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"Authoritarian regimes rarely, if ever, implement human rights protection clauses inscribed in constitutions or follow the principle of checks and balances. Authoritarian rulers are also rarely constrained by their respective countries’constitutions. For these reasons, existing studies have paid little attention to the role of the constitution in authoritarian countries. Constitutions, nonetheless, can provide legality to authoritarian rule. Furthermore, the authoritarian ruler andpolitical elites can transform the constitution’s checks-and-balances principle into a legal basis for the distribution of power, according to which the ruler and the elitescooperate in running the government. Because authoritarian governments neither protect human rights nor are not held accountable, the article refers to this practice as “authoritarian constitutional institutions.” This article takes the case of Chiang Kaishek in 1960 as an example to illustrate that he, in order to be re-elected for a third presidential term “legally,” followed constitutional norms to amend “the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion.” Taking advantage of Chiang’s need to maintain thelegality of his rule, political elites not only bargained with the strongman to further their own interests but also used constitutional norms to restrain Chiang’s power. When political elites and the authoritarian ruler strictly adhered to authoritarian constitutional institutions in their political interactions, for power-sharing purposes, and during interest exchanges, not only was the restraining capacity of authoritarian constitutional institutions consolidated, but the authoritarian regime was also therebyinstitutionalized. This article shows that after Chiang Kai-shek was elected for a third time, the Kuomintang’s authoritarian regime was further institutionalized by the amended “Temporary Provisions.”"

"Tak ada hal yang lebih memilukan barangkali dari kekerasan dan permusuhan antara kelompok yang terjadi di Ambon atau Maluku pada umumnya.Tak ada kata yang menggambarkan secara tepat apa yang sesungguhnya terjadi di kawasan yang penduduknya plural ini.Tesis yang berjudul Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia ()lab Aparat Keamanan (TNI dan POLRI) Dalam Penanganan Konflik Di Ambon, mencoba untuk melihat faktor-faktor penyebab pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia, yang justru terjadi pada saat proses penanganan konflik yang dilakukan, oleh aparat keamanan, mengakibatkan pelanggaran yang bersifat vertikal dan melihat bagaimana bentuk pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang dilakukan oleh TNI dan POLRI dalam penanganan konflik tersebut.Masuknya unsur-unsur Negara dan kekuatan militer dalam konflik yang terjadi bukanya tanpa resiko, kemungkinan terbesar dari faktor resiko itu adalah penggunaan alat-alat kekerasan yang paling dikuasai militer, maka muncul penyelesaian konflik kekerasan dengan cara-cara yang tidak beda dengan kekerasan itu sendiri.Dalam menganalisa persoalan tersebut digunakan beberapa tinjauan pustaka seperti definisi dari konflik, konflik sosial, sifat koflik, jenis-jenis konflik, sifat dari masyarakat majemuk, Tahapan dari penyelesaian konflik (conflict resolution), konsepsi pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia dan instrument pokok perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia baik yang bersifat nasional dan internasional.Selain untuk lebih mendekatkan pada permasalahan penulis juga menggunakan beberapa tinjauan pustaka dari konsepsi militer profesioanal dan peran militer dalam sosial politik khususnya Dwifungsi ABRI, sosialisasi Hak Asasi manusia bagi kalangan aparat keamanan merupakan salah satu pokok bahasan pula.Metode Penelitian tesis ini berssifat library research dimana digunakan data sekunder, inventarisasi peraturan perundang-undangan atau lainya serta dokumentasi peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah terjadi di daerah konflik, disamping itu penulis juga mengunakan data yang bersifat penelitian yang sudah dilakukan oleh beberapa institusi yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan ke absahanya.

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It seems that human rights violation and mass conflict happening in Ambon and Moluccas are more sorrowful than other things ever. One finds no precise word to describe what is going on in such a plural region.

This Thesis entitled "Human Rights Violation by the Military and Police Officers in the Conflict Resolution Process in Ambon", tries to reveal some reasons of the Human Rights violation that simply happened as the conflict resolution process was undertaken by military and police officers resulting in vertical violation, and observes how Human Rights violation by TNI and POLRI emerges in the conflict resolution.

Involved elements of the state and military forces in the ongoing conflict are not without risks; the major risk factor is using mostly military-controlled violation instruments and that mass conflict and human rights violation are settled in the same process as the violation itself.

Analyzing the case, one uses library research such as definitions of conflict, social conflict, types of conflict, characteristics of plural community, phases of conflict resolution, conception of Human Rights violation and principal instruments of securing both national and international Human Rights.

Besides approaching to the problem statement, the author also applies library researches of professional military conception and military roles in social and political situation especially "Dwifungsi ABRI" (Indonesian Armed Forces' Dual Functions)?nd socialization of Human Rights to the security agents as a problem, as well.

Research methodology employed in this thesis is Library Research where the author uses secondary data, inventory of legislation and others, and documentation of the ongoing events in the conflict area. Moreover, the author applies data of researches carried out by several institutions for which one is liable for their validity."

"Tourism activities in era globalization bring positive and negative impacts especially for the host countries destination. To minimize the negative impacts it is very important to always promote the sustainable development of tourism including from a human rights perspective. This paper will discuss concerning who have responsibility to promote a human rights related with sustainable development of tourism. To explore the topic in this article, Author will study both international human rights instruments and environmental convention as well as the soft law regarding the tourism sector such as the UN WTO Global Code Of Ethics. The Law No. 10 Year 2009 concerning Indonesia Tourism Law is also part of legal material studied in this paper. There are national, international legal instruments of the human rights as well as UNWTO Global Codes of Ethics which can be utilized to promote sustainable tourism through human rights perspective. It is considered that all stakeholders have responsibility to promote sustainable development of tourism"

"Pembahasan dalam tesis ini adalah bahwa putusan MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 tentang Penetapan Tersangka sebagai Objek Praperadilan menciptakan peluang bagi penegak hukum melakukan pelanggaran HAM. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengamatan terlibat, wawancara mendalam dan kajian dokumen.Hasil penelitian menunjukan:1) Salah satu pertimbangan MK mengeluarkan putusan No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 adalah penetapan tersangka merupakan bagian dari proses penyidikan yang merupakan perampasan terhadap HAM, maka seharusnya penetapan tersangka oleh penyidik merupakan objek yang dapat dimintakan perlindungan melalui ikhtiar hukum pranata praperadilan;2) Keluarnya Putusan MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 berdampak pada penegakan hukum dalam sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia, karena institusi Kepolisian, kejaksaan dan kehakiman merupakan institusi yang paling sibuk menerima aneka gugatan praperadilan dengan berpedoman pada perluasan enam objek praperadilan berdasarkan putusan MK tersebut;3) Dampak putusan MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 terhadap kompetensi penyidik Polri adalah dalam memutuskan penetapan status tersangka, penyidik dituntut lebih profesional dan lebih mampu menjalankan ketentuan dalam KUHAP dengan baik dan benar;4) Dampak putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 terhadap Penegakan HAM di Indonesia adalah, dalam menetapkan status tersangka, penyidik harus melakukannya secara hati-hati, karena penetapan status tersangka tanpa dua alat bukti, tanpa ada konfrontasi dengan calon tersangka, dan kesahihan cara memperolah alat bukti, merupakan tindakan sewenang-wenang yang dapat dikategorikan sebagai bentuk pelanggaran HAM.Implikasi dari kajian tesis ini adalah: (a) MA perlu mengeluarkan PERMA tentang batasan ruang lingkup Praperadilan; (b) DPR dan Pemerintah perlu segera merevisi KUHAP sehingga sesuai dengan tuntutan persoalan penegakan hukum pidana yang semakin kompleks dan multidimensi; (c) Perlunya melakukan peningkatan kompetensi para penyidik Polri dengan cara pelaksanaan sertifikasi penyidik tipikor berdasarkan kemampuan pengetahuan dan teknis penyidikan yang harus dimiliki; (d) Perlunya penyusunan SOP oleh Dit Tipikor Bareskrim Polri yang mengatur teknis dan administrasi penetapan tersangka setelah terdapat perluasan objek peradilan sebagaimana dalam putusan MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 tentang Penetapan Tersangka Sebagai Objek Praperadilan.

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This thesis discussed about the decision MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 on the provision of suspects as an object pretrial create an opportunity for law enforcement do violations of human rights. Research used is qualitative research. Data collection is conducted through the observation involved, in-depth interviews and study of documents.

The research shows:

1) One of the consideration MK issued the ruling No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 is determination the suspect is part process investigation that is constitute deprivation of human rights, then it should the determination of the suspect by investigator is object which may be requested for protection through ikhtiar law pranata pretrial;

2) The emergence of the decision of the MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 impact on law enforcement in criminal justice systems in indonesia, because police institutions, attorney and judiciary is the institutions that the most busy received various a lawsuit pretrial with reference at expanding six object pretrial based on the judgment the constitutional court mentioned above;

3) The impact of the decision MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 to competence Polri investigators is in deciding the determination of status suspects, investigators are required more professional and more are able to run the provisions of kuhap well and correctly;

4) The impact of the decision the MK Nomor 21/PUU-XII/2014 towards enforcement of human rights in indonesia is , in setting status suspects , investigators have to do it carefully , because the determination of status suspects without two tools evidence , without any confrontation with the suspects , and kesahihan way to get instrument evidence , is a arbitrary who can be described as a form of violations of human rights.

Implication this thesis discussion contains: (a) MA need to spend PERMA about the limitations of the scope of Pretrial; (b) Parliament and the government needs to revise the KUHAP so that it meets the demands of criminal law enforcement problems are increasingly complex and multidimensional; (c) The need to increase the competence of the Polri investigator in a way the implementation of the certification investigator Tipikor is based on knowledge and technical capabilities investigations that should be owned; (d) The need for the preparation of SOP by direktorat tipikor bareskrim Polri which govern about technical and administrative of determination of the suspect once there is expansion the object of pretrial as in the ruling of MK No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 concerning Suspect As Object Pretrial Stipulation."

"Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan yuridis, pendekatan historis, dan pendekatan komparatif. Kewenangan pemberian grasi oleh Presiden yang terdapat dalam Pasal 14 ayat (1) UUD 1945 merugikan korban, termasuk keluarga korban dan masyarakat, karena korban sebagai pihak yang paling dirugikan tidak memiliki peran apapun dalam pengambilan keputusan pemberian grasi. Konsep pemberian pengampunan yang tidak mengabaikan hak korban kejahatan adalah konsep pemberian pengampunan yang sesuai dengan hukum Islam dan hukum adat. Berdasarkan Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959, Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, serta Pasal 29 ayat (1) dan (2) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Syariat Islam wajib diberlakukan terhadap orang Islam. Kewenangan pemberian grasi oleh Presiden bertentangan dengan konsep pemaafan terhadap tindak pidana hudud, qishash dan diyat dalam Syariat Islam, tetapi tidak bertentangan dengan konsep pemaafan terhadap tindak pidana ta'zir. Kewenangan tersebut juga tidak sesuai dengan konsep negara republik yang berintikan demokrasi sebagai lawan dari kediktatoran, serta sistem pemerintahan presidensiil yang memberikan kewenangan kepada kepala negara sekaligus sebagai kepala pemerintahan yang memungkinkan terjadinya campur tangan kekuasaan eksekutif terhadap putusan hakim yang bertentangan dengan teori pemisahan kekuasaan. Tujuan negara hukum, pembentukan konstitusi, dan pemisahan kekuasaan diantaranya mencegah perbuatan sewenang-wenang penguasa dan menjamin hak-hak rakyat. Kewenangan pemberian grasi oleh Presiden selain membuka peluang terjadinya kesewenang-wenangan, juga melanggar hak asasi manusia, diantaranya hak korban, termasuk keluarga korban dan masyarakat. Hak memperoleh keadilan dan hak beragama menekankan bahwa konsep pemberian pengampunan harus memperhatikan korban dan pelaku kejahatan secara seimbang. Pasal 14 ayat (1) UUD 1945 dan UU tentang Grasi harus disesuaikan agar tidak bertentangan dengan Pembukaan UUD 1945 dan Konsep Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Terdapat dua alternatif konsep dalam merumuskan dan/atau mengubah peraturan perundang-undangan terkait dengan grasi yakni konsep unifikasi hukum dan konsep pemisahan hukum. Pemberian pengampunan terkait dengan tindak pidana hudud dan qishash tidak boleh bertentangan dengan hukum Islam bagi orang Islam, dan hukum adat bagi orang non-Islam. Terkait dengan tindak pidana ta'zir, kewenangan pemberian pengampunan sebaiknya diberikan kepada hakim agar sesuai dengan tujuan negara hukum, pembentukan konstitusi, dan pemisahan kekuasaan.

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This research using normative law research with juridical approach, historical approach, and comparative approach. The authority of pardon granted by President regulated in Article 14 paragraph (1) Constitution 1945 is giving great loss to the victim, including their family and to the society, since the victim as the most suffering side has no role in the process of pardon. Pardon concept where the rights of victim were not neglected is appropriate with Islamic law and Adat law. According to President Decree July 5th, 1959, Preambule of Constitution 1945, and Article 29 paragraph (1) and (2) of Constitution 1945, Islamic syariah shall applicated to all muslim. The authority of pardon granted by President is contradicted with the concept of pardon as in Hudud criminal act, Qishash, and Diyat in Syariah, but not contrary to Ta?zir criminal act. Those authority also not suitable with the Republic State concept with democracy as the core as the opponent of dictatorship, and Presidential government system which giving the authority to the head of state as well as to the head of government which make the executive power participate in judicial verdict which make it contrary to the theory of power separation. The aim of law state, formation of constitution, and separation of power are made to restrain arbitrariness of the ruler and ensure the rights of people. The authority of pardon granted by President, besides open the opportunity for arbitrariness also contravene with human rights, some of them are victim rights, including their family and society. Right to obtain justice and Right in religion emphasize the concept of pardon must giving equal position to the victim and the perpetrator as well. Article 14 paragraph (1) Constitution 1945 and Pardon Act shall be adjusted to make sure it will not contradicted with Preambule of Conitution 1945 and the concept of Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. There are two alternative concepts for the formulation and/or regulation amendment of pardon, they are unification and separation of law concepts. Pardon related to Hudud criminal act and Qishash should not be contradicted with Islamic law for muslim, and Adat law for non-muslim. While related to Ta'zir criminal act, the authority of pardon shoud be given to judges to ensure the aim of law state, formation of constitution, and separation of power"

"Seluruh warga negara Indonesia berhak atas pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak, tidak terkecuali penyandang disabilitas. Sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan peluang perbaikan kesejahteraan bagi penyandang disabilitas, disusunlah Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 tentang Penyandang Disabilitas yang memuat berbagai pengaturan tentang hak penyandang disabilitas dan kewajiban Negara dalam upaya pemenuhan hak-hak penyandang disabilitas. Terkait dengan aspek ketenagakerjaan, dalam Pasal 53 ayat (1) undang-undang tersebut mengamanatkan jumlah keterwakilan minimum tenaga kerja penyandang disabilitas sebesar 2% (dua persen) pada berbagai institusi maupun perusahaan, salah satunya Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN). Penelitian ini membahas kondisi pemenuhan ketentuan tersebut khususnya terkait aspek persamaan kesempatan kerja penyandang disabilitas dalam ruang lingkup industri perbankan BUMN. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan banyak faktor yang dapat menghambat optimalisasi pemenuhan ketentuan tersebut, baik dari sisi penyandang disabilitas, pemberi kerja dan pemerintah. Penelitian ini juga merumuskan tindakan-tindakan apa saja yang dapat dilakukan oleh negara sebagai upaya peningkatan pemenuhan hak penyandang disabilitas atas persamaan kesempatan kerja pada sektor formal, khususnya pada industri perbankan BUMN.

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All Indonesia’s citizens have the right to work and get a decent standard of living, including people with disabilities. To enhance the opportunities for enhancing the well-being of individuals with disabilities, the legislative measure known as Law No. 8/2016 on Persons with Disabilities was formulated. This law encompasses a range of additional provisions of the rights of individuals with disabilities and the responsibilities of the State in its endeavours to satisfy these rights. Regarding the matter of employment, Article 53 Paragraph 1 of Law Number 8/2016 on Persons with Disabilities presented a minimum representation of 2% (two percent) of workers with disabilities in various institutions and companies, including State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). This study examined the factors contributing to satisfying these provisions, explicitly focusing on equitable employment possibilities within the SOEs banking industry for people with disabilities. This study found that there was numerous factors impeded the effective fulfilment of these provisions, encompassing barriers encountered by individuals with disabilities, employers, and governmental entities. This study is anticipated to serve as a valuable resource for informing the State on potential measures that may be implemented to enhance the fulfilment of equitable employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities rights in the formal sector, with a particular focus on the banking industry within SOEs."

"ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan support system keluarga pada klien anak berstatus pembebasan bersyarat yang menjalani bimbingan pemasyarakatan, untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses bimbingan pemasyarakatan dan faktor pendukung serta penghambat dalam proses bimbingan pemasyarakatan di Balai Pemasyarakatan (BAPAS) Kelas I Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini sangat penting dan menarik untuk dilakukan karena secara khusus menjelaskan peran keluarga sebagai support system dalam bimbingan pemasyarakatan dan pemenuhan HAM generasi kedua, yang hampir tidak ditemukan dalam penelitian lain. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi studi literatur, dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran keluarga sebagai support system belum menunjukkan hasil yang optimal, karena adanya ketidakkonsistenan keluarga dalam mendukung klien anak. Bimbingan yang didapat berupa bimbingan kepribadian terutama keagamaan dan bimbingan kemandirian kurang diminati oleh klien anak. Selama menjalani bimbingan, klien anak masih mendapatkan tindakan diskriminasi berupa cemoohan, pengucilan dan ancaman dari pihak keluarga korban sehingga mengganggu pada pemenuhan hak anak yang berkaitan dengan HAM generasi kedua terutama hak sosial. Melihat situasi ini perlu ada perhatian dari semua pihak khususnya keluarga dan pembimbing kemasyarakatan dalam menangani situasi ini.

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ABSTRACT

 

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This study aimed to describe the role of the family as a support system on clients of parole status who undergo the correctional guidance, to find out how the correctional guidance process and supporting and inhibiting factors in the penal guidance process at the Correctional Center Class I in South Jakarta. This research is very important and interesting to be conducted because it specifically explains the role of the family as a support system in correctional guidance and fulfilment of the second generation human rights, which is hardly found in other research. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. Data gathering techniques include literature and documentary search, in-depth interviews and observations. The results showed that the role of the family as a support system had not shown optimal results, due to the inconsistency of the family in supporting child clients. Guidance obtained in the form of personality guidance especially religious and independence guidance is less attractive to child clients. While undergoing guidance, child clients still get discrimination in the form of ridicule, exclusion, and threats from the families of victims so that it disrupts the fulfillment of children's rights relating to second-generation human rights, especially social rights. Finally, this research study suggests that all parties especially the family and community guide in handling this situation.

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