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"Tesis ini menganalisis bagaimana kebijakan Tiongkok dalam sektor antariksa pasca program Anti-satelit di tahun 2007. Permasalahan dimulai pada penembakan senjata ASAT oleh Tiongkok pada tahun 2007 dimana program ini mendapat respon negatif dari negara negara lain terhadap setiap aktivitas antariksa Tiongkok. Hal inipun dinilai dapat memicu terjadinya perlombaan senjata di sektor antariksa. Di sisi lain Tiongkok memiliki peran yang sangat besar dalam Asia - Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) yang merupakan organisasi kerjasama keantariksaan di luar sistem PBB untuk wilayah Asia Pasifik. Kerjasama multilateral ini terdiri dari Tiongkok, Bangladesh, Tiongkok, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, dan Thailand. Penulis menganalisis melalui bentuk kerjasama ataupun program program dalam APSCO. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pengambilan data melalui studi dokumen. Untuk menganilis kepentingan Tiongkok dalam APSCO pasca program ASAT ditahun 2007, penulis akan menggunakan konsep Transparancy and Confidence Building Measure (TCBMs) sebagai perspektif dan Analisa utama. Melalui komponen utamanya, yaitu pertukaran informasi dalam kebijakan di sektor antariksa, pertukaran informasi kegiatan antariksa, notifikasi pengurangan resiko, dan kontak dan kunjungan ke situs antariksa menghasilkan temuan atas strategi yang dilakukan Tiongkok dalam APSCO. Temuan utama penelitian ini adalah Tiongkok melakukan strategi untuk mendapatkan kepercayaan atau trust building pada aktivitas antariksanya melalui program program di dalam APSCO. Sangat penting untuk Tiongkok meningkatkan kepercayaan internasional dalam upaya memperluas pengaruhnya pada sektor antariksa.

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This thesis analyzes how China's policies in the space sector after the Anti-satellite program in 2007. The problem started with China's firing of ASAT weapons in 2007 where this program received a negative response from other countries to China's space activities. This, too, is considered to be able to trigger an arms race in the space sector. On the other hand, China has a very big role in the Asia - Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), which is a space cooperation organization outside the United Nations system for the Asia Pacific region. This multilateral cooperation consists of China, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru and Thailand. The author analyzes through the form of cooperation or program programs in APSCO. The author uses qualitative research methods by collecting data through document study. To analyze China's interest in APSCO after the ASAT program in 2007, the author will use the concept of Transparency and Confidence Building Measure (TCBMs) as the main perspective and analysis. From main components, namely the exchange of information on policies in the space sector, exchange of information on space activities, notification of risk reduction, and contacts and visits to space sites resulted in findings on China's efforts in APSCO. The main finding of this research is that China is making efforts to gain trust in its space activities through programs within APSCO. It is imperative for China to increase international confidence in its efforts to expand its influence in the space sector."

"Fenomena regionalisme ekonomi yang berlangsung di kawasan Asia-Pasifik pasca berakhirnya Perang Dingin memiliki karakteristik yang unik dan berbeda dibandingkan dengan regionalisme ekonomi yang terjadi di kawasan lainnya. Karakteristik utama dari regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik adalah prinsip open regionalism. Pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai fenomena regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik dan prinsip open regionalism dapat ditelaah melalui eksistensi Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC merupakan pelopor kerangka kerja sama ekonomi regional antarnegara di kawasan Asia-Pasifik yang berfokus pada agenda liberalisasi perekonomian regional. Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk meneliti eksistensi APEC dalam dinamika regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik melalui metode kronologi. Berdasarkan metode kronologi, penulisan tinjauan literatur ini membagi periodisasi perkembangan kajian literatur tentang APEC ke dalam tiga periode yang berbeda. Tiga periode perkembangan kajian literatur tentang APEC tersebut terbagi menjadi (1) Periode I (Formative Years, 1990-1994), (2) Periode II (Stagnation Years, 1995-2001), dan (3) Periode III (Adjustment Years, 2002-2009). Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini mengidentifikasi bahwa terdapat lima isu dominan yang berkaitan erat dengan eksistensi APEC dalam dinamika regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik, antara lain isu kepemimpinan, isu pembentukan kerja sama, isu pembentukan institusi, isu integrasi regional, dan isu tata kelola regional. Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini juga mengamati bahwa dalam kondisi internasional dan regional Asia-Pasifik yang terkini, APEC mengalami peralihan fokus pada agenda kerja sama ekonomi regionalnya, yang pada awalnya berfokus pada agenda liberalisasi ekonomi regional menjadi agenda integrasi ekonomi regional.

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The phenomenon of economic regionalism which occurs in the Asia-Pacific region after the end of the Cold War has unique and distinct characteristics compared to the economic regionalism that happens in other regions. The main characteristic of economic regionalism that takes place in the Asia-Pacific region is the principle of open regionalism. Further comprehension of the phenomenon of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region and also the principle of open regionalism can be examined through the existence of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC is the pioneer of the framework of regional intergovernmental economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region which focuses on the agenda of regional economic liberalization. This literature review aims to examine the existence of APEC in the dynamics of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region by applying the method of chronology.

Based on the application of the method of chronology, this literature review divides the periodization of the evolution of a series of relevant literature about APEC into three different periods. The periodization is divided into (1) Period I (Formative Years, 1990-1994), (2) Period II (Stagnation Years, 1995-2001), and (3) Period III (Adjustment Years, 2002-2009). This literature review identified that there are five dominant issues which are closely related to the existence of APEC in the dynamics of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: leadership, cooperation building, institution building, regional integration, and regional governance. This literature review also observed that, in the context of current international and regional circumstances that happens in the Asia-Pacific region, APEC has been experiencing a transition of its focus from the agenda of regional economic liberalization regional economic integration."

"Kehadiran CSCAP dan ARF telah menjadi titik awal munculnya berbagai inisiatif kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin. Pada tataran empiris, kehadiran inisiatif ini turut diikuti dengan perkembangan pembahasannya dalam literatur. Oleh karenanya, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meninjau perkembangan literatur mengenai inisiatif kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin dengan menganalisis 47 literatur terakreditasi internasional yang membahas topik ini. Berdasarkan pada metode taksonomi, literatur tersebut dibagi ke dalam enam kategori, yaitu: (1) inisiatif dan karakteristik kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin, (2) motif kehadiran aktor non-Asia Tenggara dalam inisiatif (3) persepsi aktor non-Asia Tenggara terhadap kepemimpinan ASEAN dalam mayoritas inisiatif keamanan di AsiaPasifik, (4) motif keterlibatan negara-negara Asia Tenggara dalam inisiatif, (5) persepsi negara-negara Asia Tenggara terhadap inisiatif, dan (6) pandangan akademisi terhadap inisiatif tersebut. Tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk menyingkap konsensus, perdebatan, kesenjangan literatur, dan menunjukkan sejumlah tren, seperti persebaran tema, persebaran asal penulis, serta persebaran perspektif atas topik ini. Tinjauan pustaka ini mengidentifikasi bahwa inisiatif dan karakteristik kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin merupakan tema paling dominan dalam pengkajian topik ini, sementara Realisme merupakan perspektif yang paling dominan digunakan dalam literatur. Tinjauan pustaka ini turut merekomendasikan sejumlah agenda untuk penulisan lanjutan.

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The presence of CSCAP and ARF has become the starting point for the formation of postCold War multilateral security cooperation initiatives in Asia-Pacific. At the empirical level, the presence of the initiatives were followed by its development in literatures. Therefore, this paper aims to review this topic by analyzing 47 internationally accredited literatures. Based on taxonomy method, the literatures will be divided into six theme-based categories which consist of: (1) initiatives and characteristics of security cooperation in Asia-Pacific, (2) motives behind the presence of non-Southeast Asian actors, (3) perceptions of non-Southeast Asian actors towards ASEAN leadership in the majority of initiatives, (4) motives behind the involvement of Southeast Asian countries, and (5) their perceptions towards the initiatives, (6) academic views on the initiatives. This literature review seeks to unveil the consensus, debates, and gaps of this topic. Besides, it also seeks to show some trends in the writing of this topic such as the distribution of its themes, authors' origin, and the paradigmatic trend. This literature review identifies that initiatives and characteristics of Post-Cold War Multilateral Security Cooperation in Asia-Pacific is the most dominant theme in the literatures, while Realism is the most dominant perspective used by the literatures. It then recommends some proposed further researches

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"This study aims to analyze the determinant factors that affect issues development within APEC, map out those issues during the period 1993-2010, and show the relation of those issues with the APEC Summit Agenda 2013 in Indonesia. The analysis is based on secondary data, literature review of APEC meeting documents, interviews, and focus group discussions. Some interesting findings suggest that, lirstly, issues development in APEC has been shaped by responses of APEC to opportunities and challenges related to economic, social, political and security conditions within APEC and the world. It is not only government agencies that are involved in issues development but other agents as well, such as the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, the Association Southeast Asian Nations, the World Trade Organization, APEC Business Advisory Council, and APEC Study Centers Consortium. In the past and at present, the Eminent Persons Group and the Paciiic Business Forum, which were set up for a specific time by APEC, continue to play vital and influential roles. Secondly, this study iinds that there are four big groups involved in issues development in APEC. All issues are part of the development issues in APEC economies. Even though the issues are very broad, encompassing economic and non-economic matters, these are nonetheless focused on economic integration of APEC, with Bogor Goals being in the nucleus of issues. The development of the range of issues, which APEC has pursued to respond to challenges and opportunities in the APEC economies, is intended to support and secure economic integration. Thirdly, the Indonesian APEC Summit Agenda 2013 emphasized three specific agenda items: attaining the Bogor Goals, sustainable and inclusive growth, and connectivity. All these are inter-related issues of developments that have been discussed since the establishment of APEC."