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"Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the waste products of oil palm plantations and has not been optimally used in Riau Province, Sumatera, Indonesia. OPEFB is reduced by incineration, which causes pollution problems. However, the combustion of OPEFB generates ash, which is rich in potassium. Moreover, OPEFB fiber has good strength, low cost, low density, and biodegradability, and it can be used as composite reinforcement. However, the natural fibers in composites have poor compatibility with the matrix and relatively high moisture absorption. Hydrolysis of OPEFB ash creates a base solution that can be utilized in an alkaline treatment process to increase the mechanical properties of natural composites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various extracts of OPEFB ash on the tensile strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of an OPEFB fiber-polypropylene composite. The experimental design used was the Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The results showed that the tensile strength increased with an increase of fiber length and concentration of the OPEFB ash extract solution, but tensile strength decreased with a longer soaking time. Flexural strength increased with an increase in fiber length but decreased with an increase in the concentration of the OPEFB ash extract solution and longer soaking time. Water absorption increased with lower and higher concentrations of OPEFB ash extract solution and fiber length and with shorter and longer soaking times. The highest tensile strength (20.100 MPa) was achieved at 5%wt alkaline concentration, 36 h soaking time, and 3 cm fiber length. The highest flexural strength (30.216 MPa) was achieved at 5%wt alkaline concentration, 12 h soaking time, and 3 cm fiber length. The lowest water absorption (0.324%) was achieved at 10%wt alkaline concentration, 24 h soaking time, and 2 cm fiber length."

"Beberapa tahun terakhir, petani kelapa sawit Di Desa Toman yang menggantungkan hidupnya di sektor pertanian kelapa sawit berada pada posisi yang rentan. Di tengah kondisi kerentanan tersebut, mereka harus menghadapi proses peremajaan kelapa sawit yang membuat mereka kehilangan mata pencaharian dan sumber pendapatan utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan strategi adaptasi petani kelapa sawit dalam mempertahankan mata pencahariannya selama masa peremajaan kelapa sawit dengan menganalisa aktivitas, faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat dalam melakukan strategi adaptasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan Teknik observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan  informan yang terdiri dari pemerintah desa, KUD Makmur, dan petani kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi adaptasi pada petani kelapa sawit dilakukan melalui aktivitas produksi dan aktivitas konsumsi. Aktivitas produksi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti nelayan, buruh pabrik dan buruh tani, berternak, bertani sayuran, dan membuka usaha kecil-kecilan, sedangkan aktivitas konsumsi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti meminimalisir pengeluaran dan meminjam uang dengan memanfaatkan jaringan sosial. Kemudian adanya aset penghidupan yang juga sangat penting bagi petani kelapa sawit dalam mendukung aktivitas yang dilakukan. Hasil penelitian ini juga menyarankan kepada pihak pemerintah desa, petani kelapa sawit, dan KUD Makmur untuk lebih memperhatikan petani kelapa sawit dengan meminimalisir akibat dari peremajaan kelapa sawit yang dilakukan.

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In recent years, the economic sustainability of oil palm farmers in the Toman village who have depended on the oil palm agriculture sector is in vulnerable state because of their low income. In addition to that difficult situation, the farmers have to face another issue which is replanting oil palm that took place simultaneously. This research aims to describe the adaptation strategy by the oil palm farmers during the oil palms replanting program to maintain their livelihood, by analyzing the supporting and inhibiting factors of the adaption strategy. This research conducted by qualitative approach and applies descriptive research. The data collection conducted through observation and in-depth interview with  informants who were composed of the local government, the local cooperative (KUD Makmur), and the oil palm farmers. The result shows that two form of oil palm farmerss adaptation strategy persist during replanting program to sustain their livelihood which are first, production activities and second, consumption activities. Production and income activities done by oil palm farmers such as working as fishermen, factory workers and farm laborers, livestock raising, vegetable farming, and opening small businesses while consumption activities done by oil palm farmers such as reducing expenses and borrowing money by utilizing their social networks. Furthermore, there are contributing factors of oil palm farmerss adaptation strategy, namely, livelihood asset. The results of this research also suggest the local government, oil palm farmers, and local cooperative (KUD Makmur) to give more attention by minimizing inhibiting factors for oil palm farmers during the replanting program."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai tinjauan yuridis pertanggungjawaban Uni Eropa terhadap sengketa kelapa sawit yang terjadi di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang bersifat yuridis normatif, yakni mengkaji pelaksanaan atau implementasi ketentuan hukum atau aturan secara faktual pada suatu peristiwa hukum tertentu yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditentukan. Kali ini Indonesia dihadapkan dengan sengketa perdagangan Internasional dengan Uni Eropa yaitu terkait dengan produk kelapa sawit. Uni Eropa dalam kebijakan RED II akan menghentikan pemakaian minyak sawit sebagai bahan bakar nabati pada tahun 2030, karena isu pengrusakkan lingkungan. Hal ini tentu berdampak pada perdagangan Indonesia, terutama dengan adanya penurunan ekspor minyak kelapa sawit atau CPO ke Eropa secara bertahap dari tahun 2021 sampai di hilangkan pada tahun 2030. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerugian pada pendapatan negara Indonesia, pengurangan tenaga kerja, stok yang berlebihan, pengurangan devisa negara, dan mengurangi kesejahteraan petani dan pengusaha sawit Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Indonesia telah mengajukan gugatan ke WTO lewat badan penyelesaian sengketa WTO atas tindakan diskriminasi produk kelapa sawit. Kebijakan RED II dianggap telah membatasi akses pasar minyak sawit ke Eropa dengan regulasi dan persyaratan-persyaratannya. Berdasarkan kesimpulan penulisan tesis ini kebijakan RED II telah melanggar ketentuan dalam perjanjian perdagangan internasional, bahwa kebijakan RED II tidak sesuai dengan aturan WTO, khususnya tentang perjanjian Technical Barriers to Trade, dan GATT 1994. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlunya merevisi atau mengubah kebijakan RED II Uni Eropa untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan liberalisasi perdagangan sesuai dengan aturan WTO, sehingga tidak menimbulkan kerugian terhadap produk minyak kelapa sawit dan produk produk lain kedepannya.

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This thesis discusses the juridical review of the EU's responsibility for oil palm disputes in Indonesia. The research method used is a descriptive normative juridical study, which examines the factual implementation or implementation of legal provisions or rules on a certain legal event that occurs in society to achieve specified goals. This time Indonesia is faced with an international trade dispute with the European Union, which is related to palm oil products. The European Union in the RED II policy will stop the use of palm oil as a biofuel by 2030, due to issues of environmental destruction. This certainly has an impact on Indonesia's trade, especially with the gradual decline in exports of palm oil or CPO to Europe from 2021 until it is eliminated in 2030. This will result in losses to Indonesia's state income, reduction of labor, excessive stock, reduction of foreign exchange, and reduce the welfare of Indonesian palm oil farmers and entrepreneurs. Based on the results of the research, Indonesia has filed a lawsuit to the WTO through the WTO dispute resolution agency for discrimination against palm oil products. The RED II policy is considered to have limited market access for palm oil to Europe with its regulations and requirements. Based on the conclusion of this thesis, the RED II policy has violated the provisions in the international trade agreement, that the RED II policy is not in accordance with the WTO rules, especially regarding the Technical Barriers to Trade agreement, and GATT 1994. The results of the study suggest the need to revise or change the EU RED II policy to adapt to the development of trade liberalization in accordance with WTO rules, so as not to cause harm to palm oil products and other products in the future."

"In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level by using steam-stripping that causes, also, the loss of nutraceuticals such as tocopherols and carotenoids. An alternative method, such as solvent extraction, to separate free fatty acids, especially palmitic acid as the major free fatty acid present in palm oil, will conserves not only the important nutraceuticals but, also, conserves energy because a steam requirement is eliminated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), each consisting of betaine as the hydrogen bonding acceptor and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donor, to extract palmitic acid from palm oil. The goal is to obtain a NADES that is able to extract palmitic acid from palm oil with the highest extraction yield. The viscosity of various studied NADES was 10-236 cSt while the polarity parameter, determined by using Nile red as the solvatochromic dye, was 48.9-50.8 kcal/mol. The obtained data shows that, for NADES having similar polarity to that of betaine, the extraction yields reduce with increasing viscosity of the NADES. The highest extraction yield of 60% (w/w), corresponding to a distribution coefficient value of 0.75, was obtained by using NADES consisting of betaine and 1,2-butanediol. The extraction yield and distribution coefficient values indicated the potential of NADES, prepared by friendly compounds of betaine and polyalcohols, as alternative green solvents in the solvent extraction process when separating free fatty acids from palm oil."

"Indonesia merupakan produsen minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia sejak mendahuluiMalaysia di tahun 2008. Industri kelapa sawit memiliki kontribusi signifikan terhadap ProdukDomestik Bruto Indonesia. Kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive II to the Delegated Act2019 yang diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa mengancam keberlanjutan industri kelapa sawitIndonesia dengan rencana untuk menghentikan penggunaan kelapa sawit per tahun 2030.Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, Indonesia berupaya mencari pasar baru untuk kelapa sawitdengan menjalin kerja sama dengan berbagai negara, salah satunya Persatuan Emirat Arab(“PEA”) sebagaimana tertuang dalam IUAE-CEPA. Penelitian ini menganalisis prosespembentukan IUAE-CEPA tersebut serta potensi peningkatan ekspor minyak sawit Indonesiadengan diberlakukannya IUAE-CEPA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif denganmenggunakan gabungan metode doktrinal dan nondoktrinal. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukanbahwa pembentukan IUAE-CEPA dapat mendukung perdagangan antara Indonesia dan PEAserta membantuk Indonesia mengakses pasar baru, tidak hanya PEA, namun juga ke negara-negara Timur Tengah lainnya dengan PEA sebagai pintu masuk.

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Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world since overtaking Malaysia in 2008. The palm oil industry has a significant contribution to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product. The 2019 Renewable Energy Directive II to the Delegated Act policy implemented by the European Union threatens the sustainability of the Indonesian palm oil industry with plans to stop using palm oil by 2030. To overcome this, Indonesia is trying to find new markets for palm oil by collaborating with various countries, one of which is the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) as stated in IUAE-CEPA. This research analyzes the process of establishing the IUAE-CEPA as well as the potential for increasing Indonesian palm oil exports with the implementation of the IUAE-CEPA. This research is normative juridical research using a combination of doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods. In this research, it was found that the formation of IUAE-CEPA could support trade between Indonesia and the UAE and help Indonesia access new markets, not only the UAE, but also other Middle Eastern countries with the PEA as an entry point."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepentingan dan kinerja sertifikasi Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), kendala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dalam melakukan sertifikasi serta upayaupaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam memperbaiki kinerja layanan sertifikasi ISPO. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian campuran (mix method) dengan menggunakan metode sequensial explanatory. Teknik pengumpulan data kuantitatif melalui kuesioner tertutup dengan skala likert dan kuesioner terbuka, sedangkan penelitian kualitatif menggunakan wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dan terstruktur. Selain itu, peneliti juga melakukan studi pustaka, dan observasi. Untuk penelitian kuantitatif, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan lima dimensi pengukuran kepuasan pelayanan pelanggan yakni dimensi berwujud (tangible), keandalan (reliability), kecepatan (responsiveness), kepastian (assurance) dan keempatian (emphty). Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi ISPO pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO, serta personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO. Jumlah unit analisis pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO adalah tiga puluh Sembilan (39) orang yang mewakili perusahaan, dan lima puluh empat (54) orang personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi dari perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis Important Performance Analysis (IPA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepuasan perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO terhadap kinerja pelayanan sertifikasi ISPO menunjukkan puas, dengan nilai tingkat kesesuaian antara kepentingan dan kinerja lima dimensi pelayanan sebesar 80,72%. Kendala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO antara lain masalah legalitas kebun (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU dan perizinan), sumber daya manusia dan teknis operasional. Upayaupaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kinerja pelayanan sertifikasi ISPO antara lain melakukan perbaikan aspek organisasi dan sumber daya manusia, mencari solusi atas hal-hal yang selama ini menjadi kendala dalam sertifikasi antara lain mempercepat proses pengurusan HGU dan redesain kawasan, serta mempertegas regulasi dalam keorganisasian ISPO.

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This study aims to determine the level of important and performance certification of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), the constraints faced by oil palm plantation companies in conducting certification and efforts that can be done to improve the performance of ISPO certification services. This research is mix study, using sequential explanatory method. Quantitative data collection techniques through a closed questionnaire with Likert scale and open questionnaire, where as qualitative research using structure depth interview. In addition, the researchers also conducted literature study and observation.

For the quantitative study, researchers used the five dimensions of satisfaction measurement services the tangible dimension (tangible), reliability (reliability), speed (responsiveness), certainty (assurance) and emphaty (emphty). The unit of analysis in this study is that the personnel responsible for ISPO certification on oil palm plantation companies that have received the certificate of ISPO, and personnel who are responsible for the certification of oil palm plantation companies that have not made the effort ISPO certification. The number of units of analysis on oil palm plantation companies that have received the certificate of ISPO are 39 people who represent the company, and 54 personnel who are responsible for the certification of oil palm plantation companies that have not made the effort ISPO certification. Data were analyzed using analysis of Important Performance Analysis (IPA).

The results showed that the level of satisfaction of palm oil plantation companies that have received ISPO certificate against certification service performance ISPO show satisfied, with the value of the degree of correspondence between the important and the performance of the five dimensions of service amounted to 80.72%. Constraints faced by palm oil plantation companies who have made efforts ISPO certification, among others, the legality of the garden (HGU and licensing), human resources and technical operational. Efforts can be made to improve service performance ISPO certification among others make improvements and organizational aspects of human resources, find solutions for things that become obstacles in the certification include speeding up the process to obtain the concession and redesigning the area, as well as reinforce the regulation in ISPO organization."

"The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent."