3B Indonesia and Singapore according to Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) and PE of shipping company, as well as to provide input to settle this differences in interpretation by making confirmation letter or changing the regulation (rule determination). This study uses The Theory of Legal Interpretation and the concept of legal interpretation. The research approach used is qualitative with case study. Data collection techniques used are interviews and documentation. The analysis technique uses descriptive techniques, content, and thematic analysis. The results show that the PE of shipping company used a systematic or logical interpretation and interpreted the income tax rate of 2.64% in KMK number 417/KMK.04/1996 includes BPT, while DGP used grammatical interpretation and interpreted the income tax rate of 2.64 percent in the KMK does not include BPT. Meanwhile, regarding the reduction of income tax rates, both PE and DGT used grammatical interpretation. DGT interpreted that the PE does not get a tax reduction, while the BUT interpreted the opposite. The input given is to change the KMK number 417/KMK.04/1996 and make confirmation letter so that there are no differences in interpretation in the future and the KMK can be used for the PE of shipping companies from all partner countries."

"ABSTRAKKapal asing menjadi salah satu pilihan untuk mengangkut barang. Dalam hal ini, Indonesia memiliki potensi pemajakan atas jasa pelayaran luar negeri sebagai sumber penerimaan negara. Namun demikian, seringkali terjadi perbedaan interpretasi dalam penggunaan dasar hukum pemajakannya antara WP dan DJP. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis substansi penghasilan yang diterima oleh K, Ltd perusahaan pelayaran luar negeri dan perlakuan perpajakan yang tepat atas penghasilan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Substansi penghasilan yang diterima oleh K, Ltd merupakan imbalan dari jasa pelayaran di jalur internasional sehingga perlakuan pemajakan yang tepat merujuk kepada pasal 8 tentang shipping and air transport P3B Indonesia-Singapura. Selain itu, BUT yang timbul di kasus ini yaitu BUT jasa. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan penegasan mengenai jenis BUT yang dapat terbentuk dari perusahaan pelayaran luar negeri dalam UU PPh dan pembenahan internal Mahkamah Agung dalam menentukan Majelis yang akan memutus suatu sengketa.

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ABSTRACTForeign ships become one option to transport goods. In this case, Indonesia may tax income from International Traffic 39 s shipping as a source of state revenue. Nevertheless, there are some different interpretations in the use of the legal basis of taxation between taxpayers and Directorate General of Taxation. This thesis aims to analyze substance of income received by K, Ltd foreign shipping company and suitability of imposing tax on it. This research was using qualitative approach with literature review and in depth interview as data collection technique. Substance of Income received by K, Ltd is service fee in International Traffic 39 s shipping, so the impose should refer to Article 8 Tax Treaty Indonesia and Singapore about Shipping and Air Transport. Then, PE establishes in this case is Service PE. Hence it shows the necessities of clear PE definition that establish from foreign shipping company in Income Tax Law and Supreme Court Internal 39 s imporovement in assigning Judge to decide a dispute."

"Dalam praktiknya, penerapan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan sering menimbulkan perbedaan interpretasi. Salah satunya adalah yang terjadi pada kasus banding atas koreksi keuntungan penjualan kapal yang dianggap sebagai penghasilan bagi BUT AML menurut ketentuan Pasal 5 ayat (1) huruf c UU PPh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian antara koreksi keuntungan penjualan kapal dalam putusan banding BUT AML dengan effectively connected income principle. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk menganalisis kesesuaian dasar-dasar pertimbangan Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Pajak dalam memutus sengketa banding menurut peraturan perundangan-undangan perpajakan yang berlaku. Secara umum, konsep yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah prinsip effectively connected income menurut UN Model dan OECD Model. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, jenis penelitian deskriptif, dan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dan penelitian lapangan (wawancara mendalam). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa koreksi keuntungan penjualan kapal yang dilakukan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pajak tidak sesuai dengan effectively connected income principle dan dasar-dasar pertimbangan Majelis Hakim dalam memutus sengketa banding telah sesuai dengan peraturan perpajakan yang berlaku. Saran pertama dari penulis adalah adanya penegasan mengenai penghasilan Pasal 26 dan prinsip effectively connected income yang dimaksud dalam Pasal 5 ayat 1 huruf (c) UU PPh, serta penegasan mengenai definisi harta di Indonesia dalam Pasal 26 ayat (2) UU PPh. Saran kedua, perlunya mengkaji sistem positive list yang diatur dalam peraturan pelaksana terkait penghasilan dari penjualan/pengalihan harta di Indonesia menurut Pasal 26 ayat (2) UU PPh.

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In practice, the implementation of tax regulation often raises the different interpretation. One of the cases is the tax appeal case about the gain on vessel sale correction regarded as an income for AML Permanent Establishment (PE) in accordance with Income Tax Article (ITA) 5 Paragraph (1) Letter c. The purposes of this research are, first to analyze the suitability between the gain on vessel sale correction that become a tax appeal case of AML PE and the effectively connected income principle. Second, this research analyzes the consideration basics of the judges based on the prevailing tax regulations. This research uses the term of effectively connected income principle based on UN Model and OECD Model. This research also uses qualitative approach, descriptive as research type, and data collection techniques through library and field research (in-depth interview).

The result shows that the correction?s done by the DGT is not suitable with the effectively connected income principle and the consideration basics of the judges are compatible with the prevailing tax regulations. The first recommendation, there are confirmation about the incomes in Article 26 and effectively connected income principle for the purpose of Article 5 Paragraph (1) Letter c, also the confirmation about the definition of assets in Indonesia which are stated in Article 26 Paragraph (2) of Income Tax Law. The second recommendation, there is need to assess the positive list system regulated in implementing regulation related with the income from the sale/transfer of assets in Indonesia based on Article 26 Paragraph (2) of Income Tax Law."

"ABSTRAKPendapatan merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam laporan keuangan suatu perusahaan Pendapatan diukur secara wajar sesuai prinsip pengakuan pendapatan untuk diterapkan guna mengukur pendapatan yang diterima sebenarnya oleh perusahaan Para akuntan dan pembaca laporan keuangan telah sekian lama memusatkan perhatian pada masalah masalah yang berhubungan dengan pengakuan pendapatan yang berpengaruh pada perhitungan rugi laba Perusahaan yang dijadikan objek penelitian adalah PT EX sebuah perusahaan pelayaran swasta yang mengageni beberapa perusahaan pelayaran asing PT EX mempunyai empat jenis pendapatan jasa yaitu jasa penyewaan kapal jasa keagenan jasa penyediaan awak kapal dan jasa perantara dan manajemen kapal Namun pada 2010 PT EX hanya mempunya tiga jenis pendapatan jasa karena PT EX menjual kapal miliknya Penelitian ini menganalisis mengenai bagaimana pelaporan dan pencatatan pendapatan pada PT EX juga menganalisis bagaimana pengendalian internalnya serta melihat kualitas laporan keuangan PT EX yang disebabkan oleh pengendalian internal yang tidak begitu baik Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pelaporan atas pendapatan PT EX sesuai dengan PSAK 23 revisi 2010 pengendalian internalnya masih ada yang tidak sesuai dengan konsep COSO dan hal ini mempengaruhi kualitas laporan keuangan PT EX Kata kunci pendapatan pengendalian internal perusahaan jasa pelayaran.

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ABSTRACTRevenue is one of the important element in financial statement of company Revenue is measured by normal way based on revenue recognition for revenue valuable Revenue determines profit and loss for company PT EX is an object of this study PT EX is an agent company for international shipping company PT EX has for kind of revenues They are charter hire fee agency fee crewing fee and brokering and shipmanagement fee But in 2010 PT EX has only three kind of revenues since PT EX sold its ship in 2009 This study explain about how to report revenue and its internal control The result of this study is reporting revenue has been based on PSAK 23 revision 2010 but the internal control is still not good and need to be increased The internal control is based on COSO but still full of weakness To get the good quality of financial report PT EX must increase the internal control Keywords revenue internal control shipping company."

"Penelitian ini membahas Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 15 yang dikenakan pada perusahaan pelayaran dalam negeri. Penerapan asas cabotage yang dimulai pada tahun 2005 membawa kemajuan bagi industri pelayaran nasional. Keberhasilan penerapan asas ini membawa dampak pada penerimaan PPh Pasal 15. PPh Pasal 15 mengatur penggunaan Norma Penghitungan Khusus bagi perusahaan pelayaran dalam menghitung PPh terutang. Perubahan tarif PPh Badan pada UU PPh terbaru (UU No. 36 Tahun 2008) pun diyakini dapat berdampak pada besaran tarif PPh pelayaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam dan studi literatur. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan latar belakang penentuan tarif 1,2% pada tahun 1996, tarif PPh pelayaran sebenarnya dapat turun seiring dengan turunnya PPh Badan Pasal 17 UU PPh No. 36 Tahun 2008. Meskipun sisi keadilan kurang ditekankan, penggunaan Norma Penghitungan Khusus dan tarif final dirasakan sudah tepat bagi Wajib Pajak, terutama karena sisi kesederhanaannya. Selain itu, berlakunya asas cabotage dalam dunia pelayaran ternyata turut memengaruhi penerimaan PPh Pasal 15, sehingga fungsi budgetair (revenue productivity) berjalan dengan baik pada pasal ini. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan terjadinya peningkatan penerimaan PPh 15 dari tahun ke tahun dari sektor industri pelayaran.

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This research is about Income Tax Article 15 Law No.36/2008 of national shipping company. The implementation of cabotage principle has begun on 2005, brings such an improvement for national shipping industry. One of the effect of cabotage is related to the revenue of Article 15. Article 15 contains the use of presumptive taxation for national shipping company namely Norma Penghitungan Khusus, to calculate its corporate income tax payable. The changing rate of corporate income tax on the recent income tax law (Law No.36/2008) can have effect to the rate of shipping income tax.

This research uses qualitative approach and the method of data collection is depth interview and library research. The result of this research is based on the background of rates? adjustment of 1,2% at 1996, actually income tax rates can move decreasely along with corporate income tax Article 17 at Law 36/2008. Although it?s lack of equity, the use of presumptive taxation and Final rate can be considered as a right treatment for Taxpayer, especially because of its simplicity. Besides, the implementation of cabotage priciple on industry shipping can affect to income tax Art.15?s revenue. It shows us that revenue productivity is increased as cabotage principle is implemented. "

"Skripsi ini membahas komponen biaya yang terjadi pada perusahaan yang bergerak pada jasa sewa kapal (PT. Aquaria Shipping). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PT. Aquaria Shipping memperlakukan biaya-biaya yang telah dikeluarkan perusahaan sesuai dengan teori yang ada saat ini. Biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh PT. Aquaria Shipping terdiri dari biaya tetap dan biaya variabel lalu dilihat perbandingannya terhadap pendapatan. Faktor-faktor yang menentukan tinggi atau rendahnya biaya pada perusahaan jasa pelayaran adalah umur kapal yang dimiliki perusahaan, banyaknya perputaran kapal dalam satu kali transaksi, dan anak buah kapal yang dimiliki perusahaan.

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This study discusses about components that occur in services shipping company (PT. Aquaria Shipping). This study is a descriptive qualitative research design. The results of this research showed that PT. Aquaria Shipping treats their costs that have been incurred by the company in accordance with the existing theory. Cost that occurred in PT. Aquaria Shipping consists of fix cost and variable cost compare with their revenue. The factors that determine high or low cost on shipping service company is the year of a ship belonging to the company, the number of rotation of the vessel in a single transaction, and the crew of the company."

"Tesis ini dibuat untuk perencanaan pajak khususnya pemilihan bentuk hukum yang paling efisien menurut aspek perpajakan untuk Perusahaan X jika melakukan ekspansi bisnis. Negara yang digunakan sebagai contoh untuk tujuan ekspansi dalam penelitian ini adalah Singapura. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini Penulis menyimulasikan proyeksi laporan laba rugi Perusahaan X jika melakukan ekspansi dalam tiga bentuk hukum. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa bentuk hukum yang paling efisien menurut aspek perpajakan adalah ekspansi bisnis dalam bentuk kantor cabang.

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This thesis is made for tax planning in particular the selection of the most efficient legal form according to the taxation aspects for Company X if it is doing business expansion. The country used as an example for expansion purposes in this study is Singapore. The method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. In this study the author simulates the projected income statement of Company X if it expands in three legal forms. The results of this study conclude that the most efficient legal form according to the taxation aspect is business expansion in the form of branch offices."

"Khusus untuk Bentuk Usaha Tetap (BUT) di Indonesia dikenakan pajak atas sisa laba setelah pajak yang diatur dalam UU PPh Pasal 26 ayat (4) atau biasa disebut dengan Branch Profit Tax (BPT). Menjadi pertanyaan bagaimana penghitungan BPT untuk BUT yang atas penghasilannya dikenakan final, salah satunya adalah yang menjalankan usaha konstruksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penghitungan Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) Badan dan BPT atas BUT yang menjalankan usaha jasa konstruksi. Dari studi kasus terhadap beberapa Putusan Pengadilan Pajak terkait sengketa penghitungan BPT sehubungan dengan penghitungan dasar pengenaan pajaknya, terdapat perbedaan pendapat antara Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) di satu sisi dengan Wajib Pajak dan Majelis Hakim di sisi lain. DJP berpendapat bahwa penghitungan BPT untuk BUT yang menjalankan usaha jasa konstruksi adalah berdasarkan Penghasilan Kena Pajak menurut pembukuan setelah dikoreksi fiskal dikurangi PPh Final, sedangkan Wajib Pajak dan Majelis Hakim beranggapan bahwa penghitungan Penghasilan Kena Pajak adalah menggunakan Norma Penghasilan Neto dikurangi PPh Final. Analisis perlakuan perpajakan atas penghitungan BPT tersebut dilakukan dengan menganalisis pendapat yang dikemukakan masing-masing pihak pada tiga contoh kasus yang diambil dalam penulisan ini. Dari hasil analisis menunjukkan atas PPh Badan dari BUT yang menjalankan usaha jasa konstruksi adalah dikenakan final menurut PPh Pasal 4 ayat (2) dan untuk penghitungan BPT adalah dengan menggunakan Norma Penghasilan Neto sesuai dengan Pasal 26 ayat (4) UU PPh dikurangi PPh Final.

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Permanent Establishment (PE) in Indonesia is imposed tax for the income after tax that regulated in the Income Tax Act Article 26 Paragraph (4) or commonly called the Branch Profit Tax (BPT). The question is how the BPT calculations for PE on income subjected to the final tax, one of which is running business of the construction services. The purpose of this study was to determine how the calculations of the Corporate Income Tax and the BPT of PE which runs business of construction services are. From the case studies of several Tax Court Decisions related dispute of BPT calculation with respect to the calculation of its taxable base, there are differences of opinions between the Directorate General of Taxation (DGT) on one side with the Taxpayers and the Judges on the other side. DGT found that the taxable income for BPT calculation for PE which running business of construction services is based on the bookkeeping after fiscal correction and deducted by Final Income Tax, while the Taxpayers and the Judges argued that the calculation of taxable income is using deemed profit deducted by Final Income Tax. Analysis of the tax treatment on BPT calculation is done by analyzing the opinions expressed on each side of three case examples taken in this research. The results from the analysis indicate that the Corporate Income Tax of PE which runs business of construction services is subjected to Final Income Tax under Income Tax Act Article 4 paragraph (2) and for the calculation of BPT is using deemed profit deducted by Final Income Tax in accordance with Article 26, paragraph (4) of Income Tax Act."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis aturan-aturan PPh dan PPN pada perusahaan pelayaran niaga. Penelitian ini selanjutnya menganalisis metode-metode penggalian potensi pajak perusahaan pelayaran niaga. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis peraturan-peraturan perpajakan yang ada dan upaya penggalian potensi pajaknya. Aturan-aturan pajak dianalisis dengan menggunakan asas-asas The Four Maxims equality, certainty, convenience of payment, and efficiency dari Adam Smith. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa aturan-aturan PPh yang ada belum memenuhi asas-asas The Four Maxims, sedangkan aturan-aturan PPN yang ada sudah memenuhi asas-asas The Four Maxims. Hasil analisis lainnya yaitu pelaksanaan dari metode-metode penggalian potensi pajak perusahaan pelayaran niaga.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is to analyze Income Tax Laws and Value Added Tax VAT Laws on shipping commercial company. This research uses qualitative approach to analyze tax laws and methods of collecting tax. The Four Maxims equality, certainty, convenience of payment, and efficiency from Adam Smith are used to analyze tax laws. This study finds that Income Tax Laws have not fulfilled principles of The Four Maxims, but VAT Laws have fulfilled principles of The Four Maxims. This study also finds the implementation of collecting tax methods on shipping commercial company."

"By the presence of the globalization of world economics, it has increased economics integration and created global economic order eliminating economical relation barriers and created a dependence, so that a state unable to economically meet its own needs. Global economic relations, which initially merely consisted of good exchange, has been followed by the migration of human resources and capital transaction and service across state border. It grew to serve in the international economic battle, so it promoted the creation of multinational corporations carrying out their activities in various countries, especially to perform an international investment.

Viewed from perspective of foreign state as an investor, those investors will perform investment in several chosen shapes, which each owned different investment consequences. In general, those investment shapes, among them are:

1. Whether those investments are in the form of Permanent Establishment. If this model is selected, then those investors will expect its administration fluency/business development existed in its country.

2. Whether those investment are in the form of Subsidiary Company in Indonesia. If this model is selected, then those investors will expect dividend as a yield of those investments.

This thesis aimed at understanding what exactly are taxes aspects affecting the selection of venture form between Permanent Establishment or Subsidiary Company, and also observing the influence of tax treaty in order to the retrenchment of international tax burden.

Method used within this thesis was analytic descriptive one. Research was conducted through library research toward many literature books, home and international tax regulations, scientific works, journals, internet, and other written sources. In order to complete those library research, the author also has performed the calculation of income tax burden to the four treaty partner states.

Out of discussion result, it could be drawn a conclusion that, by understanding the international tax aspects, both upon taxes stipulation in source state and taxes stipulation in domicile state, and also the prevailing tax treaty between two countries, a tax burden having to be born by home enterprise so that it could be selected a representative corporation. The selection of corporation, whether it will in the form of subsidiary company or in the form of Permanent Establishment, did not enough by considering merely income tax burden, but also it had to be supported by concerning each profit of corporation in the relation to international tax planning."