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"This study seeks to explain the process of Audit Board article amendment in the constitutional reform as the source of current BPK’s performance, by answering questions: how much do informal networks influence constitutional maker’s decision and to what extent do the external pressures influence the informal networks on the amendment of Audit Board article? This study used a quantitative method to develop variables of social networks in examining how much informal networks based on ideational informal networks influence constitutional makers’ voting between 1999 and 2001 in six meetings which contained voting out of 39 meetings of the Audit Board article amendment. Illustrating statistically significant results of the influence of ideational informal networks on the constitutional makers’ decisions and the influence of high political effect (president’s preference) and strong party pressure on the ideational informal networks, this study shows that “the progressive liberal bloc” which can enforce constitutional reform – particularly Audit Board article though not full-scale reform – within the “ineffective formal institution” as it happened in transition era, has shown how informality’s outcome is in line with formality’s outcome, so it causes improved performance of Audit Board today. Because the statistical evidence talks to broader topics about the people representative bodies and governance, this study suggests paying more attention to the factors of constitutional makers’ networks, on and off the meetings of constitutional reform."

"Focuses on constitutional reform in Indonesia (1999-2002) from the perspective of shari'a. Discusses whether shari'a and democratic constitutionalism can be fused without compromising on human rights, the rule of law, and religious liberty."

"Perubahan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 didasarkan pada ketentuan Pasal 37 sebagai bentuk pembatasan terhadap prosedur perubahan sedangkan menyangkut pembatasan substansi materi muatan terlihat belum diakomodasi dengan baik. Konstitusi Republik Indonesia baik dalam pelaksanaan maupun perubahannya menunjukkan diperlukannya urgensi pembatasan materi muatan. Dalam perubahan pertama hingga keempat masih belum maksimal dalam menerapkan paradigma serta hakikat dari konstitusi itu sendiri. Hal ini terlihat dari beberapa ketentuan perubahan yang dilakukan belum menunjukkan pelaksanaan prinsip konstituen rakyat secara konsisten yang diwarnai dengan kepentingan politik jangka pendek, perdebatan mengenai bentuk perubahan, dan kepentingan mengubah prinsip fundamental yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Pendekatan perbandingan konstitusi pada beberapa negara lain diperlukan sebagai salah satu sumber referensi sehingga diperoleh pengaturan yang sesuai dengan nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat (living constitution) sehingga perubahan materi muatan yang tidak seharusnya dapat dikurangi di masa mendatang. Pembatasan secara substantive unamendabillity expilicit dipandang efektif namun terlihat masih minim dalam penerapannya yaitu hanya terdapat dalam ketentuan Pasal 37 ayat (5) terhadap bentuk negara kesatuan tidak dapat diubah. Lebih dari itu beberapa prinsip yang menjamin tegaknya konstitusionalisme yaitu prinsip kedaulatan rakyat, prinsip demokrasi dan prinsip negara hukum harus tetap diperhatikan dalam perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.

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Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia are based on the provisions of Article 37 as a form of procedural limitation of changes, while restrictions on the substance of the material content have not been accommodated properly. This can be seen from several provisions resulting from the amendments that have not shown the implementation of the principle of the people's constituents consistently, which are colored by short-term political interests, debates on the form of change, and interests in changing the basic principles contained in the constitution. Comparison of constitutions in several other countries is needed as a reference so that regulations are obtained that are in accordance with the values ​​that live in society (living constitution). Substantive unamendability explicit is considered effective but is still minimal in its application. Article 37 paragraph (5) is the only form of explicit substantive unamendability limitation, namely that the form of a unitary state cannot be changed. However, more than that, several principles that guarantee the upholding of constitutionalism, namely the principle of people's sovereignty, the principle of democracy and the principle of the rule of law, must still be considered in the amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis normatif terhadap kewenangan yang dimiliki oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam pengujian konstitusional undang-undang ratifikasi. Sebagaimana diketahui, kebutuhan kerjasama antarnegara berkembang secara signifikan dalam berbagai aspek. Dalam rangka mengadopsi dan mengimplementasi setiap perjanjian yang disetujui di tingkat bilateral, regional, dan multilateral, Indonesia wajib melakukan ratifikasi melalui legislasi nasional. Akan tetapi, produk hukum hasil ratifikasi perjanjian internasional bukan merupakan produk legislasi meskipun secara hierarki kedudukannya dikategorikan sebagai undang-undang. Hal ini disebabkan, sifat undang-undang ratifikasi itu sendiri terutama dalam hal substansi, yaitu adanya perbedaan karakteristik dengan undang-undang yang berlaku pada umumnya. Atas hal itu, pengujian terhadap undang-undang ratifikasi sepatutnya tidak dapat dilakukan mengingat persoalan yang dapat ditimbulkan. 

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This research attempts to analyze normatively the jurisdiction of Constitutional Court in doing constitutional review towards ratification act. As we know, the need of cooperation between countries is increasing significantly in variant aspects. In order to adopt and implement every single agreement that has been agreed in bilateral, regional, and multilateral level, Indonesia needs to ratify through national legislation. However, the product of ratification of international treaty is not legislation product law even though it is equally extended to the act based on hierarchy.  This caused by the nature of ratification act itself mainly in the substances area, in which comprehensively different with characteristics of common act applied.  Therefore, the examination of ratification act could not be done since it may disclose problematic decision."

"[ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas dua permasalahan: alasan mengapa Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia perlu memiliki kewenangan untuk mengadili perkara pengaduan konstitusional; dan bagaimana seharusnya mengatur penambahan kewenangan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia perlu mendapatkan kewenangan ini demi menjalankan prinsip negara hukum yang dianut Republik Indonesia, melindungi Hak Asasi Manusia, menegakkan supremasi konstitusi, menjalankan checks and balances, memenuhi esensi pendirian mahkamah konstitusi di dunia, menjalankan fungsi pengujian konstitusional secara utuh, dan secara empiris banyak kasus yang bersubstansi pengaduan konstitusional sudah diajukan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia; dan penambahan kewenangan tersebut hanya bisa dilakukan dengan amandemen undang-undang dasar.

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ABSTRACT

, This thesis mainly discusses two problems: the urgency of giving the

jurisdiction for constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia over constitutional

complaint; and how the jurisdiction is supposedly given. This thesis concludes

that: constitutional court should have jurisdiction over constitutional complaint in

order to implement the principles of ‘rule of law’, protect human rights, uphold

the supremacy of constitution, maintain checks and balances function, fulfill the

essence of establishing constitutional court, and completely implement the

function of constitutional review, and empirically there has been many cases in

constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia that contain constitutional complaint

substance; and the only way to give the jurisdiction to constitutional court of

Republic of Indonesia is to amend the constitution.]"

"Pengesampingan putusan memunculkan diskursus mengenai fleksibilitas tindak lanjutnya. Tesis ini hendak menjawab rumusan masalah yaitu pemaknaan finalitas dan kekuatan mengikat putusan dalam pembentukan undang-undang, serta fleksibilitas tindak lanjut putusan dalam pembentukan undang-undang. Metode penelitian berbentuk penelitian yuridis normatif melalui studi kepustakaan dengan komparasi negara Austria, Italia, Jerman, Turki, dan Rusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan makna final berarti tidak ada mekanisme hukum untuk menguji kembali putusan dan mengikat bersifat erga omnes atau mengikat umum, tapi sekaligus bersifat non-self implementing. Selanjutnya, kajian terhadap putusan MK tahun 2003-2013, ditemukan 15 putusan pengesampngan dengan karakteristik: (1) diundang 7 putusan dan tidak diundang 8 putusan; (2) eksplisit 5 putusan dan implisit 10 putusan; (3) berlasan 5 putusan dan tanpa alasan 10 putusan. Perbandingan negara lain, tidak terdapat pengaturan konstitusi yang mewajibkan mutlak selalu mengikuti putusan, sedangkan secara doktrinal Austria dan Jerman membolehkan pengesampingan, sedangkan Italia, Jerman, dan Turki melarang pengesampingan. Rasionalisasi pengesampingan: (1) pembentuk undang-undang memiliki kewenangan konstitusional untuk membentuk undangundang, sehingga dapat memberikan kembali validitas norma yang telah inkonstitusional; (2) pengesampingan merupakan wujud checks and balances antara cabang kekuasaanyaitu; (3) terjadinya keadaan sosial dan kebutuhan hukum baru dimasyarakat yang tidak sesuai lagi dengan putusan. Ketika terjadi pengesampingan putusan, haruslah berdasarkan argumentasi yang komperhensif dan rasional.

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The ignore response to decision raises discourse about the responds flexibility. This study aims to answer research questions, the meaning of finality and binding force of decisions in lawmaking, then the response flexibility to decisions in lawmaking. The research method is normative juridical research through literature study with comparative countries of Austria, Italy, Germany, Turkey, and Russia. The results show that the final meaning means that is no legal mechanism to review the decisions and erga omnes or binding generally to all legal subjects, but also limited by non-self implementing. Based on study to Constitutional Court decisions from 2003-2013, from 15 decisions are found with characteristics: (1) 7 invited decisions and 8 not invited decisions; (2) 5 explicit decisions and 10 implicit decisions; (3) 5 decisions with reason and 10 decision without reason. Comparison to other countries, no requirement to absolutely follow the decision, while doctrinally Austria and Germany allow ignore, but Italy, Germany, and Turkey prohibit ignore. The rationalization ignore: (1) the legislators have constitutional authority to form laws, so it is constitutional to give again the validity of unconstitutional norms; (2) ignore is a form of checks and balances between branches of power; (3) development social situation and new legal needs no longer in line with the decision. When the ignore of decision happened, it must be based on comprehensive and rational arguments."