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"The global widespread mortality after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in China, has become a critical concern all around the world. Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is one of the methods elevating the survival rate for COVID-19 infection cases. This technique, as a practicable therapy, was used in previous viral outbreaks including influenza, SARS and MERS. In CP therapy, the blood plasma is collected from persons rehabilitated from that specific infection in order to develop a passive immunity in other patients. Therefore, this review aimed to point out the role of CP therapy in aforementioned viral infections and illustrate different factors influencing the efficacy of CP therapy."

"Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) is a very common presenting complaint in pediatric population. There is still a debate regarding the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection as an etiology of RAR Typically the inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa of infected individuals is chronic gastritis. Serologic and histologic examination are widely used for the diagnosis. This study was aimed to determine the role of H.pylori infection in Indonesian children with RAR The presence of serum IgG antibody to H. pylori and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were performed on the 101 children with RAR Mztcosal biopsies were obtained for histologic analysis. The prevalence of H. pylori infection indicated by serology was 32.7% and by histology was 27. 7%. Histologic evidence of gastritis was present in 94.1 % children and 45% of them had chronic atrophic and active gastritis. Seventy percent children with H. pylori positive were found abnormal through endoscopy and all of the infected children were revealed abnormal through histological examination. Forty eight percent of seropositive children were found H. pylori positive and 80% of seronegatives children were found to be H pylori negative through histologic examination. Conclusion: H. pylori infection can be a cause of RAP in children. Work up for H. pylori infection should be performed when symptoms are suggestive of organic disease. Larger prospective studies are needed to be perforated for a longer time of period to clarify this issue."

"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) membantu ahli radiologi untuk mengetahui apakah pasien mengalami glioma otak atau infeksi otak. Dalam tugas akhir ini dibahas proses klasifikasi terhadap data hasil MRS untuk mengetahui apakah pasien mengalami glioma otak atau infeksi otak. Metode yang digunakan untuk klasifikasi adalah metode AdaBoost dengan base learner K-Nearest Neighbor dan metode K-Nearest Neighbor. Hasil Percobaan yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa metode AdaBoost dengan base learner K-Nearest Neighbor dengan K=3 mempunyai nilai akurasi 97% pada data training 80% sementara nilai akurasi dari metode K-Nearest Neighbor 94.4 % pada data training 80%. Hasil akhir dari pembuatan tugas akhir ini adalah sebuah perangkat lunak pendukung keputusan ( Decision Support System) yang membantu memberikan informasi apakah pasien mengalami glioma otak atau infeksi otak.

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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) helps the experts of radiology to detect the brain glioma or brain infection in patients. In this final project, the classification process on the result of MRS data is discussed to detect the brain glioma or brain infection in patients. The used classification methods are AdaBoost with base learner K-Nearest Neighbor and K-Nearest Neighbor methods. The result of research shows that the AdaBoost method with base learner K-Nearest Neighbor with K=3 has 97% accuracy value on 80% training data, while the accuracy value from K-Nearest Neighbor method is 94.4 % on 80%training data. The result from the writing of this final project is the software for making decision (Decision Support System) that supports the giving of information on the existence of brain glioma or brain infection in patients."

"The study of the patterns of nematode infection on rodents in Lore Lindu,Central Sulawesi was carried out. A total of 52 rodents were examined...."

"[Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi merupakan salah satu bidang yang rawan untukterjadinya kontaminasi silang antara pasien-dokter gigi, pasien-pasien dan pasien perawat. Kontrol Infeksi dapat mencegah terjadinya infeksi silang. Tujuan: Melihat hubungan Pengetahuan, Perilaku dan Faktor Lingkungan terhadap keberhasilan upaya Kontrol infeksi pada Mahasiswa Program Profesi Fakultas Kedokteran gigi Univesritas“x” di Jakarta. Metode: Metode penelitian yang digunakan cross sectional dengan Model penelitian Sequential Explonatory design. Penelitian dilakukan pada Mahasiswa Program Profesi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas “X” di Jakarta yang sudah melewatipendidikan profesi selama 2 (dua) semester, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 101 mahasiswa. Hasil: Upaya Kontrol Infeksi pada Mahasiswa Program Profesi Fakultas Kedokteran gigi universitas “X” di Jakarta masih kurang baik.Ini dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan, perilaku dan faktor lingkungan masih kurang baik dan mempunyai p value< 0,05 sehingga mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan terhadap upaya kontrol infeksi. Kesimpulan: Pengetahuan dan Perilaku dapat ditingkatkan dengan membentuk program yang berisikan promosi kesehatan dalam bentuk poster-poster, standart operasional prosedur berdasarkan standard precautions dan seminar-seminar bagimahasiswa program profesi fakultas kedokteran gigi;Background: Dentistry is one of a science which has a high sensitivity to causedcross-contamination between the patient-dentist, patient-patient and patient-nurse. Infection control may prevent cross-infection. Objective: Knowing the relationship between Knowledge, Behavior and Environmental Factors with successfull of Infection Control by the students of Professional Program Study of the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas "x" in Jakarta. Methods: The method used is cross sectional with research model Sequential Explonatory Design. The study which has the total sample of 101 students was conducted and involved thestudents of Professional Program Study of the Faculty of Dentistry, University "X" in Jakarta, which has passed the professional education for two (2) semesters. Results: Infection Control Efforts conducted by the student of Professional Program Study Faculty of Dentistry, University "X" in Jakarta is not maximal. It was affected by the Knowledge, Behavior and Environmental Factors which not good enough and has a p value <0.05 and therefore has a significant relationship which infection control effort. Conclusion: Knowledge and Behavior can be improved by establishing a program containing health promotion in the form of posters, standard operating procedures based on standard precautions and seminars for the students of Professional Program Study of the faculty of dentistry., Background: Dentistry is one of a science which has a high sensitivity to causedcross-contamination between the patient-dentist, patient-patient and patient-nurse.Infection control may prevent cross-infection. Objective: Knowing therelationship between Knowledge, Behavior and Environmental Factors withsuccessfull of Infection Control by the students of Professional Program Study ofthe Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas "x" in Jakarta. Methods: The method used iscross sectional with research model Sequential Explonatory Design. The studywhich has the total sample of 101 students was conducted and involved thestudents of Professional Program Study of the Faculty of Dentistry, University"X" in Jakarta, which has passed the professional education for two (2) semesters.Results: Infection Control Efforts conducted by the student of ProfessionalProgram Study Faculty of Dentistry, University "X" in Jakarta is not maximal. Itwas affected by the Knowledge, Behavior and Environmental Factors which notgood enough and has a p value <0.05 and therefore has a significant relationshipwhich infection control effort. Conclusion: Knowledge and Behavior can beimproved by establishing a program containing health promotion in the form ofposters, standard operating procedures based on standard precautions andseminars for the students of Professional Program Study of the faculty ofdentistry.]"

"Pendahuluan : Infeksi dengue merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia yang berdampak pada kematian akibat renjatan, apabila diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan tidak dilakukan secara dini. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam protokol deteksi kebocoran plasma selama ini adalah faktor yang menyebabkan negatif palsu, waktu yang di perlukan relatif lama, serta waktu terjadinya kebocoran plasma yang tidak dapat dipastikan. Ultrasonografi abdomen menjadi alat diagnostik potensial untuk menilai kebocoran plasma dan menjadi indikator prognostik. Tujuan : Menghitung nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas ultrasonografi abdomen dalam mendeteksi kebocoran plasma pada infeksi dengue dewasa berdasarkan pemeriksaan albumin darah, serta mendapatkan karakteristik efusi pleura, asites dan penebalan dinding kandung empedu dalam ultrasonografi abdomen pada infeksi dengue. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang ( cross sectional study ) serial dengan menggunakan data primer. Hasil : Pada hari ke 3 sampai hari ke 5 demam, ultrasonografi abdomen memiliki sensitivitas 100% dan spesifisitas 100%, sedangkan pada hari ke 6 didapatkan sensitivitas 100% dan spesifisitas 83,3% dibandingkan pemeriksaan albumin darah sebagai standar baku emas. Kesimpulan : Ultrasonografi abdomen dapat dimasukkan ke dalam protokol diagnostik infeksi dengue sebagai alternatif pemeriksaan albumin darah.

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Introduction : Dengue infection has been the major health issue in Indonesia, which may lead to death because of shock. The protocol in detecting plasma leakage have several problems that can make false negative. Abdominal ultrasound is a potential diagnostic modality in detecting this condition. There were no spesific studies to determine the role of ultrasound in dengue infection.

Objective : to asses the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal ultrasound in detecting plasma leakage of dengue infection compared to serum albumin and also to determine the characteristic of pleural effusion, ascites and thickening of gall bladder wall.

Method : This study is using serial cross sectional design with primary data.

Result : At third until fifth day of fever, the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal ultrasound is both 100%. At sixth day of fever, the sensitivity is 100% and the specificity is 83,3% compared to serum albumin.

Conclusion: Abdominal ultrasound can be implemented to diagnostic protocol of dengue infection as an alternative examination in detecting plasma leakage and should be performed at fourth and fifth day of fever."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang : Cytomegalovirus (CMV) merupakan salah satu infeksi oportunistikpada pasien dengan sindrom immunodefisiensi (AIDS). Gejala klinis dan CT scantidak dapat menegakkan diagnosa definitif ensefalitis CMV. Oleh karena itudiperlukan uji alternatif untuk menegakkan diagnosis infeksi CMV pada pasien HIVdengan infeksi otak. Salah satu uji yang sensitif dan spesifik adalah Real TimePolymerase Chain Reaction (rPCR).Tujuan : Mendapatkan uji deteksi molekular CMV pada pasien HIV dengantersangka infeksi otak.Metode : Penelitian dilakukan dalam 3 tahap. Tahap 1 adalah optimasi konsentrasiprimer, probe, suhu annealing, volume elusi ekstraksi DNA, dan volume cetakan.Tahap 2 adalah uji spesifisitas (reaksi silang) dan uji sensitivitas (ambang batasdeteksi DNA) rPCR dan tahap 3 adalah penerapan uji rPCR yang sudah dioptimasiterhadap sampel plasma, urin, dan LCS.Hasil : Kondisi optimal uji rPCR telah diperoleh dengan konsentrasi primer danprobe 0,1 μM, dengan kondisi suhu reaksi rPCR: aktivasi enzim pada 950C selama 3menit; 45 siklus pada 950C selama 15 detik (denaturasi) dan 560C selama 1 menit(annealing dan ekstensi). Volume elusi ekstraksi DNA yang optimal untuk ketigajenis sampel (LCS, plasma dan urin) adalah 40 μL, dan volume cetakan rPCR untukLCS, plasma, dan urin, masing-masing adalah 5, 4, dan 3 μL. Uji rPCR mampumendeteksi DNA pada 50.000 jumlah kopi/mL dan tidak bereaksi silang denganStaphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Candida spp, Toxoplasma gondii, EBV,HSV,dan VZV. Penerapan ujirPCR pada sampel klinis memberikan hasil negatif pada semua sampel LCS, 72,22%positif pada sampel plasma, dan 72,22% positif pada sampel urin.Kesimpulan: Telah dilakukan optimasi uji rPCR dengan minimal deteksi DNACMV 50.000 jumlah kopi/mL dan tidak bereaksi silang dengan mikroorganisme yangberpotensi menyebabkan positif palsu (false positive).ABSTRACT Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of opportunistic infections in patientswith Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Clinical manifestations are nottypical, and CT scans can not define encephalitis CMV specifically. Therefore, it isimportant to apply an alternative assay for sensitive and specific detection of CMVinfection in HIV patients with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections.One of the assays is real time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR).Objective: To obtain a molecular assay for detection of CMV in HIV patients withsuspect CNS infections.Methods: This study was conducted in three phases. The first is optimization ofconcentrations of primers, probe, annealing temperature, final elution of DNAextraction, and volume of PCR template. The second is determinations of sensitivity(minimal detection of DNA) and specificity (cross-reaction) of the optimized rPCR,and the third is application of the rPCR for clinical samples of plasma, urine, andliquor cerebrospinal (LCS).Results: The rPCR reaction showed optimal concentrations of primers and probe at0.1 μM, with thermal cycler: 950C for 3 min (enzyme activation), followed by 45cycles of 950C for 15 sec (denaturation) and 560C for 1 min (annealing andextension). Final elution of DNA extraction was 40 μL and volume of PCR templatesfor urine, plasma, and LCS was 3, 4, and 5 μL, respectively. The rPCR had minimaldetection of DNA at 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted withStaphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Candida spp, Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV), HerpesSimplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Application of rPCR forclinical samples showed that the rPCR yielded 72.22% positive for plasma or urine,and negative for all LCS samples.Conclusion: The rPCR has been optimized in this study with minimal DNA detectionat 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted with other microorganisms that arepotential to cause false positive results.;Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of opportunistic infections in patientswith Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Clinical manifestations are nottypical, and CT scans can not define encephalitis CMV specifically. Therefore, it isimportant to apply an alternative assay for sensitive and specific detection of CMVinfection in HIV patients with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections.One of the assays is real time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR).Objective: To obtain a molecular assay for detection of CMV in HIV patients withsuspect CNS infections.Methods: This study was conducted in three phases. The first is optimization ofconcentrations of primers, probe, annealing temperature, final elution of DNAextraction, and volume of PCR template. The second is determinations of sensitivity(minimal detection of DNA) and specificity (cross-reaction) of the optimized rPCR,and the third is application of the rPCR for clinical samples of plasma, urine, andliquor cerebrospinal (LCS).Results: The rPCR reaction showed optimal concentrations of primers and probe at0.1 μM, with thermal cycler: 950C for 3 min (enzyme activation), followed by 45cycles of 950C for 15 sec (denaturation) and 560C for 1 min (annealing andextension). Final elution of DNA extraction was 40 μL and volume of PCR templatesfor urine, plasma, and LCS was 3, 4, and 5 μL, respectively. The rPCR had minimaldetection of DNA at 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted withStaphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Candida spp, Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV), HerpesSimplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Application of rPCR forclinical samples showed that the rPCR yielded 72.22% positive for plasma or urine,and negative for all LCS samples.Conclusion: The rPCR has been optimized in this study with minimal DNA detectionat 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted with other microorganisms that arepotential to cause false positive results.;Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of opportunistic infections in patientswith Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Clinical manifestations are nottypical, and CT scans can not define encephalitis CMV specifically. Therefore, it isimportant to apply an alternative assay for sensitive and specific detection of CMVinfection in HIV patients with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections.One of the assays is real time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR).Objective: To obtain a molecular assay for detection of CMV in HIV patients withsuspect CNS infections.Methods: This study was conducted in three phases. The first is optimization ofconcentrations of primers, probe, annealing temperature, final elution of DNAextraction, and volume of PCR template. The second is determinations of sensitivity(minimal detection of DNA) and specificity (cross-reaction) of the optimized rPCR,and the third is application of the rPCR for clinical samples of plasma, urine, andliquor cerebrospinal (LCS).Results: The rPCR reaction showed optimal concentrations of primers and probe at0.1 μM, with thermal cycler: 950C for 3 min (enzyme activation), followed by 45cycles of 950C for 15 sec (denaturation) and 560C for 1 min (annealing andextension). Final elution of DNA extraction was 40 μL and volume of PCR templatesfor urine, plasma, and LCS was 3, 4, and 5 μL, respectively. The rPCR had minimaldetection of DNA at 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted withStaphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Candida spp, Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV), HerpesSimplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Application of rPCR forclinical samples showed that the rPCR yielded 72.22% positive for plasma or urine,and negative for all LCS samples.Conclusion: The rPCR has been optimized in this study with minimal DNA detectionat 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted with other microorganisms that arepotential to cause false positive results.;Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of opportunistic infections in patientswith Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Clinical manifestations are nottypical, and CT scans can not define encephalitis CMV specifically. Therefore, it isimportant to apply an alternative assay for sensitive and specific detection of CMVinfection in HIV patients with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections.One of the assays is real time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR).Objective: To obtain a molecular assay for detection of CMV in HIV patients withsuspect CNS infections.Methods: This study was conducted in three phases. The first is optimization ofconcentrations of primers, probe, annealing temperature, final elution of DNAextraction, and volume of PCR template. The second is determinations of sensitivity(minimal detection of DNA) and specificity (cross-reaction) of the optimized rPCR,and the third is application of the rPCR for clinical samples of plasma, urine, andliquor cerebrospinal (LCS).Results: The rPCR reaction showed optimal concentrations of primers and probe at0.1 μM, with thermal cycler: 950C for 3 min (enzyme activation), followed by 45cycles of 950C for 15 sec (denaturation) and 560C for 1 min (annealing andextension). Final elution of DNA extraction was 40 μL and volume of PCR templatesfor urine, plasma, and LCS was 3, 4, and 5 μL, respectively. The rPCR had minimaldetection of DNA at 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted withStaphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Candida spp, Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV), HerpesSimplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Application of rPCR forclinical samples showed that the rPCR yielded 72.22% positive for plasma or urine,and negative for all LCS samples.Conclusion: The rPCR has been optimized in this study with minimal DNA detectionat 50,000 copies/mL and was not cross-reacted with other microorganisms that arepotential to cause false positive results."

"Sejak tahun 2000 jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS di Indonesia meningkat tajam, terutama pada pecandu narkotika suntik. Terapi antiretroviral yang terbukti dapat menurunkan mortalitas dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien, diberikan berdasarkan kondisi klinis, jumlah sel limfosit CD4 dan kadar virus dalam darah. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar CD4 dan kadar virus pada 71 pasien HIV asimptomatik yang merupakan pecandu narkotika suntik untuk melihat apakah kadar CD4 berkorelasi dengan kadar virus HIV. Kadar CD4 diperiksa dengan metode imunofluoresensi indirek menggunakan antibodi monoklonal dan kadar virus menggunakan teknik PCR. Pemeriksaan hitung virus dilakukan pada 56 pasien yang mempunyai kadar CD4 lebih dari 200 sel/mm3 (x = 473 + 180,6). Sebanyak 30 orang (55,4%) mempunyai kadar virus dalam darah lebih dari 55.000 kopi/ml dan 35,7% kadar virusnya 5.000-55.000 kopi/ml. Korelasi antara kadar CD4 dengan kadar virus dalam darah memberi nilai r: 0,194. Disimpulkan bahwa pada pecandu narkotika kadar CD4 tidak berkorelasi dengan kadar HIV sehingga pemberian antiretroviral sebaiknya didasarkan pada kadar HIV dalam darah. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 143-7)

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Since the year 2000 there has been a steep increased in the number of HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia , coming mostly from intravenous drug users. Antiretroviral treatment has been proved to decrease mortality and increase quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients. The treatment is given according to clinical condition of the patients, number of CD4 and viral load. In this study, CD4 and viral load were examined in 71 asymptomatic HIV patients originated from injecting-drug users. CD4 counting was performed by indirect immunoflouresence method using monoclonal antibody, and viral load was tested using PCR technique. Among 56 patients who has the number of CD4 more than 200/mm3, 30 patients (55,4 %) has viral load more than 55,000 copies/ml and 35,7% has viral load 5,000-55,000 copies/ml. Correlation between the number of CD 4 and viral load gave the r value of 0,194. It is concluded that there is no association between the number of CD 4 and viral load in drug user HIV/AIDS patients. The treatment of HIV/AIDS for these patients should be given according to the viral load. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 143-7)"