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"Finance is a crucial element for a China in full evolution after three decades of reform and opening up, this thesis therefore aims to analyze financial reforms in China from an institutional point of view. After attempting to decipher the puzzle between finance and growth, we discussed the reforms of financial institutions in China and the governments efforts to adopt the reforms focused on access to the CMO; We also analyzed non-performing loans (NPLs), a thorny problem for Chinese state-owned banks (SOBs) and / or enterprises (SOEs) without forgetting the theme of opening up the banking and financial sector to foreign competition. Finally, being a hot and controversial sector - a pillar of growth and a risk bubble at the same time, real estate is experiencing its specific course during its reforms from the old regime to the new mechanism in China. In fact, there are many economic and financial variables supporting the expansion of the real estate market in China."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas institusi pada ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia pada tingkat provinsi. Kualitas institusi diukur menggunakan dua indikator terpenting yang paling menggambarkan kualitas institusi di Indonesia: tingkat korupsi dan kualitas demokrasi. Dalam studi ini, tingkat korupsi diukur berdasarkan opini BPK atas laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah, sedangkan demokrasi diukur dengan Indeks Demokrasi Indonesia IDI. Pengujian empiris dilakukan dengan menggunakan regresi random effect dan data dari 2009-2016. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa kualitas institusi menentukan ketimpangan pendapatan di tingkat provinsi. Tingkat korupsi memiliki korelasi negatif dengan ketimpangan pendapatan, sementara demokrasi menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan ketimpangan pendapatan. Korelasi negatif antara korupsi dan ketimpangan pendapatan disebabkan oleh besarnya sektor informal dan sifat korupsi developmental di Indonesia. Sebaliknya, korelasi positif demokrasi dan ketimpangan pendapatan disebabkan oleh adanya captured democracy karena hubungan patron-klien dalam politik dan kurangnya kontrol publik terhadap pemerintah. Selain itu, ketimpangan pendapatan juga ditentukan oleh faktor sosio-ekonomi lainnya, seperti tingkat pendidikan, PDRB per kapita, persentase penduduk perkotaan, dan belanja pemerintah untuk modal, perumahan dan infrastruktur, bantuan sosial, dan jaminan sosial.

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This study aimed to investigate the impact of institutional quality on income inequality in Indonesia at the provincial level. Institutional quality is measured using two most important indicators that shape the institutional quality in Indonesia level of corruption and the quality of democracy. In this study, level of corruption is measured by Audit Board 39s opinion on government 39s financial statements, whereas democracy is measured by Indonesia 39s Democracy Index IDI. Empirical evidence was tested using random effects regression and data from 2009 2016.

The results indicate that institutional quality determines income inequality at the provincial level. Level of corruption tends to reduce income inequality, while democracy tends to increase income inequality. The negative correlation between corruption and income inequality is caused by the large size of informal sector and the nature of developmental corruption in Indonesia.

In contrast, the positive correlation of democracy and income inequality is caused by the captured democracy due to clientelism and lack of public control on government. Other than that, income inequality is determined by other socio economic factors, including education level, GRDP per capita, urban population, and government spending in capital, housing and infrastructure, social support bantuan sosial, and social security jaminan sosial."

"Krisis keuangan Asia di tahun 1997-1998 dan Krisis keuangan global di tahun 2007-2009 telah menunjukkan bahwa kegagalan bank adalah sebuah ancaman umum baik di negara yang sudah dan sedang berkembang. Ratusan institusi pemberi pinjaman telah gagal sejak terjadinya kedua krisis tersebut. Satu pelajaran dari kedua krisis keuangan ini adalah dibutuhkannya regulasi sistemik yang lebih efektif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan dan membandingkan bagaimana proses reformasi hukum perbankan di Indonesia dan Korea Selatan terlaksanakan, pasca krisis keuangan 1997/98. Penelitian ini menelaah berbagai kesamaan, perbedaan dan aplikasi atas berbagai peraturan dan hukum perbankan baru, dengan tujuan untuk memperbaiki permasalahan yang ada di sistem perbankan nasional di kedua negara tersebut, dengan menggunakan beberapa studi kasus ilustratif beberapa bank yang gagal di kedua negara tersebut pasca krisis 1997/98. Beberapa perbaikan dan dampak atas beberapa peraturan dan hukum perbankan yang diperkenalkan di Indonesia dan Korea Selatan pasca krisis 1997/98 akan di teliti dan akan juga dibahas peraturan dan hukum perbankan apa saja yang pada saat ini sedang di bangun dikedua negara tersebut, agar dapat mengadaptasi kepada lingkungan luar yang selalu berubah-ubah.

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The Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 and recent Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 has shown that bank failures are a common threat in both developed and emerging economies. Hundreds of lenders have failed since the onset of both crises. One lesson from both financial crises is the need for more effective systemic regulation. The aim of this research is to describe and compare how the reformation process of banking laws in Indonesia and South Korea took place, post the 1997/98 financial crisis.

The research analysed any similarities, differences, and application of those new banking laws and regulations, in order to improve both countries’ domestic banking system issues, using several illustrative case studies of failed banks in both countries post 1997/98 crisis. Any improvements and effects of Indonesian and South Korean banking laws introduced post 1997/98 crisis will be investigated and also discuss what current banking laws are currently being developed in both countries, in order to adapt to the constantly changing external environment."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu faktor-faktor apa saja yang bisa mendeterminasi tabungan secara signifikan, yakni dalam hal preferensi atau keinginan untuk menabung, kemampuan untuk menabung, dan fasilitas untuk menabung. Model estimasi dilakukan dengan meregresi kepemilikan tabungan dan saving rate sebagai variabel terikat dengan metode panel dan OLS. Respon dan preferensi menabung individu dianalisa dalam perspektif ekonomi mikro. Pendekatan kelembagaan dan perspektif ekonomi makro diaplikasikan saat menganalisa kapasitas individu dan fasilitas menabung. Pendekatan kelembagaan kedua dilakukan melalui pengukuran inklusi keuangan. Secara umum, hasil studi memperlihatkan faktor demografi sangat berperan dalam menentukan tabungan dalam perspektif ekonomi mikro. Sementara dalam perspektif ekonomi makro, faktor kelembagaan dan pendapatan juga berperan dalam menentukan tabungan

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This study seeks to find which factors can determine saving significantly, namely in terms of preferences or willingness to save, capacity to save, and facilities to save. The estimation model was carried on by regressing saving ownership and saving rate as dependent variables with panel and OLS methods. Individual’s responses and preferences to save were analysed with microeconomic perspectives. Institutional roles and macroeconomic perspectives were applied when analysing one’s capacity and facilities to save. The second institutional approach was carried on through financial inclusion measurement. In general, the results show that demographic factors have a significant role in determining savings in microeconomic perspective, whereas in macroeconomic perspective, institutional role and income can also determine saving as well."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu faktor-faktor apa saja yang bisa mendeterminasi tabungan secara signifikan, yakni dalam hal preferensi atau keinginan untuk menabung, kemampuan untuk menabung, dan fasilitas untuk menabung. Model estimasi dilakukan dengan meregresi kepemilikan tabungan dan saving rate sebagai variabel terikat dengan metode panel dan OLS. Respon dan preferensi menabung individu dianalisa dalam perspektif ekonomi mikro. Pendekatan kelembagaan dan perspektif ekonomi makro diaplikasikan saat menganalisa kapasitas individu dan fasilitas menabung. Pendekatan kelembagaan kedua dilakukan melalui pengukuran inklusi keuangan. Secara umum, hasil studi memperlihatkan faktor demografi sangat berperan dalam menentukan tabungan dalam perspektif ekonomi mikro. Sementara dalam perspektif ekonomi makro, faktor kelembagaan dan pendapatan juga berperan dalam menentukan tabungan

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This study seeks to find which factors can determine saving significantly, namely in terms of preferences or willingness to save, capacity to save, and facilities to save. The estimation model was carried on by regressing saving ownership and saving rate as dependent variables with panel and OLS methods. Individual’s responses and preferences to save were analysed with microeconomic perspectives. Institutional roles and macroeconomic perspectives were applied when analysing one’s capacity and facilities to save. The second institutional approach was carried on through financial inclusion measurement. In general, the results show that demographic factors have a significant role in determining savings in microeconomic perspective, whereas in macroeconomic perspective, institutional role and income can also determine saving as well."

"[This book explores notions of quality as understood within various systems of national, formal, and nonformal education. Also it considers the tensions that arise with the introduction of new standardized notions of quality in relation to international measures and educational reforms in developing countries. In all cases, specific national issues and concerns compete with global agendas. Challenges to quality that are given particular attention in the book chapters include changing definitions of quality, high expectations for education and issues with implementation, and the introduction of English as a means to achieve quality in a globalizing world. Special attention is also given to possible actions that support a more equitable education without ignoring the requisite of quality. The final chapter suggests three models/choices for seeking higher quality and guiding the educational future of nations.;This book explores notions of quality as understood within various systems of national, formal, and nonformal education. Also it considers the tensions that arise with the introduction of new standardized notions of quality in relation to international measures and educational reforms in developing countries. In all cases, specific national issues and concerns compete with global agendas. Challenges to quality that are given particular attention in the book chapters include changing definitions of quality, high expectations for education and issues with implementation, and the introduction of English as a means to achieve quality in a globalizing world. Special attention is also given to possible actions that support a more equitable education without ignoring the requisite of quality. The final chapter suggests three models/choices for seeking higher quality and guiding the educational future of nations., This book explores notions of quality as understood within various systems of national, formal, and nonformal education. Also it considers the tensions that arise with the introduction of new standardized notions of quality in relation to international measures and educational reforms in developing countries. In all cases, specific national issues and concerns compete with global agendas. Challenges to quality that are given particular attention in the book chapters include changing definitions of quality, high expectations for education and issues with implementation, and the introduction of English as a means to achieve quality in a globalizing world. Special attention is also given to possible actions that support a more equitable education without ignoring the requisite of quality. The final chapter suggests three models/choices for seeking higher quality and guiding the educational future of nations.]"