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"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan kepada pada Anak dengan Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (GSA) yang mempunyai tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan penurunan tingkat stress yang diintervensi video modeling dan modul pedagogi visual berkunjung ke dokter gigi melalui analisis kadar immunoglubulin A saliva. Studi ini merupakan penelitian cross- sectional-eksperimental klinis dan laboratoris dilakukan pengambilan saliva sebelum dan setelah intervensi untuk diukur kadar salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Subjek adalah 16 anak GSA berusia 6-10 tahun yang telah memiliki diagnosa dari dokter anak atau psikiater, tidak memiliki kelainan pada penglihatan dan pendengaran, maupun pernah menjalani koreksi pada penglihatan dan pendengaran sehingga tidak mengganggu kemampuan melihat dan mendengar, dapat mengikuti instruksi sederhana, belum pernah berkunjung ke dokter gigi. Subjek dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok intervensi Video modeling dan kelompok intervensi Modul PV-BDG, masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 8 anak GSA. Analisis data menggunakan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk. Terdapat kenaikan kadar SIgA setelah intervensi Video PV- BDG. Rata-rata kadar SIgA setelah intervensi Video modeling dan modul PV-BDG adalah 35,35±22,67 dan -38,67±11,07. Video modeling lebih efektif dalam menurunkan stress pada saat perawatan gigi yang diukur dari perubahan kadar salivary immunoglobulinA

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The research is conducted on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with aim is to determine the difference of stress level reduction which intervened by video modeling and the module of ”Pedagogi visual berkunjung ke dokter gigi” through analyis of salivary Immunoglobulin A level. This study is a cross-sectional- experimental and laboratory research that carried out salivary collection before and after the intervention to obtain the level of Salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The subjects are 16 children with ASD aged 6-10 years old who have had diagnosed by pediatrician or psychiatrist, neither have any abnormalities in vision and hearing nor have undergone correction in vision and hearing, so that they can follow simple instructions. They should also have never been visited the dentist before. Subjects are divided into 2 groups, they are the video modeling intervention group and the PV-BDG Module intervention group. Each group consists of 8 children with ASD. The data analysis utilizes Shapiro-Wilk normality test. It is found that SIgA level is increased after PV- BDG video intervention. The average level of SIgA after intervention of video modeling and PV-BDG module are 35.35±22.67 and -38.67±11.07. It is concluded that video modeling method is more effective in reducing stress level in dental care as measured by the changes of salivary Immunoglobulin Alevel."

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Latar Belakang: Perawatan gigi pada anak Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (GSA) sering menimbulkan stres karena kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi. Untuk mengurangi stres anak GSA, komunikasi verbal ditingkatkan dengan sarana pembelajaran seperti modul pedagogi visual dan video modeling. Alfa amilase saliva merupakan salah satu biomarker stres yang terdapat dalam saliva. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan tingkat stres anak GSA dengan intervensi Modul Pedagogi Visual dan Video Modeling Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi melalui analisis kadar alfa amilase saliva. Metode Penelitian: Subjek penelitian sebanyak 18 anak usia 6-10 tahun dengan GSA ringan, dibagi dalam 2 kelompok intervensi, yaitu kelompok Modul Pedagogi Visual (MPV) dan Video Modeling (VM) Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi. Pengukuran kadar alfa amilase saliva dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Hasil: Pada kedua kelompok Kadar Alfa Amilase Saliva sesudah intervensi menunjukkan penurunan. Analisis statistik dengan uji Mann-Whitney U-test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan tidak bermakna (p >0,05) pada penurunan tingkat stres antara kelompok dengan intervensi MPV dan VM Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi. Kesimpulan: MPV dan VM Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi menurunkan tingkat stress anak GSA.

Kata kunci: Alfa amilase, Gangguan Spektrum Autisme, Saliva, Pedagogi

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Background: Dental treatment in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often causes stress because of difficulty in communicating. To reduce stress for ASD children, verbal communication is enhanced with learning tools such as visual pedagogy modules and video modelling. Salivary alpha amylase is one of the stress biomarker found in saliva. Objective: To determine the differences in stress levels of ASD children with the intervention of the Visual Pedagogy Module and Video Modelling Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi through the analysis of salivary alpha amylase levels. Methods: Subjects were 18 children aged 6-10 years with mild ASD, divided into 2 intervention groups, namely The Visual Pedagogy Module (VPM) and Video Modeling (VM) Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi group. Measurement of salivary alpha amylase levels was carried out before and after intervention. Result: In both groups the alpha amylase levels of saliva after the intervention showed a decrease. Statistical analysis using The Mann-Whitney U-test showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the reduction in stress levels between the VPM and VM Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi intervention groups. Conclusion: VPM and VM Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi reduce the stress levels of ASD children.

Keywords : Autism, alpha amylase, saliva, pedagogy

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"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat stres anak Autisme dengan intervensi Modul Pedagogi Visual dan Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ yang diukur dari kadar kortisol saliva. Desain penelitian berupa eksperimental klinis dan laboratoris dengan mengukur kadar kortisol saliva sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Subjek terdiri dari 20 anak usia 6-10 tahun yang telah didiagnosis Autisme oleh dokter spesialis anak atau psikiater, tidak terdapat riwayat penyakit sistemik, tidak terdapat gangguan pada penglihatan dan pendengaran, dapat mengikuti instruksi sederhana, serta belum pernah ke dokter gigi. Subjek dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok Modul Pedagogi Visual ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ dan Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’. Saliva diambil pada saat sebelum dan sesudah intervensi kemudian dianalisis di laboratorium untuk mengukur perbedaan kadar kortisol saliva. Hasil analisis tingkat stres anak autisme yang diukur dari kadar kortisol saliva menggunakan Uji Mann Whitney-U menunjukkan nilai median kadar kortisol saliva anak autisme pada kelompok intervensi Modul Pedagogi Visual ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ sebesar 0,0005 μg/mL dan nilai median kadar kortisol saliva kelompok intervensi Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ sebesar 0,0010 μg/mL. Hal ini menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang tidak bermakna secara statistik (p > 0,050) dalam tingkat stres anak autisme yang diukur dari kadar kortisol saliva pada kelompok intervensi Modul Pedagogi Visual dan Video Modeling 'Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi'. Hal ini menandakan efektivitas Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ untuk menurunkan tingkat stres anak autisme pada saat perawatan gigi sama dengan Modul Pedagogi Visual ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ yang diukur dari kadar kortisol saliva .

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The aim of this study was to determine the differences of the Visual Pedagogy Module and Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ intervention method in reducing stress levels in autism children measured by salivary cortisol levels during dental treatment. The study design was clinical and laboratory experimental by measuring salivary cortisol levels before and after the intervention. Subjects consisted of 20 children aged 6-10 years who had been diagnosed with Autism by a pediatrician or psychiatrist, had no history of systemic disease, had no impairment of vision and hearing, could follow simple instructions, and had never been to a dentist. They were divided into two groups based on the type of intervention: Visual Pedagogy Module ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ and Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung

ke Dokter Gigi’. Saliva was collected from the children before and after the interventions and analyzed in the laboratory to measure the differences of salivary cortisol concentration. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze salivary concentration differences in two intervention groups. The median values in the two intervention groups were 0,0005 and 0,0010 μg/mL. The stress levels measured by salivary cortisol levels showed that both Visual Pedagogy Module and Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ proven to be effective in decreasing the level of stress among the children with autism. No significant statistical difference in the delta values was observed between the two groups (p >.050). Both Visual Pedagogy Module and Video Modeling ‘Berkunjung ke Dokter Gigi’ are equally effective in reducing stress levels in children with autism measured by salivary cortisol levels."

"The smoking habit has been associated with a variety of deleterious changes in the mouth including periodontal tissue. Several studies indicate a relationship between smoking and periodontal disease, including loss of alveolar bone, periodontal attachment as well as periodontal pocket formation. Subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene have been found to have greater bone loss in smokers than non smokers. Generally accepted, periodontal treatment procedures are less efficient in smokers. This holds true for surgical as well as nonsurgical therapy. Therefore, it is concluded that tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk for destructive periodontal disease. This study is to investigate the effect of smoking on the oral immune response in subjects with periodontal disease by measuring the concentration of IgA in saliva from smokers and non smokers with turbi timer. The results were compared and analyzed by ANOVA. The investigation showed that the level of IgA in saliva from smokers with severe periodontitis (x=39.30 IU/ml) as well as mild periodontitis (x= 84.86 IU/ml) were lower than non-smokers (severe periodontitis x= 51.67 IU/ml; mild periodontitis x=95.41 IU/ml). Furthermore, smokers with gingivitis (x123.76 IU/ml) and healthy gingiva (x=71.55 IU/ml) also had lower IgA levels in saliva compared with the non-smokers (gingivitis, x=145.11 IU/ml; healthy gingiva x=75.19 IU/ml). In conclusion , the investigation showed that all smokers especially smokers with periodontal disease had lower intra oral immune response compared with the non-smokers."

"Latar Belakang: Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (GSA) adalah gangguan neurodevelopmental yang terdiri atas gangguan komunikasi, interaksi sosial serta adanya perilaku restriktif dan repetitif. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan masalah dalam kemampuan adaptif anak sehingga menghambat anak dalam melakukan kemampuan dasar aktivitas harian, seperti makan, mandi, melepas dan memakai baju, dan lain-lain. Penggunaan video-modeling merupakan salah satu metode intervensi yang dikembangkan beberapa tahun terakhir untuk melatih kemampuan aktivitas harian pada anak GSA. Nemun demikian, hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai penggunaan video-modeling aktivitas mandi pada anak GSA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan imitasi sequence aktivitas mandi sebelum dan sesudah pengggunaan video-modeling aktivitas mandi pada anak GSA. Metode: Disain penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimental (pre-post test analysis) dengan subjek penelitian adalah anak usia 6-10 tahun yang telah didiagnosis GSA oleh SpA konsultan neurologi anak yang datang ke Klinik Anakku Check My Child (CMC) Kayu Putih, Klinik Anakku BSD Serpong, Pondok Pinang, Depok dan Bekasi, serta Sekolah Anakku Pulomas pada periode April-Juni 2023. Subjek dikumpulkan dengan metode consecutive sampling. Besar sampel yang dibutuhkan untuk power 80%, derajat kemaknaan 5%, effect size 0,6 serta perkiraan drop out 20% adalah 33 subjek. Penelitian diawali dengan pembuatan video-modeling berupa animasi kegiatan mandi serta checklist penilaian kegiatan mandi berdasarkan 20 sequence kegiatan aktivitas mandi pada video tersebut. Pemaparan video dilakukan minimal 1x/hari selama 4 minggu. Subjek dengan frekuensi pemaparan <75% akan dieksklusi dari analisis. Penilaian dilakukan berdasarkan checklist aktivitas mandi dengan memberikan poin 1 untuk setiap sequence aktivitas yang mandi yang dilakukan subjek tanpa adanya instruksi verbal dan prompt motorik. Nilai pre-test adalah hasil penjumlahan penilaian checklist aktivitas mandi sebelum paparan video-modeling, sedangkan nilai post-test diambil setelah proses intervensi selama 4 minggu. Hasil: Dari 35 subjek yang mengikuti awal penelitian, hanya tersisa 29 anak (82,8%) yang menyelesaikan penelitian hingga 4 minggu. Sebagian besar subjek (94,2%) berusia 6-8 tahun dengan perbandingan laki dan perempuan sebesar 5:1. Nilai median kemampuan aktivitas mandi anak GSA sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan video-modeling adalah 3 (0-10) dan 6(1-17), pada skala 20. Terdapat perbedaan nilai yang bermakna (nilai p< 0,0001) antara perbedaan nilai sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan video-modeling, dengan nilai median selisih 3 (-4 – 13), pada skala 20. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik antara nilai imitasi sequence aktivitas mandi pada anak GSA sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan video-modeling. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menentukan kemaknaan nilai tersebut secara klinis.

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ackground: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired communication, social interaction and the presence of stereotypic and repetitive behavior. It may affect children's adaptive behaviour which consequently hinder them in carrying out basic daily living skills, such as eating, bathing, grooming, etc. Video-modeling is one of the newest intervention methods for the last decades to train daily living skills among individuals with ASD. However up to now there is scarce evidence for using video-modeling to improve bathing skills in children with ASD. This study aims to evaluate the difference of sequence imitation skills in bathing activity before and after using video-modeling of bathing in children with ASD. Method: The design of this study was a pre-post test analysis. The subjects are children aged 6-10 years who had been diagnosed as GSA by a pediatric neurology consultant and attended the Anakku Clinic Check My Child (CMC) Kayu Putih, Anakku Clinic BSD Serpong, Pondok Pinang, Depok, Bekasi, as well as Anakku Pulomas School within period of April until June 2023. The sampling method was consecutive sampling method. It required total of 33 subjects for 80% power, 5% significance level, 1 point of effect size along with pre-estimated 20% drop out. Firstly, we formulated an animation video-modeling of bathing activity along with its checklist evaluation instrument. The checklist consisted of 20 sequences shown in video-modeling of bathing. Subjects were mandated to watch the video-modeling minimum once a day for duration of 4 weeks. Subjects with the video exposure less than 75% were excluded from the analysis. The evaluation was conducted by adding 1 point for each sequence activity performed by ASD child, without any verbal instructions nor motoric prompts. Pre-test score is the sum of the bathing activity checklist before subject was exposed with the video-modeling, meanwhile the post-test score was taken after 4 weeks intervention period of video-modeling. Result: Among 35 subjects attended in the beginning of the study, only 29 children (82.8%) completed the study for 4 weeks. Most of the subjects (94.2%) were aged 6-8 years with a male and female ratio of 5:1. Median score of ASD childrens’ bathing activity before and after the video-modeling exposure is 3 (0–10) and 6 (1–17), on a scale of 20. The pre- and post-test difference is statistically significant which gives result of 3 point of difference (-4–13), on a scale of 20. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference between the sequence imitation skills of bathing activity in ASD children before and after using video-modeling. Further research is needed to determine the clinical significance of this value."

"Autism a behaviorally defined disorder which occurs within the first three years of life first discribed by Leo Kanner. Autism is a life a life - long, complex and severe disorder...."

"Pola asuh merupakan serangkaian interaksi intensif yang melibatkan orang tua dan anak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik orang tua dengan jenis pola asuh dalam merawat anak penyandang autisme. Desain penelitian menggunakan deskriptif korelasi dengan melibatkan 49 orang tua yang mempunyai anak autisme (6-12 tahun) di wilayah Jakarta Selatan. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Form (PSDQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas responden (53,1%) menggunakan pola asuh permisif. Hasil uji Chi Square menyatakan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara karakteristik orang tua dengan jenis pola asuh (p>0.05, α=0.05). Namun, karakteristik orang tua mungkin dapat mempengaruhi jenis pola asuh yang digunakan oleh orang tua. Perbedaan nilai-nilai budaya dan karakteristik orang tua menjadikan pola asuh dimasing-masing daerah berbeda. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan untuk diadakannya kerjasama antara pihak sekolah, klinik, dan orang tua dalam memberikan informasi terkait jenis pola asuh yang digunakan oleh orang tua dan dampaknya bagi perkembangan anak autisme.

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Parenting is series of intensive interaction that involves parents and children. This study purposed to examine the relationship between parental characteristics with type of parenting style in caring for children with autism. This study used a correlation descriptive design and involved 49 samples of parents who have children with autism (6-12 years old) in South Jakarta. This study using the instruments used the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Form (PSDQ). The results of this study indicated that the majority of respondents (53.1%) using permissive parenting style. Based on Chi Square test, there was no significant relationship between parental characteristics with type of parenting style (p>0.05, α= 0.05). However, parental characteristics may influence the type of parenting style that used by parents. The difference of cultural and parental characteristics make parenting style in each of the different regions. This study recommends the holding of cooperation between the schools, clinics, and parents in providing information related to the type of parenting that used by parents and its impact on the development of children with autism."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami Spektrum Autistik (SA) dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang holistik digunakan studi kasus. Selanjutnya, grounded theory digunakan untuk mengembangkan suatu model teoretis untuk menjelaskan SA. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, yaitu individu SA yang mampu berkomunikasi secara verbal, otobiografi, film, dan pengalaman pribadi peneliti. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan analisis teks. Hasil penelitian disajikan berdasarkan empat taraf pada manusia yaitu taraf sensorik, kognitif, emosi dan interaksi interpersonal, dan agama.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum gangguan integrasi sensorik merupakan penyebab utama masalah tingkah laku pada individu SA. Sebagian besar simtom autistik adalah usaha mereka untuk beradaptasi dengan dunia luar. Pada taraf kognitif, hampir seluruh individu SA mengalami kesulitan pada komunikasi verbal. Namun demikian biasanya mereka memiliki keunggulan pada bidang tertentu seperti menggambar, musik, puisi dan matematika. Masalah sensorik juga mempengaruhi kondisi emosional dan interaksi. Mereka cenderung mengalami emosi yang intens dan kesulitan dalam memahami interaksi sosial yang dinilai kompleks. Inidividu SA juga kesulitan dalam memahami agama, terutama ikatan emosional dengan Tuhan.

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The purpose of this study was to understand the Autistic Spectrum (AS) by using phenomenology method. Case study was used to achieve a holistic understanding of the AS and grounded theory was used to develop a theoretical model in the explanation of AS. The data were collected from various sources: AS individuals who can communicate verbally, autobiographies, films, and experience of the researcher. Data collection method used were interviews, observations, and text analysis.Research results were delivered based on human development levels: sensory, cognitive, emotional and social interaction, and religious level. In general, sensory integration dysfunction are the main cause of AS behavioral problems. Many of autistic symptoms are usually their effort to adapt with the outside world. On a cognitive level, most AS individuals experience difficulties in verbal communication, but they usually have potential in a specific area such as drawing, music, poetry, and math. The sensory impediments also influence their emotional state and interactions. They tend to experience intense emotional state and find social interactions difficult to comprehend because of its complexity. AS individuals also find religion is difficult to understand, especially the emotional bond with God."