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"This article is about the activity of risk assessment in developing KFX/IFX Fighters through joint development cooperation between Indonesia and South Korea for Engineering and Manufacturing Development Phase (EMDP). The Risks in EMDP found by using the Life Cycle of Weapon System. Risk assessment aims to identify, analyze and assess the level of risk as a calculation so that the program will always be on the track and and the default of the project will be avoided. Moreover, this is the first experience for Indonesia to make fighters. Besides that, KFX/IFX fighters is one of our national program which aims to built the independence of defense industry and to open the road map in mastering on making fighter for PT.Dirgantara Indonesia (PT.DI)."

"Kajian ini membahas mengenai citra Indonesia di mata Tiongkok dalam isu sengketa Laut China Selatan (LCS). Dalam sengketa di LCS, Indonesia bukan negara penggugat atau non-claimant state. Namun klaim Tiongkok atas sembilan garis putus atau Nine-dashed Line di LCS beririsan dengan sebagian Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia di kepulauan Natuna. Dalam periode 2010-2016, sejumlah insiden sempat terjadi dan menimbulkan ketegangan. Meski bersikeras bahwa kedua negara memiliki tumpang tindih kepentingan di perairan Natuna, Tiongkok tetap memiliki citra positif tentang Indonesia dan Tiongkok cenderung berhati-hati dalam merespon Indonesia dalam isu tersebut. Terkait hal ini, meski sudah banyak penelitian mengenai kebijakan Tiongkok terhadap Indonesia, namun hanya sedikit kajian yang menulis secara spesifik mengenai persepsi Tiongkok mengenai Indonesia dalam sengketa LCS. Melalui kerangka analisis teori citra atau image theory dan metode penelitian causal process tracing, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa citra Indonesia di mata Tiongkok adalah ally image. Dalam ally image, Indonesia dipandang sebagai aktor yang memiliki tujuan, kapabilitas dan dimensi kultural yang relatif sepadan. Hal ini mempengaruhi pilihan strategi yang diambil Tiongkok terhadap Indonesia terkait insiden-insiden yang terjadi di perairan Natuna, di mana Tiongkok lebih mengedepankan hubungan baik dan kemitraan kedua negara. Dalam kaitannya dengan isu sengketa LCS secara umum, Tiongkok memandang Indonesia sebagai teman yang mampu bersikap adil terhadap pihak-pihak yang bersengketa.

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This study analyses Indonesia's image from China's perspective on the South China Sea (SCS) dispute. Indonesia is a non-claimant state in SCS dispute. China's claim on Nine-dashed Line, however, overlaps with Indonesia's EEZ in Natuna islands. Tensions following some incidents occured in Natuna waters within 2010-2016. China insisted two countries have overlaping interest claim in those area, while Indonesia persisted on its position as non-claimant state. Nevertheles, China still perceives Indonesia in positive image and tend to be cautious when dealing with Indonesia on this issue. Although there are many studies on the SCS dispute and China's policy towards Indonesia, few if any of them discuss specificaly on China's perception towards Indonesia in this regard. Adopting image theory as an analytical framework and causal-process tracing on research method, this study figures that China captures Indonesia's image as an ally. In ally image, Indonesia is perceived as an actor who has positive goal compatibility with similar capability and cultural dimension as well. This perception affects the strategic options taken by China against Indonesia regarding the Natuna incidents in which China prioritize good relation and partnership between both countries. While on the SCS issue, China perceives Indonesia as a good friend capable of being fair to the parties in the dispute."

"Managers in international joint ventures work with resources contributed by investors from multiple nationalities. Fan Wu shows through a series of experimental studies among students and managers from China, South Korea, Germany, and the USA that cultural affinity between the manager and one of the investors and career perspectives with one of the investors are strongly motivating managers to make biased decisions. The two mechanisms can be used to balance each other out in staffing key positions in international joint ventures for optimal control over managerial decisions."

"Upaya mengatasi permasalahan timbulan sampah di Indonesia diejwantahkan dengan pengimplementasian konsep ekonomi sirkular pada industri daur ulang plastik. Namun, terdapat beberapa kendala yang menghambat pertumbuhan industri sehingga membutuhkan dukungan dari pemerintah melalui pemberian insentif fiskal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi pemberian insentif fiskal, tantangan dalam merumuskan kebijakan insentif pajak atas konsumsi, dan optimalisasi pemanfaatan kebijakan insentif fiskal oleh pelaku industri daur ulang plastik. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif, serta teknik pengumpulan data berupa studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa urgensi diperlukannya dukungan tambahan dari pemerintah melalui pemberian insentif kepada industri daur ulang plastik adalah keterbatasan bahan baku dan kurang memadainya teknologi daur ulang plastik di Indonesia yang menyebabkan pelaku usaha banyak melakukan impor plastik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri, sementara masih banyak sampah plastik berjenis multilayer yang belum terkelola dan langsung berakhir di TPA. Adapun tantangan yang dihadapi dalam merumuskan kebijakan insentif adalah bahwa perlu dipertimbangkan pula kesesuaian usulan insentif dengan ketentuan regulasi yang berlaku di Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dapat diketahui bahwa saat ini sudah terdapat insentif fiskal yang dapat meringankan biaya untuk investasi mesin daur ulang, namun pelaksanaannya belum optimal karena belum banyak pelaku usaha yang mengetahui keberadaan insentif fiskal tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dalam upaya mengoptimalisasi pemanfaatan insentif fiskal oleh pelaku industri daur ulang plastik, pemerintah untuk melakukan koordinasi antar pihak pemangku kebijakan mulai dari proses perumusan, pengimplementasian, hingga pengevaluasian kebijakan sehingga kebijakan insentif fiskal yang diberlakukan dapat terlaksana sesuai tujuan, serta memperluas jangkauan sosialisasi terkait pemanfaatan insentif fiskal untuk investasi mesin dengan bekerja sama dengan pihak lain yang terlibat di lapangan.

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The efforts to overcome plastic waste problem in Indonesia are manifested by implementing the circular economy concept in the plastic recycling industry. However, there are several obstacles that hinder the industrial growth, and it requires support from the government through the implementation of fiscal incentives. This study aims to analyze the urgency of providing fiscal incentives, challenges in formulating consumption tax incentive, and effort in optimalizing the utilization of fiscal incentive by the plastic recycling industry players. The approach used in this study is qualitative with descriptive research type. The techniques used for data collection is literature studies and field studies. The study shows that the urgency of providing incentive for the plastic recycling industry are due to the limited raw materials and inadequate plastic recycling technology in Indonesia which causes businesses to import plastic to meet industrial needs, while there is still a lot of multilayer plastic waste that has not been managed and directly ends up in landfill. The challenges in formulating tax incentive is that it is necessary to consider the suitability of the proposed incentives with the applicable regulatory provisions in Indonesia. Based on the analysis, it can be conclude that the government is already providing fiscal incentives that can reduce costs for investment in recycling machines, but the implementation is not optimal because not many businesses are aware of these fiscal incentives. To optimize the utilization of fiscal incentives by plastic recycling industry players, the government should do a coordination between policy makers in the process of formulating, implementing, and evaluating policies, so that the fiscal incentive policies can be implemented as intended, and expand the reach of socialization related to the utilization of fiscal incentives for machinery investment by working with other parties involved."

"Fokus dari tesis ini adalah menganalisa kerjasama Indonesia - Korea Selatan dalam mengembangkan pesawat tempur generasi 4.5 KAI KF-X / IF-X bila membandingkannya dengan fenomena Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) yang jamak terjadi di kawasan, dan dengan tingkat kapabilitas pertahanan kedua negara dalam menyukseskan program tersebut. Penulisan menggunakan teori dan/atau konsep stratatifikasi, RMA, dan beberapa konsep penunjang lain seperti inovasi militer, difusi teknologi militer, dan strategi integratif. Penelitaian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dan menjabarkan dengan komprehensif tinjauan historis dari kerjasama Indonesia - Korea Selatan; perkembangan, kajian, dan tingkatan industri pertahanan kedua negara; spesifikasi teknis KAI KF-X / IFX; serta Doktrin dan Postur angkatan bersenjata. Temuan yang didapatkan dari penelitian adalah bahwasanya pesawat tempur KAI KF-X / IF-X ini tidak mempengaruhi RMA Indonesia karena pesawat tempur tersebut akan memenuhi tuntutan operasional TNI AU di masa mendatang dan tidak akan menyebabkan perubahan signifikan terhadap Doktrin maupun Postur TNI. Yang terjadi adalah evolution in military affair, bukan RMA.

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This thesis is concentrated in analyzing the cooperation between Indonesia - South Korea in the development of a 4.5 generation jet fighter KAI KF-X / IF-X by comparing it to the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) phenomena that is raging in the region, and with the defense capability of the two countries. The theories and/or concepts used in the writing of this thesis are stratification, RMA, and a few other concepts such as military innovation, technology diffusion, and integrative strategy.

The writings that are used are within the qualitative methods, that describes comprehensively the historical background of the Indonesian - South Korean relations; the level of both defense industries; technical specification of the KAI KF-X / IF-X; and the Doctrine of the armed forces.

The findings of this research concludes by acknowledging that the KAI KF-X / IF-X jet fighter will not start nor alter Indonesia?s RMA, because the planes will be align with the future operational requirements of the Indonesian air force. Neither does the Doctrine will be affected. Thus, what is happening is not an RMA, rather the evolution in military affair."

"Kerja sama pengembangan bersama pesawat jet tempur KFX/IFX telah berjalan selama lebih dari satu dekade. Terdapat beberapa rencana yang akan diterapkan dalam kerja sama ini. Selama beberapa tahun kerja sama ini berjalan, beberapa rencana-rencana tersebut berhasil diterapkan. Namun, tidak semua hal yang direncanakan dalam kerja sama ini berlangsung lancar. Terlebih lagi, kerja sama ini juga mengalami berbagai penundaan yang dilakukan oleh Korea Selatan dan Indonesia, adanya pandangan negatif dari kedua negara terkait kerja sama ini, dan adanya rencana pembelian pesawat jet tempur oleh kedua negara dari negara lain meskipun kerja sama ini sedang berlanjut. Walaupun begitu, Indonesia dan Korea Selatan tetap memutuskan untuk melanjutkan kerja sama ini. Skripsi ini mempertanyakan alasan yang membuat Indonesia dan Korea Selatan memutuskan untuk melanjutkan kerja sama tersebut. Skripsi ini menggunakan kerangka analisis kerja sama industri pertahanan dan metode penelusuran causal-process tracing untuk menjelaskan alasan di balik keputusan tersebut. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat lima alasan yang mendorong kelanjutan kerja sama KFX/IFX, yakni keinginan Indonesia dan Korea Selatan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan impor alutsista; potensi pengembangan industri pertahanan nasional kedua negara dari kerja sama KFX/IFX; keinginan Indonesia dan Korea Selatan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan diplomatik; kemungkinan kerja sama industri pertahanan Indonesia dan Korea Selatan di masa depan; dan  keinginan Indonesia dan Korea Selatan memperoleh prestise.

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The joint development cooperation of KFX/IFX fighter jets has been going on for more than a decade. There are several plans that will be implemented in this cooperation. During the several years of this cooperation, several of these plans were successfully implemented. However, not everything planned in this cooperation went smoothly. Moreover, this cooperation has also experienced various delays by South Korea and Indonesia, negative views from the two countries regarding this cooperation, and there are plans to purchase fighter jets by the two countries from other countries even though this cooperation is still ongoing. Even so, Indonesia and South Korea still decided to continue this cooperation. This thesis questions the reasons that made Indonesia and South Korea decide to continue the cooperation. This thesis uses an analytical framework of defense industry cooperation and a causal-process tracing method to explain the reasons behind this decision. This study finds that there are five reasons that encourage the continuation of KFX/IFX cooperation, namely the desire of Indonesia and South Korea to reduce dependence on imported main weapon system; the potential for the development of the national defense industry of the two countries from the KFX/IFX cooperation; the desire of Indonesia and South Korea to gain diplomatic advantage; the possibility of cooperation in the defense industry of Indonesia and South Korea in the future; and the desire of Indonesia and South Korea to gain prestige."

"Booming and prosperity. Joyful expectation of the future. And, suddenly, a crash, a dramatic crash. All were lost in such a short time. They were so unprepared for this event. Then, those who had used to talk about poverty, but did not really experience the poverty itself, were forced to get the feeling of much relative deprivation. They had not fallen to under poverty line, and, indeed, they might be still in a much higher economic situation than the poverty line; but their prospect had been very bleak. It was like the feeling of riding a roller coaster, but without knowing the end of the fast descending journey. They were, to mention a few, the academicians, politicians, bureaucrats, business people, people in NGOs and joui nalists. They had the political power, and some were involved in decision making to help the "poor" people."

"Permasalahan Laut Cina Selatan merupakan permasalahan yang belum mencapai titik terang sampai dengan saat ini. Ketegangan kembali menguat setelah munculnya China Threat Teory serta gencarnya kebijakan Belt and Road Initiative oleh pemerintah China yang mencangkup Silk Road Economic dan Maritime Silk Road. Klaim Cina terhadap Kawasan Laut Cina Selatan dengan Nine Dash Line menimbulkan keresahan di negara kawasan ASEAN yang sebagian besar memiliki klaim yang tumpang tindih. Indonesia tidak termasuk sebagai negera penuntut dalam kasus sengketa di Laut Cina Selatan, namun demikian Indonesia turut terkena imbasnya dengan klaim perairan Natuna utara yang diakui Cina sebagai Traditional Fishing Ground. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran tingkat ancaman Cina terhadap Indonesia dengna menggunakan metode penilaian ancaman Prunckun untuk menilai persepsi tingkat ancaman dari pihak Indonesia. Peneliti menggunakan metodekualitatif, dengan menganalisis hasil wawancara dengan narasumber secara mendalam tentang respon yang dilakukan pemerintah Indonesia terhadap pergerakan yang dilakukan Cina di Laut Cina Selatan. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti berfokus dengan mengkaji respon pemerintah khususnya dari dua sisi komponen strategis yakni aspek kekuatan bersenjata dan aspek ekonomi. Dari dua aspek tersebut dilakukan perbandingan respon untuk melihat konsistensi pemerintah dalam menghadapi ancaman Cina. Dalam penelitian ini didapat bahwa langkah pemerintah dari dua aspek tersebut menunjukkan tidak sejalan. Kemudian Peneliti menggunakan K3N sebagai alat untuk memberikan produk Intelijen sebagai bentuk fungsi intelijen yakni Warning, Forecasting dan Problem Solving.

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The South China Sea problem is a problem that has not yet reached the bright spot until now. Tensions have strengthened again after the emergence of China Threat Theory and the incessant Belt and Road Initiative policy by the Chinese government which includes the Silk Road Economic and Maritime Silk Road. China's claim to the South China Sea Area with the Nine Dash Line has caused unrest in ASEAN countries, most of which have overlapping claims. Indonesia is not included as a claimant country in cases of disputes in the South China Sea, however, Indonesia is also affected by the claim that the North Natuna waters are recognized by China as the Traditional Fishing Ground. In this study, the measurement of China's threat level to Indonesia was carried out using the Prunckun threat assessment method to assess the perceived threat level from the Indonesian side. The researcher used a qualitative method, by analyzing the results of interviews with sources in depth about the response made by the Indonesian government to the movements carried out by China in the South China Sea. In this study, researchers focused on examining the government's response, especially from the two sides of the strategic component, namely the aspect of armed power and the economic aspect. From these two aspects, a response was compared to see the consistency of the government in facing the Chinese threat. In this study, it was found that the government's steps from these two aspects showed that they were not in line. Then the researcher used K3N as a tool to provide intelligence products as a form of intelligence function, namely Warning, Forecasting and Problem Solving.

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