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"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Kolitis infeksi adalah proses inflamasi pada usus besar yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri patogen, seperti Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli, dan Campylobacter. Dibuktikan dengan pemeriksaan kultur tinja, tetapi biayanya cukup mahal, perlu waktu dan tidak selalu tersedia di semua fasilitas kesehatan. Rekomendasi WHO jumlah lekosit lebih dari 10 per LPB untuk Shigella disentriae dengan klinis disentri dan merupakan indikasi pemberian antibiotika. Sering ditemukan anak diare dengan lekosit kurang dari 10/LPB tetapi hasil kultur positif bakteri patogen. Mencari hubungan jumlah lekosit tinja dengan kejadian diare yang disebabkan infeksi bakteri patogen yang memerlukan terapi antibiotika.Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi, sebaran bakteri patogen, nilai leukosit mikroskopik tinja pada anak dengan kolitis infeksi bakteri. Mengetahui hubungan leukosit tinja dengan kultur tinja dan pola sensitivitas antibiotika pada kolitis infeksi bakteri.Metode. Penelitian deskriptif dengan metode potong lintang dan uji diagnostik untuk menilai sensitivitas hitung leukosit tinja untuk mendiagnosis kolitis infeksi bakteri. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Rujukan Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, dari bulan Januari- Juni 2015.Hasil. Dari 45 subjek penelitian ditemukan kultur positif pada 19 subjek (42,2%). Bakteri terbanyak yang ditemukan adalah E.coli (79%), Salmonella sp. (10,5%), dan C.difficille (10,5%). Pada titik potong ROC ditemukan nilai lekosit >8 per LPB dengan sensitivitas 0,654 dan spesifisitas 0.632. E.coli masih memperlihatkan sensitivitas cukup tinggi terhadap kloramfenikol dan siprofloksasin tetapi tidak terhadap sefiksim. Salmonella sp. sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol, sefiksim, dan seftriakson, sedangkan C. difficile sensitif terhadap Seftriakson.Simpulan. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan sebanyak 19 (42,2%) subyek penderita diare hasil kultur tinja positif bakteri patogen dan pada titik potong ROC ditemukan nilai lekosit > 8 per LPB dengan sensitivitas 65.4% dan spesifisitas 63.2%. Pada pola sensitivitas antibiotika, E.coli sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol dan siprofloksasin dan Salmonella dan C.difficile sensitif terhadap seftriakson.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Infective colitis is an inflammatory process in the colon caused by pathogenic bacterial infection, such as Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli, and Campylobacter. Diagnosis is made by fecal culture, but the cost is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and not readily available in every health facility. WHO recommends that fecal leukocyte more than 10 per HPF for the diagnosis of Shigella disentriae with clinical symptom of dysentriae and indicated for antibiotic treatment. Often there are diarrheic children with leukocyte less than 10/HPF but the culture is positive for pathogenic bacteria. This study would like to look for the relationship between fecal leukocyte and incidence of diarrhea caused by pathogenic bacteria infection that requires antibiotic therapy.Objective. To study the prevalence, distribution of pathogenic bacteria, leukocyte count in fecal microscopic test in children with bacterial infective colitis. To study the relationship between fecal leukocyte and fecal culture with sensitivity pattern of antibiotics in bacterial infective colitis.Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study and diagnostic test to study the sensitivity of fecal leukocyte count in diagnosing bacterial infective colitis. Study was performed in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, from January to June 2015.Results. From 45 study subjects, positive culture was found in 19 subjects (42.2%), and the most common bacteria were E.coli (79%), Salmonella sp. (10.5%), and C. difficille (10,5%). At the ROC we found leukocyte count >8 per HPF as cutoff point with 0.654 sensitivity and 0.632 specificity. E. coli still showed relatively high sensitivity to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, but not to cefixime. Salmonella sp. were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefixime, and ceftriaxone, while C. difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone.Conclusion. In this study there were 19 (42.2%) subjects with diarrhea, with positive fecal culture for pathogenic bacteria. At the ROC cutoff point we found leukocyte count > 8 per HPF with 65.4% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity. On the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, E. coli was sensitive to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, while Salmonella dan C.difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone, Background. Infective colitis is an inflammatory process in the colon caused by pathogenic bacterial infection, such as Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli, and Campylobacter. Diagnosis is made by fecal culture, but the cost is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and not readily available in every health facility. WHO recommends that fecal leukocyte more than 10 per HPF for the diagnosis of Shigella disentriae with clinical symptom of dysentriae and indicated for antibiotic treatment. Often there are diarrheic children with leukocyte less than 10/HPF but the culture is positive for pathogenic bacteria. This study would like to look for the relationship between fecal leukocyte and incidence of diarrhea caused by pathogenic bacteria infection that requires antibiotic therapy.Objective. To study the prevalence, distribution of pathogenic bacteria, leukocyte count in fecal microscopic test in children with bacterial infective colitis. To study the relationship between fecal leukocyte and fecal culture with sensitivity pattern of antibiotics in bacterial infective colitis.Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study and diagnostic test to study the sensitivity of fecal leukocyte count in diagnosing bacterial infective colitis. Study was performed in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, from January to June 2015.Results. From 45 study subjects, positive culture was found in 19 subjects (42.2%), and the most common bacteria were E.coli (79%), Salmonella sp. (10.5%), and C. difficille (10,5%). At the ROC we found leukocyte count >8 per HPF as cutoff point with 0.654 sensitivity and 0.632 specificity. E. coli still showed relatively high sensitivity to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, but not to cefixime. Salmonella sp. were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefixime, and ceftriaxone, while C. difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone.Conclusion. In this study there were 19 (42.2%) subjects with diarrhea, with positive fecal culture for pathogenic bacteria. At the ROC cutoff point we found leukocyte count > 8 per HPF with 65.4% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity. On the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, E. coli was sensitive to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, while Salmonella dan C.difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone]"

"Latar Belakang: Pada tanggal 12 Maret 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) mengumumkan penyakit Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) sebagai pandemi yang disebabkan oleh virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infeksi virus dapat menyebabkan kolonisasi organ yang terinfeksi akibat penurunan respon imun oleh patogen akibat penurunan respons imun serta masuknya bakteri patogen melalui akses yang diperantarai oleh mikroorganisme oportunis. Hingga saat ini telah banyak studi yang membahas COVID-19 dari aspek epidemiologi dan karakteristik klinis namun informasi terkait infeksi sekunder akibat bakteri pada COVID-19 masih terbatas.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan dengan menelusuri data rekam medis pasien yang memiliki riwayat perawatan pneumonia COVID-19 di ruang isolasi Pinere RSUP Persahabatan sejak 1 Januari 2021 - 31 Desember 2021. Total sampel pada penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 111 pasien.Hasil Penelitian: Total pasien pneumonia COVID-19 yang dirawat di ruang isolasi Pinere selama tahun 2021 yaitu sebanyak 718 pasien. Pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi adalah sebanyak 111 pasien. Karakteristik pasien pneumonia COVID-19 didominasi oleh jenis kelamin laki-laki, median usia 53 tahun, lama rawat 11 hari, status gizi obesitas, belum divaksin, derajat keparahan sedang, penggunaan antivirus remdesivir, antibiotik levofloksasin, azitromisin dan kortikosteroid. Terdapat pertumbuhan bakteri pada 41,5% hasil biakan yang terdiri dari gram negatif (38,8%) dan gram positif (2,7%). Klebsiella pneumoniae merupakan bakteri gram positif terbanyak yang tumbuh, sedangkan Enterococcus faecalis merupakan satu-satunya gram positif yang tumbuh. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara hasil biakan patogen saluran napas terhadap luaran pasien pneumonia COVID-19 (nilai p=0,738). Derajat keparahan tidak berhubungan dengan hasil biakan, tetapi berhubungan dengan luaran pasien pneumonia COVID-19.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara hasil biakan patogen saluran napas terhadap luaran pasien pneumonia COVID-19.

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Background: World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus on March 12, 2020. Viral infections can cause colonization of infected organs due to decreased immune response and entry of pathogenic bacteria through access mediated by opportunistic microorganism. Until now, there have been many studies discussing COVID-19 from the aspect of epidemiology and clinical characteristics, but information regarding secondary infections caused by bacteria in COVID-19 is still limited.

Methods: The design of this study is cross-sectional by tracing the medical record data of patients who had a history of treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia in the Pinere isolation ward of Persahabatan General Hospital from January 1st 2021 to December 31st 2021. The total sample in this study was 111 patients.

Result: The total number of COVID-19 patients treated in the Pinere isolation room during 2021 is 718 patients. Patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were 111 patients. The characteristics of COVID-19 patients were dominated by male, median age 53 years, length of stay 11 days obesity, not yet vaccinated, moderate severity, use of antiviral remdesivir, antibiotics levofloxacin, azithromycin and corticosteroid. There was bacterial growth in 41,5% of culture results consisting of gram negative (38,8%) and gram positive (2,7%). Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most gram positive bacteria that grows, while Enterococcus faecalis is the only gram positive that grows. There was no relationship between the results of respiratory tract cultures and the outcomes of COVID-19 patients (p value = 0.738). The severity of COVID-19 is not associated to culture results, but is associated to the patient’s outcome.

Conclusion: There was no relationship between the results of respiratory tract cultures and the outcomes of COVID-19 patients."

"Latar Belakang: Patogenitas Corynebacterium pada infeksi difteri, sangat terkait dengan toksin yang dihasilkannya. Indonesia merupakan negara ke dua di dunia yang memiliki kasus difteri terbanyak dengan 1.665 kasus dan 29 kasus kematian di tahun 2018. Toksin difteri dapat dihasilkan oleh 3 spesies penyebab, yaitu C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, dan C. pseudotuberculosis yang sulit dibedakan secara mikroskopik dan kultur, sehingga diperlukan deteksi molekuler untuk membedakanya. Karakterisasi C. diphtheriae sebagai spesies penyebab utama, diperlukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatanya dengan spesies negara lain untuk mencari kemungkinan sumber infeksi. Metode: Sebanyak 108 sampel klinis digunakan dalam penenlitian ini. Teknik kultur dilakukan untuk mendeteksi 3 Corynebacterium patogenik, sedangkan realtime PCR hanya dirancang untuk mendeteksi C. ulcerans dan C. pseudotuberculosis. Pengujian inhibitor, sensitifitas, dan spesifisitas dilakukan pada tahap optimasi. Karakterisasi C. diphtheriae dilakukan dengan metode sekuensing menggunakan gen rpoB parsial pada kultur sampel klinis. Hasil: Limit deteksi real-time PCR untuk C. ulcerans dan C. pseudotuberculosis secara berurutan sebanyak 4,49 dan 1,06 DNA copy number. Uji spesifisitas terhadap 18 mikrorganisme menunjukkan tidak terdapat reaksi silang. Pengujian terhadap 108 sampel klinis memberikan hasil yang sama dengan kultur, tidak ditemukan C. ulcerans dan C. pseudotuberculosis. Pada kultur sampel klinis ditemukan C. diphtheriae sebanyak 10 sampel (9,26%), yang dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4 clade yaitu clade I, III, IV dan V dengan similaritas 99,2 % sampai 99,7%. Kesimpulan: Kasus suspek difteri dalam studi ini tidak berkaitan dengan infeksi C. ulcerans dan C. pseudotuberculosis, dan hanya positif C. diphtheriae . Hasil karakterisasi gen rpoB pada C. diphtheriae, memperlihatkan hubungan kekerabatan dengan beberapa negara.

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Background: Pathogenicity of Corynebacterium in diphtheria infection is closely related to toxin production. Indonesia is the second highest country in the world that has the most diphtheria cases with 1,665 cases and 29 deaths in 2018. Diphtheria toxin can be produced by 3 species, such as C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis which are difficult to distinguish microscopically and culture, therefor molecular detection is needed to differentiate them. Characterization of C. diphtheriae as the main causative species, is needed to determine its relationship with other countries to find possible source of infection.

Method: A total of 108 clinical samples were used in this study. Culture techniques were performed to detect 3 pathogenic Corynebacterium and real-time PCR was only designed to detect C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. Inhibitor, sensitivity and specificity testing were carried out at the optimization stage. Characterization of C. diphtheriae from culture of clinical samples, was carried out by sequencing method using partial rpoB genes.

Result: The real-time PCR detection limits for C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis were 4.49 and 1.06 DNA copy number, respectively. Specificity test for 18 microorganism showed no cross reaction. Tested on 108 clinical samples gave the same results as culture, there were not found C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. In clinical culture samples found 10 (9.26%) C. diphtheriae, which can be grouped into 4 clades namely clades I, III, IV and V with similarities of 99.2% to 99.7%.

Conclusion: Suspected diphtheria cases in this study were not related to C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis infections, and were only positive for C. diphtheriae. The results of the rpoB gene characterization test on C. diphtheriae showed a close relationship with several countries.

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"ABSTRAKKeamanan pangan saat ini telah menjadi isu penting dalam kesehatan masyarakat.Sekitar 10-20 kejadian luar biasa pada penyakit akibat makanan disebabkan oleh terkontaminasinya makanan dan minuman oleh mikroorganisme pathogen melalui penjamah makanan.Sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai bakteri patogen pada penjamah makanan di kantin ini.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kejadian infeksi bakteri patogen pada penjamah makanan di kantin sebuah kampus di Depok. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan bulan Mei-Juni 2017 di kantin sebuah kampus di Depok.Populasi penelitian ini seluruh penjamah makanan yang berada di kantin sebuah kampus di Depok.Jumlah sampel 60 orang penjamah makanan.Data yang dikumpulkan merupakan data primer yaitu hasil wawancara dan observasi data karakteristik dan perilaku penjamah, serta data infeksi bakteri patogen melalui pemeriksaan feses di laboratorium.Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa 60 penjamah makanan termasuk dalam kelompok umur tidak berisiko 30-50 tahun , proporsi penjamah makanan berjenis kelamin laki-laki sedikit lebih banyak dari perempuan 53,3 , mayoritas berpendidikan rendah 58,3 , setengahnya pernah mengikuti pelatihan kesehatan 50 , dan seluruhnya belum pernah melakukan imunisasi tifoid. Hasil pemeriksaan feses diketahui bahwa ada 3 penjamah makanan yang teridentifikasi mengandung bakteri E.coli O157 dalam fesesnya. Selain itu perilaku dan personal hygiene sebagian besar penjamah termasuk dalam kategori kurang baik, faktor lingkungan seperti fasilitas sanitasi kantin sebagian besar sudah memenuhi syarat, dan 83,3 penjamah tidak ada riwayat kontak dengan binatang. Secara statistik tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara karakteristik, perilaku, personal hygiene, fasilitas sanitasi dan riwayat kontak dengan binatang terhadap infeksi bakteri patogen.Dengan melihat hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar pihak kampus terus melakukan edukasi terhadap penjamah makanan terkait perilaku dalam pengelolaan makanan dan pengawasan secara rutin terhadap kualitas kesehatan penjamah, kualitas makanan dan kondisi sanitasi agar kantin dan penjamah tidak menjadi sarana penyebaran penyakit.

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ABSTRACTCurrent food security has become an important issue in public health. Approximately 10 20 of the extraordinary incidence of foodborne illness is caused by food and drink contamination by pathogenic microorganisms through food handlers. Until now there has been no research on pathogenic bacteria at food handlers in this canteen.The purpose of this study is to know the incidence of pathogenic bacterial infections in food handlers in the cafeteria of a campus in Depok. The research design used was cross sectional. The study was conducted in May June 2017 in the canteen of a campus in Depok. The population of this study is all food handlers located in the cafeteria of a campus in Depok. The sample size is 60 food handlers. The data collected are primary data that is the result of interview and observation of characteristic and behavioral data of the handler, and data of bacterial pathogen infection through stool examination in the laboratory.The results of the study revealed that 60 of food handlers were included in the non risk age group 30 50 years , the proportion of male sex food handlers was slightly higher than women 53.3 , the majority of them were low educated 58.3 , Half have attended health training 50 , and all have never done tifoid immunization. The results of faecal examination revealed that there are 3 food handlers identified contain bacteria E. coli O157 in fesesnya. In addition, the behavior and personal hygiene of most of the handlers are in poor category, environmental factors such as canteen sanitation facilities are largely eligible, and 83.3 of the handlers have no history of contact with animals. There was no statistically significant relationship between characteristics, behavior, personal hygiene, sanitation facilities and contact history with animals against pathogenic bacterial infections.By looking at the results of this study, it is suggested that the campus continue to educate food handlers related to behavior in food management and regular supervision on the quality of health of the handlers, food quality and sanitary conditions for canteen and handlers not be a means of spreading the disease."

"Kontaminasi makanan terhadap mikroorganisme, terutama bakteri merupakan penyebab terbesar terjadinya keracunan makanan. Agen antibakteri dengan kandungan senyawa alami menarik perhatian, salah satunya mikroalga. Namun, informasi mengenai potensi antibakteri dari mikroalga masih terpaku pada beberapa spesies. Oleh karena itu, skrining aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan untuk menemukan potensi dari spesies baru. Ekstraksi metabolit mikroalga secara bertingkat menggunakan n-heksan, etil asetat, dan etanol. Kemudian, pengujian dilakukan dengan metode resazurin reduction (RR)assay untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri dan Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2010 Ultra dengan fase diam Rtx-5MS untuk analisis senyawa aktif. Hasil menunjukkan isolat Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli InaCC B5 dan Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4, isolat Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 dan Bacillus cereus InaCC B9, serta isolat Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 juga dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 dan Bacillus cereus InaCC B9. Kandungan senyawa aktif yang ditemukan berupa methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoate, dan methyl cis-11,14,17-Icosatrienoate.

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Food contamination of microorganisms, especially bacteria is the biggest cause of food poisoning. Antibacterial agents with the content of natural compounds attract attention, one of which is microalgae. However, information regarding the antibacterial potential of microalgae is still fixated on some species. Therefore, screening of antibacterial activity is carried out in order to discover the potential of new species. Extraction of microalgae metabolites in a serial using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Then, testing was carried out using resazurin reduction (RR) assay method to determine antibacterial activity and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2010 Ultra with a stationary phase of Rtx-5MS for active compound analysis. The results showed that Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli InaCC B5 and Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4, Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 and Bacillus cereus InaCC B9, as well as Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 also inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 and Bacillus cereus InaCC B9. The active compounds found are methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoate, and methyl cis-11,14,17-Icosatrienoate."

"Latar Belakang: Terdapat peningkatan angka kejadian sepsis pada populasi pediatrik. Bakteri batang Gram negatif merupakan mikroorganisme penyebab terbanyak sepsis pada pediatrik. Studi dari berbagai negara melaporkan terdapat peningkatan angka resistansi bakteri batang Gram negatif namun laporan dari negara berpenghasilan rendah seperti Indonesia masih kurang. Penelitian ini melakukan pemeriksaan fenotipik dan genotipik untuk mengetahui prevalensi bakteri batang Gram negatif resistan multiobat pada pasien pediatrik dengan diagnosis sepsis di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada tahun 2020.Metode: Studi cross-sectional ini dilakukan Februari hingga Oktober 2020 dengan subjek penelitian pasien pediatrik dengan diagnosis kerja sepsis yang dirawat di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2020 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Masing-masing subjek dilakukan pengambilan spesimen darah 2 lokasi. Organisme diidentifikasi dan uji kepekaan dengan mesin VITEK-2 dan pemeriksaan molekular dengan Hybridspot-12. Data rekam medis pasien dikumpulkan untuk mencari faktor yang memengaruhi sepsis akibat bakteri batang Gram negatif resistan multiobat.Hasil Penelitian: Didapatkan 94 spesimen darah dari 47 subjek penelitian dengan prevalensi bakteri batang Gram negatif resistan multiobat sebesar 14,9% (7/47). Patogen Gram negatif yang ditemukan adalah Klebsiella pneumonia sebesar 12,8% (6/47) dan Enterobacter cloaceae 2,13% (1/47). Studi ini mendeteksi gen ESBL yang terdiri dari 13 CTX-M dan 8 SHV serta gen karbapenemase yang terdiri dari 12 NDM dan 1 GES. Dari delapan faktor yang dianalisis bivariat didapatkan lama hari rawat sebelum pengambilan spesimen (p= 0,02) dan asal ruang perawatan pasien (p= 0,04) sebagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan infeksi bakteri batang Gram negatif resistan multiobat.Kesimpulan: Pada studi ini, bakteri batang Gram negatif resistan multiobat merupakan patogen penyebab sepsis terbanyak pada pediatrik. Program pengendalian infeksi dan pengendalian resistansi antibiotik perlu digalakkan untuk membatasi transmisi dan kejadian mikroba resistan multiobat.

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Background: There is an increasing incidence of sepsis in the pediatric population. Gram-negative rods are the most common cause of pediatric sepsis. Studies from various countries report an increase in the resistance rate of Gram-negative rods but reports from low-income countries such as Indonesia are still lacking. This study carried out phenotypic and genotypic examinations to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in pediatric patients with a diagnosis of sepsis at RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo in 2020.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted from February to October 2020. Each subject took blood specimens at 2 locations. Organisms were identified and susceptibility assayed with the VITEK-2 machine and molecular assay with Hybridspot-12. Data from pediatric patients with a working diagnosis of sepsis who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed for factors that influence sepsis due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Results: Among 47 patients, 94 blood specimens were obtained. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria was 14.9% (7/47). The pathogen found were Klebsiella pneumonia by 12.8% (6/47) and Enterobacter cloacae 2,13% (1/47). This study detected an ESBL genes consisting of 13 CTX-M and 8 SHV and carbapenemase genes consisting of 12 NDM and 1 GES. Of the eight factors analyzed, the length of hospitalization before specimen collection (p = 0.02) and the patient’s ward (p = 0.04) were factors associated with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infection.

Conclusion: In this study, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative rods were the most common pathogen causing sepsis in pediatrics. Infection control and antibiotic resistance control programs need to be promoted to limit the transmission and development of multidrug-resistant organisms."

"[Transmisi infeksi protozoa usus dapat diminimalisir melalui memperhatikan pola hidup bersih dengan baik. Pola hidup bersih terdiri dari status sanitasi dasar, kebersihan pribadi, dan kebersihan konsumsi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati hubungan antara pola hidup bersih dan temuan protozoa usus dengan menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada Juli 2014 terhadap 94 penduduk dewasa sebagai subyek penelitian di DKI Jakarta dan TPA Bantar Gebang. Subyek penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, status pola hidup bersih yang baik dan pola hidup bersih yang tidak baik. Hasil penelitian didapatkan pada 53 subyek dengan status sanitasi dasar yang baik ditemukan hanya 41,5% temuan protozoa usus positif. Pada 70 subyek dengan kebersihan pribadi yang baik, hanya 48,6% temuan protozoa usus positif. Pada 56 subyek dengan kebersihan konsumsi yang baik, hanya 39,3% temuan protozoa usus positif. Pada penelitian ini, didapatkan p:0,035; 0,409;0,006, berurutan.Rasio prevalensi pada kebersihan konsumsi yang didapatkan yakni 3 (IK 95% 1,4-7,9)., Transmission of the intestinal protozoan infection can be minimized by focusing on hygienic lifestyle. Hygienic lifestyle consists of basic hygiene, personal hygiene, and food hygiene. This research was made to observe the correlation between hygiene lifestyle and the finding of intestinal protozoan, using cross sectional design. The data collection was held in July 2014 to the 94 adult people as the research subjects in Jakarta and Bantar Gebang landfill. The research subjects were divided into two groups, good hygienic lifestyle and poor hygienic lifestyle. Result of this research was known that 53 subjects as good basic hygienic, positive finding of intestinal protozoan was only 41,5%. In 70 subjects as good personal hygiene, positive finding of intestinal protozoan was only 48,6%. In 56 subjects as good food hygiene, positive finding of intestinal protozoan was only 39,3%. In this research, p: 0,035; 0,409; 0,006, respectively. Prevalence ratio of food hygiene was 3 (CI 95% 1,4-7,9).]"