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"Security comes from Latin, secures which means free from danger, fear, and threats which consist of traditional and non-traditional security approaches. Defense is defined as the main instrument of a country to create national security. National defense is defined as a dynamic condition of a country that covers all aspects of national life to deal with threats. National security encompasses the security of the state, society and individuals. There are still several definitions from several experts regarding the concepts of security and defense to date. This article analyses the forms of contemporary threats related to security and defense and explains their similarities and differences in the study of national resilience aimed at realizing a national security system and development of the national security system in other countries. This article uses a descriptive qualitative research design through literature study and interviews. This article explains that the forms of threats that occur in Indonesia include problems at the border area, SARA intolerance, inequality in bureaucratic reform, not optimal law enforcement, and transnational crime. Similarities and differences in the concepts of security and defense can be seen from the regulations, the concepts used, the institutions and the constitution. This article shows that national resilience is influenced by national defense and security. The safe condition of a country is inseparable from the security and defense factors alone but is synergized with each other factors such as economic, political, legal, social, cultural, ideological, geographic, demographic and natural resources."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas konsep security dan defence dalam studi ketahanan nasional yang kemudian menganalisis ketahanan politik dan ketahanan ekonomi pada krisis kesehatan pandemi Covid-19 agar menjadi masukan dalam RUU Kamnas untuk dapat disahkan di DPR untuk menciptakan keamanan dan pertahanan negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan bentuk-bentuk ancaman kontemporer terkait security dan defence, serta persamaan dan perbedaannya.Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini dilakukan melalui wawancara dan studi kepustakaan. Informan yang diwawancarai sebanyak 2 orang pejabat setingkat Eselon III dari Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia.Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini adalah bentuk ancaman kontemporer yang terjadi di Indonesia adalah ancaman di perbatasan yang mempengaruhi keutuhan wilayah, ancaman separatisme dari KKB di Papua serta beberapa bencana alam yang memakan korban jiwa, dan saat ini sedang terjadi pandemi Covid-19. Persamaan konsep security dan defence dapat dilihat dari regulasi dan konsepnya. Sedangkan perbedaannya dapat dilihat dari kelembagaan, konstitusi, dan sumber ancaman. Pada analisis ketahanan politik dan ketahanan ekonomi dalam menghadapi ancaman krisis kesehatan pandemi yang berimbas pada sektor lain baik politik, ekonomi, dan keamanan. Dampak yang paling dirasakan adalah banyaknya pasien yang meninggal dunia, menurunnya pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan tingginya jumlah pengangguran. Belum sinerginya pemerintah pusat dengan daerah serta tumpang tindihnya kewenangan dalam penyelesaian masalah menyebabkan makin bertambahnya korban pandemi. Oleh karena itu diperlukan regulasi kebijakan keamanan nasional yang mengatur tentang wewenang dan tanggung jawab serta koordinasi antar lembaga dalam penyelesaian pandemi ini.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the concepts of security and defence in a national resilience study which then analyzes political resilience and economic resilience in the Covid-19 pandemic health crisis so that it becomes an input in the National Security Draft to be passed in the Parliament to create national security and defence. This study aims to explain the forms of contemporary threats related to security and defence, as well as their similarities and differences.This research method uses descriptive qualitative research design. The research data collection technique was carried out through interviews and literature study. Informants who were interviewed were 2 echelon III officials from the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Indonesia.The results of the analysis of this research are the forms of contemporary threats that occur in Indonesia are threats at the border that affect the territorial integrity, the threat of separatism from the KKB in Papua and several natural disasters that take lives, and currently the Covid-19 pandemic is happening. The similarities between the concepts of security and defence can be seen from the regulations and concepts. While the difference can be seen from the institutional, constitutional, and source of threats. In the analysis of political resilience and economic resilience in the face of the threat of a pandemic health crisis which impacted on other sectors of politics, economy and security. The most pronounced impact is the number of patients who died, declining economic growth, and high unemployment. The lack of synergy between the central government and the regions and overlapping authority in solving problems has led to an increase in pandemic casualties. Therefore, national security policy regulation is needed that regulates the authority and responsibility and coordination between institutions in resolving this pandemic."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi adanya kontroversi penundaan pemilu 2024 dan tagar Jokowi 3 Periode di media sosial Twitter yang menyita perhatian publik Indonesia pada tahun 2022 dan awal tahun 2023. Kontroversi ini menjadi bentuk propaganda yang dilakukan pihak tertentu dengan tujuan tersembunyi. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi kasus, peneliti menggunakan data dari sejumlah literatur dan dokumen terkait, serta wawancara terhadap sejumlah narasumber sebagai dasar dilakukan analisis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, propaganda penundaan pemilu 2024 dan Jokowi 3 Periode mengancam dan berisiko terhadap berkembangnya berita bohong/menyesatkan (hoax), pesan provokatif dan ujaran kebencian. Walaupun polarisasi belum terindikasi terjadi, namun propaganda ini tetap berpotensi menimbulkan polarisasi masyarakat di masa yang akan datang. Di samping itu, kontroversi ini juga mengancam kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap kualitas demokrasi Indonesia dan terganggunya stabilitas politik setahun menjelang pemilu 2024. Adapun teknik propaganda yang dijalankan mencakup tujuh teknik yaitu Name Calling, Glittering Generality, Transfer, Testimony, Plain Folks, Card Stacking dan Band Wagon. Sementara itu, dalam konteks strategi upaya pencegahan, pengawasan dan penindakan kontroversi ini berupa strategi pengelolaan informasi dan strategi kolaborasi pengawasan dengan meningkatkan kerjasama pertukaran data dalam konsep fusion center. Pihak terkait juga perlu melakukan pemetaan pada ancaman dan pihak yang berpotensi memiliki kaitan dengan penanganan suatu isu.

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This research is motivated by the controversy over the postponement of the 2024 election and the hashtag Jokowi 3 Periods on social media Twitter which has captured the attention of the Indonesian public in 2022 and early 2023. This controversy has become a form of propaganda carried out by certain parties with hidden goals. Using a qualitative approach and case study method, the researcher uses data from a number of related literature and documents, as well as interviews with a number of informants as a basis for analysis. The results of this study show that propaganda for the postponement of the 2024 and Jokowi 3 Period elections threatens and risks the development of fake/misleading news (hoaxes), provocative messages and hate speech. Even though polarization has not yet been indicated to occur, this propaganda still has the potential to cause polarization in society in the future. Besides that, this controversy also threatens public trust in the quality of Indonesian democracy and disrupts political and governmental stability a year before the 2024 election. The propaganda techniques that are implemented include seven techniques namely Name Calling, Glittering Generality, Transfer, Testimony, Plain Folks, Card Stacking and Band Wagons. Meanwhile, in the context of the strategy for preventing, monitoring and taking action this controversy is in the form of an information management strategy and a collaborative monitoring strategy by increasing collaborative data exchange in the fusion center concept. Related parties also need to map threats and parties that have the potential to be related to the handling of an issue. "

"Keberadaan Pasukan Bela Diri sebagai ujung tombak kebijakan pertahanan nasional Jepang yang terganjal oleh Konstitusi Jepang khususnya pasal 9 merupakan sebuah fenomena tersendiri. Pihak pemerintah merasa perlu dengan pembentukan pasukan Bela Diri sebagai sebuah negara merdeka dan berdaulat, di lain pihak masyarakat Jepang yang trauma dengan akibat Perang Dunia II tidak menginginkan kembalinya kekuatan militer. Pemerintah tetap yakin bahwa konstitusi tidak melarang kepemilikan akan kepentingan kekuatan persenjataan dalam tingkat kepentingan minimal pertahanan diri. Kebijakan pertahanan Jepang yang berorientasi pada pertahanan eksklusif bermakna bahwa kekuatan militer tidak dapat digunakan sampai ada agresi atau serangan bersenjata. Pasukan Bela Diri Jepang harus dapat mendefinisikan bahwa tingkatan penggunaan kekuatan pertahanan harus tetap dijaga seminimal mungkin untuk tujuan pertahanan diri. Kebijakan pertahanan Jepang tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan aliansi Jepang-Amerika Serikat. Peran militer Jepang baik domestik maupun global akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh peran militer Jepang."

"Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah Peran PT Pindad dalam pemenuhan Senjata TNI AD untuk mendukung Pertahanan dan Keamanan, tujuan dari penulisan tesis ini adalah untuk mengetahui produk senjata yang mampu dihasilkan dan tingkat produktivitas dalam menghasilkan produk tersebut untuk menunjang pemenuhan TNI AD serta bagaimana peran PT Pindad dalam meningkatkan kemampuan pertahanan dan Keamanan melalui produksi senjata untuk TNI AD. Keikutsertaan Indonesia khususnya TNI AD dalam kompetisi ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet (AARM) yang diselenggarakan sejak tahun 1991 hingga 2019 telah mencatatkan Indonesia sebagai Juara 13 kali. Hal ini dapat diartikan bahwa Indonesia berusaha mempertahankan posisi juaranya sebesar 46,43% dari total kejuaraan yang diikuti, dalam hal ini jelas produk dalam negeri PT Pindad mampu bersaing secara internasional. Arah kebijakan PT PINDAD dalam pemenuhan senjata khususnya untuk TNI AD dilaksanakan atas dasar konsep pertahanan berbasis kemampuan dengan mempertimbangkan kemungkinan ancaman yang akan dihadapi serta kecenderungan perkembangan lingkungan strategis, pelaksanaannya diarahkan kepada tercapainya kekuatan Minimum Essensial Force (MEF). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara praktis dengan beberapa sumber Selain itu, data sekunder diperoleh dari hasil penelusuran dari buku, jurnal, dokumen resmi, website resmi dan sumber terpercaya lainnya. Hasil penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui peran PT Pindad dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan senjata TNI AD, apalagi jika didukung dengan kebijakan dan komitmen yang sejalan dengan TNI untuk memenuhi kebutuhan senjata TNI AD.

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The problem examined in this research is the role of PT Pindad in fulfilling the Indonesian Army's (TNI AD) weapon requirements to support defense and security. The objective of this thesis is to determine the weapon products that PT Pindad is capable of producing and the level of productivity in producing these products to support the fulfillment of the Indonesian Army's needs, as well as to understand PT Pindad's role in enhancing defense and security capabilities through weapon production for the Indonesian Army. Indonesia's participation, particularly the Indonesian Army's participation, in the ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet (AARM) competition held from 1991 to 2019 has resulted in Indonesia winning the championship 13 times. This can be interpreted as Indonesia's efforts to maintain its champion position, which accounts for 46.43% of the total championships participated in. In this regard, it is evident that PT Pindad's domestic products are able to compete internationally. PT Pindad's policy direction in fulfilling weapons, especially for the Indonesian Army, is implemented based on the capability-based defense concept, considering the potential threats to be faced and the trends in strategic environments. Its implementation is directed towards achieving the Minimum Essential Force (MEF). This research is conducted using a qualitative approach. Data is obtained through practical interviews with several sources. Additionally, secondary data is obtained from the exploration of books, journals, official documents, official websites, and other reliable sources. The research findings aim to determine PT Pindad's role in meeting the Indonesian Army's weapon needs, particularly when supported by policies and commitments that are aligned with the Indonesian Army's requirements."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini dilatarbelakangi oleh Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan Nomor 16 tahun2012 yang menghendaki agar setiap komponen pertahanan negara terintegrasimenjadi satu kesatuan pertahanan dalam menghadapi ancaman militer dan nirmiliter. Dalam menghadapi ancaman nir militer yang sangat kompleks danmultidimensional, termasuk ancaman bidang kesehatan, maka KementerianKesehatan RI merupakan unsur utama dan lembaga pemerintah maupun swastalainnya sebagai unsur pendukung. Ancaman bidang kesehatan ini diantaranyaberupa penyakit infeksi menular HIV AIDS yang tak kunjung reda dan potensitertularnya Ebola. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses implementasiPermenhan ke dalam unsur utama dan pendukung dalam pengelolaan kedua jenispenyakit tersebut. Metodologi yang digunakan analitik kualitatif denganpengambilan data melalui wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian mengungkapadanya faktor penghambat baik pada unsur utama maupun pendukung dalamproses implementasi yaitu belum sepenuhnya tersosialisasi kebijakan ini,pembinaan sumber daya dan kewaspadaan dini masing-masing unsur sudahberjalan dengan baik namun masih terfragmentasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitiandan pembahasan disarankan perlunya Kementerian Pertahanan melakukanpeningkatan sosialisasi dan koordinasi kepada para pemangku kepentingan baiklintas program maupun sektor dari tingkat pusat hingga ke wilayah.

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ABSTRACTThe idea behind this thesis was impelled by the non-military threat of the healthsector that could endanger the safety of the nation. Referring to the regulation ofthe Ministry of Defense No. 16 of 2012 on Policy Integration Component ofNational Defense, the Ministry of Health is appointed as the primary constituentand other government agencies as supporters in facing the threat of the healthsector. This study aims to determine the implementation of those regulations inthe primary constituent as well as the supporting ministries in managing thethreat of HIV AIDS and Ebola. Methodology used is analitic qualitative with datacollection through indepth interviews. The research revealed the existence ofinhibiting factors on both the main and supporting elements in the implementationprocess is not yet fully socialized this policy, resource development and earlyawareness of each element are already well underway but is still fragmented.Based on the results of research and discussion suggested the need for theMinistry of Defence suggested increasing the dissemination and coordination tostakeholders both across and sectors programs from the central level to theregions., The idea behind this thesis was impelled by the non-military threat of the healthsector that could endanger the safety of the nation. Referring to the regulation ofthe Ministry of Defense No. 16 of 2012 on Policy Integration Component ofNational Defense, the Ministry of Health is appointed as the primary constituentand other government agencies as supporters in facing the threat of the healthsector. This study aims to determine the implementation of those regulations inthe primary constituent as well as the supporting ministries in managing thethreat of HIV AIDS and Ebola. Methodology used is analitic qualitative with datacollection through indepth interviews. The research revealed the existence ofinhibiting factors on both the main and supporting elements in the implementationprocess is not yet fully socialized this policy, resource development and earlyawareness of each element are already well underway but is still fragmented.Based on the results of research and discussion suggested the need for theMinistry of Defence suggested increasing the dissemination and coordination tostakeholders both across and sectors programs from the central level to theregions.]"

"Skripsi ini membahas dan menganalisa keabsahan pengerahan pasukan multi nasional (MNJTF) oleh African Union Peace and Security Council di Nigeria sebagai tanggapan atas serangan bersenjata (armed attack) yang dilakukan oleh Boko Haram. Dengan mengingat pengerahan MNJTF didasarkan pada doktrin right of selfdefense, khususnya collective self-defense, maka akan dilakukan pembahasan tentang sejarah, pengaturan, dan perkembangan daripada doktrin right of self-defense dan collective self-defense. Pembahasan dasar pengaturan yang dimaksud mengacu pada Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, terutama Pasal 51 piagam tersebut. Status Boko haram sebagai suatu aktor bukan negara (non-state actor) menimbulkan pertanyaan, apakah terhadapnya dapat diterapkan doktrin collective self-defense. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas pula perkembangan dan syaratsyarat penerapan self-defense terhadap non-state actor.

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This thesis discusses and analyzes the legality of the authorization and deployment of a multi national joint task force (MNJTF) by the African Union Peace and Security Council in Nigeria. The aforementioned deployment was conducted in response to armed attack mounted by Boko Haram. Considering that said deployment was justified under the doctrine of right of self-defense, in particular collective self-defense, it is necessary to discuss the history, regulation, and development of right of self-defense and collective self-defense. The analysis will be based on the Charter of the United Nations, in particular Article 51 of the Charter.Boko Haram?s status as a non-state actor necessitates the discussion about the applicability of collective self-defense as a justification in this case. Thus, this thesis will also include discussion about the conditions upon which self-defense could be applied to armed attacks conducted by non-state actors."