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Proses pelimpahan kewenangan dari dokter kepada perawat di Indonesia sampai saat ini masih menjadi permasalahan. Undang-undang mengenai praktik keperawatan tidak mengatur dengan spesifik mengenai proses pelimpahan kewenangan ini, khususnya dalam tindakan medis. Hal ini menjadi fenomena yang memprihatinkan apabila dibandingkan dengan negara Amerika Serikat dan Jepang. Oleh karena itu penulis hendak menganalisis mengenai pengaturan kewenangan perawat dan dokter yang ada di Indonesia, Amerika Serikat, dan Jepang, serta pembagian kewenangan antara dokter dan perawat yang ada di Indonesia, Amerika Serikat dan Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif, yakni penelitian kepustakaan yang dilakukan terhadap aturan-aturan hukum tertulis maupun hukum tidak tertulis dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif. Penulis menemukan permasalahan di mana pola hubungan yang terjadi antara dokter dan perawat di Indonesia adalah hubungan atasan-bawahan, bukan hubungan kolaboratif seperti di Amerika Serikat dan Jepang. Hal ini didasarkan pada aspek sejarah, pendidikan, dan tidak jelasnya undang-undang mengatur mengenai pembagian kewenangan antara dokter dan perawat dalam suatu tindakan medis. Terhadap kondisi tersebut, pemerintah belum memberikan solusi terbaiknya. Sehingga penulis menyarankan dilakukannya judicial review mengenai pembagian kewenangan dari dokter kepada perawat dalam suatu tindakan medis.

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The process of delegating authority from doctors to nurses in Indonesia is still a problem. The law regarding nursing practice does not specifically regulate the process of delegating this authority, especially in medical treatment. This is a sad phenomenon when compared to the United States and Japan. Therefore the author wants to find out how the authority of nurses and doctors in Indonesia, the United States, and Japan, and the division of authority between doctors and nurses in Indonesia, the United States and Japan. This study uses a juridical-normative research method, namely library research conducted on written and unwritten legal rules with descriptive research type. The author found a problem where the pattern of relationships that occur between doctors and nurses in Indonesia is a superior-subordinate relationship, not a collaborative relationship as in the United States and Japan. This is based on the historical, educational, and unclear aspects of the law governing the division of authority between doctors and nurses in a medical action. Regarding these conditions, the government has not provided the best solution. So the authors suggest doing a judicial review regarding the division of authority from doctors to nurses in a medical action.

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"Dalam konteks pemberian layanan kesehatan, kekurangan tenaga medis, terutama dokter, di daerah terpencil dan kurang terlayani telah mengharuskan pendelegasian tanggung jawab medis tertentu kepada perawat. Praktik ini, meskipun penting untuk menyediakan perawatan kesehatan yang tepat waktu dan efektif, menimbulkan pertanyaan hukum yang rumit mengenai ruang lingkup wewenang, kewajiban, dan kerangka hukum keseluruhan perawat yang mengatur tindakan mereka. Penelitian ini membangun kembali konstruksi hukum Hukum Administrasi Negara dan Hukum Kesehatan mengenai pelimpahan wewenang tindakan medis, khususnya dalam konteks di daerah terpencil. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan doktrinal, memanfaatkan doktrin dan prinsip hukum dari Hukum Kesehatan untuk menganalisis konsep pelimpahan wewenang dokter kepada perawat di daerah terpencil. Doktrin hukum utama, seperti doktrin life-saving oleh van der Mijn dan prolonged arms doctrine oleh HJJ. Leenen, akan menjadi dasar untuk memberikan pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang pelimpahan wewenang tindakan medis tersebut. Dengan mengeksplorasi konstruksi hukum seputar pelimpahan wewenang dokter kepada perawat, penelitian ini memberikan kerangka hukum untuk dapat dijadikan dasar penyusunan kebijakan hukum bagi perawat yang bertugas di daerah terpencil. Konstruksi hukum yang mengatur pelaksanaan pelimpahan wewenang dokter kepada perawat di daerah terpencil mempunyai peran penting dalam memastikan pemberian layanan kesehatan yang efektif. Penelitian ini berfokus dengan studi perawat di Puskesmas Kecamatan Seko, Kabupaten Luwu Utara, Sulawesi Selatan. Faktor keterbatasan yang dihadapi oleh perawat di Kecamatan Seko menjadi bahan analisis utama untuk dapat menemukan konstruksi hukum yang sesuai dengan kondisi pelayanan kesehatan di daerah terpencil. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan diperlukannya rekonstruksi Hukum Administrasi Negara dan Hukum Kesehatan terhadap implementasi pelimpahan wewenang tindakan medik dokter kepada perawat atas adanya faktor keterbatasan di daerah terpencil untuk menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan perluasan peran Perawat dalam kondisi tertentu yang bertujuan untuk penyelamatan nyawa.

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In the context of healthcare provision, the scarcity of medical personnel, particularly doctors, in remote and underserved areas has necessitated the delegation of specific medical responsibilities to nurses. This practice, vital for delivering timely and effective healthcare, raises intricate legal inquiries concerning the scope of authority, duties, and overarching legal framework regulating the actions of nurses. This research reconstructs the legal constructs of Administrative Law and Health Law regarding the delegation of medical authority, specifically within remote regions. Employing a doctrinal approach, it leverages legal doctrines and principles from Health Law to analyze the concept of delegating doctors' authority to nurses in remote areas. Key legal doctrines, such as the life-saving doctrine by van der Mijn and the prolonged arms doctrine by HJJ. Leenen, serve as foundations to establish a comprehensive understanding of the delegation of medical authority. By exploring the legal constructs surrounding the delegation of doctors' authority to nurses, this research provides a legal framework to serve as the basis for formulating legal policies for nurses operating in remote areas. The legal constructs governing the implementation of delegating doctors' authority to nurses in remote areas play a crucial role in ensuring the provision of effective healthcare. This research focuses on studying nurses at the Seko Sub-district Health Center in North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The limiting factors faced by nurses in Seko Sub-district serve as the primary analytical material to discern legal constructs suitable for the healthcare conditions in remote areas. The findings of this study underscore the necessity for a reconstruction of Administrative Law and Health Law concerning the implementation of delegating doctors' medical authority to nurses due to limiting factors in remote areas, demonstrating the need for expanding the role of nurses in specific circumstances aimed at preserving lives."

"Skripsi ini membahas pengaturan beban kerja dokter di rumah sakit serta membandingkannya dengan ketentuan negara Amerika Serikat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian yuridis normatif dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini mencakup pembahasan mengenai pengaturan beban kerja dokter di Indonesia serta membandingkannya dengan Amerika Serikat. Hasil penelitian dalam skripsi ini ialah bahwa beban kerja dokter di rumah sakit belum diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan secara khusus baik di Indonesia maupun Amerika Serikat. Namun, Amerika Serikat telah memiliki pengaturan waktu kerja bagi dokter yaitu selama 40 jam per minggu. Selain itu, skripsi ini juga membahas mengenai implikasi terkait ketiadaannya pengaturan khusus mengenai beban kerja dokter di rumah sakit terhadap waktu kerja dan beban kerja dokter di rumah sakit. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar pemerintah dapat membuat pengaturan khusus mengenai waktu dan beban kerja bagi dokter di rumah sakit.

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This thesis discusses the regulation of the workload of doctors at the hospital as well as comparing it with the provisions of the United States of America. The research method used in this research is in the form of normative juridical research with descriptive research type. The discussion in this thesis involves discussion on regulating the workload of doctors in Indonesia and comparing it with the United States. The results of the research in this thesis is that the workload of doctors in hospitals has not been regulated in legislation specifically in both Indonesia and the United States. However, the United States has had better settings related to working time for doctors which is 40 hours per week. In addition, this thesis also discusses the implications related to the absence of specific regulations concerning the workload of doctors in the hospital towards working time and the workload of doctors at the hospital. The results of this study suggest that the government can make specific regulations regarding the time and workload for doctors in the hospital."

"ABSTRAKDalam penyelenggaraan upaya kesehatan khususnya di rumah sakit, tentunyamelibatkan hubungan dokter dan perawat. Dokter atau tenaga medis tidak dapatbekerja tanpa bantuan perawat di suatu ?rumah sakit. Sebaliknya, perawat tanpaadanya instruksi dokter, tidak berwenang untuk bertindak secara mandiri kecualidalam bidang tertentu yang sifatnya umum dan memang termasuk bidang asuhanperawat (nursing care). Hal tersebut juga berlaku pada tindakan yang dilakukanoleh dokter anestesi dan perawat anestesi. Permasalahan terkait pemberian danperlindungan hukum bagi perawat dapat dilihat pada tindakan anestesi. Perawatanestesi tidak dapat semaunya melakukan tindakan pembiusan kepada pasien.Undang-Undang No. 29 Tahun 2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran memuat sanksipidana dan denda kepada siapapun yang menjalankan praktik kedokteran yangmenimbulkan kesan bagi masyarakat seolah-olah merupakan dokter yangmemiliki Surat Tanda Registrasi (STR). Selain itu, tuntutan masyarakat akanpemberian pelayanan kesehatan yang berkualitas, efektif dan efisien jugadibutuhkan. Ketentuan ini tentunya menimbulkan polemik mengingat nasibperawat anestesi yang berpraktik di daerah terpencil seperti Kabupaten PadangPanjang di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Dimana pada daerah tersebut hanyaterdapat beberapa tenaga medis yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakatKabupaten Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat.

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ABSTRACTIn the implementation of healthcare especially in hospitals, naturally there will bean involvement in between doctors and nurses. Doctors or what we could called asparamedics will not be able to work without the help of the nurses in the?hospitals?. Vice versa, the nurses without the Doctors supervision will not be ableto act independently unless it is in a general action and part in the field of nursingcare. This also applies to the action taken by the anesthesiologist. The problemrelated to the issue and a legal care towards the nurses can be shown duringanesthesia. Anesthesist are not allowed giving anesthesia to the patients by theirown will. In the Act No. 29 Year 2004 about Medical practice, it states a criminalsanction and fines to anyone who undertake an illegal medical action, which willlater generate an impression as if it is a legal doctor who has an authorizedregistration letter and have the authority to take measure. Moreover, the demandfor giving a good quality, effective and efficient healthcare to the society is alsoneeded. This provision will certainly polemical considering the fate of theanesthesist that have their practice in a remote area like in Kabupaten PadangPanjang in the province of West Sumatera, where in that area there are only a fewof paramedics which could fulfill the needs of the people."

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, perawatan yang ditawarkan oleh klinik estetika seperti injeksi DNA salmon semakin populer. Bahan DNA salmon diklaim memiliki fungsi anti-aging dengan membuat kulit lebih kencang dan mengatasi hiperpigmentasi di kulit. Dokter dalam hal ini berperan penting sebagai pihak pemberi layanan di klinik estetika. Injeksi DNA salmon yang merupakan pelayanan estetika medis awamnya dinilai hanya dapat dilakukan oleh dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi. Sebab, dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi menempuh pendidikan spesialis tambahan. Kurikulum pendidikannya juga mencakup metode seperti subsisi, elevasi, microneedling yang biasa digunakan dalam estetika medis. Meskipun begitu, dokter umum juga dapat menangani permasalahan kulit. Ketika menempuh pendidikan dokter, dokter umum juga diwajibkan menguasai kurikulum kulit. Berdasarkan Standar Kompetensi Dokter Indonesia, tidak terdapat batasan bagi dokter umum dalam konteks pelayanan injeksi DNA salmon. Sedangkan bagi dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi, terdapat Standar Kompetensi Dokter Dermatologi dan Venereologi Indonesia dengan area kompetensi yang lebih rinci yang berpengaruh ke kewenangan dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi sebagai pemilik sertifikat kompetensi spesialis. Dalam peraturan perundang- undangan belum diatur secara jelas mengenai batasan kewenangan antara dokter umum dan dokter spesialis dalam pelayanan estetika medis. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal, penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai kompetensi dan kewenangan yang dimiliki dokter dalam pelayanan injeksi DNA salmon. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kewenangan dokter umum dan spesialis masih bersinggungan ketika dihadapkan pada pelayanan estetika medis seperti injeksi DNA salmon. Batasan kompetensi dan kewenangan dokter dalam pelayanan estetika medis yang buram ini dapat dihindari dengan diaturnya mengenai estetika medis secara khusus.

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In recent years, treatments offered by aesthetic clinics such as salmon DNA injections have become increasingly popular. The salmon DNA ingredient is claimed to have an anti-aging function by making the skin firmer and overcoming hyperpigmentation in the skin. The doctor in this case plays an important role as the service provider at the aesthetic clinic. Salmon DNA injection, which is a lay medical aesthetic service, is considered to only be performed by dermatologists. This is because dermatologists undergo additional specialist education. The education curriculum also includes methods such as subsection, elevation, microneedling which are commonly used in medical aesthetics. However, general practitioners can also treat skin problems. During their medical education, general practitioners are also required to master the skin curriculum. Based on the Indonesian Doctors Competency Standards, there are no restrictions for general practitioners in the context of salmon DNA injection services. As for dermatologists, there are Indonesian Dermatology and Venereology Physician Competency Standards with more detailed competency areas that affect the authority of dermatology and venereology specialists as owners of specialist competency certificates. The legislation has not clearly regulated the limits of authority between general practitioners and specialists in medical aesthetic services. By using the normative juridical research method, this research will discuss the competence and authority of doctors in salmon DNA injection services. From this research, it is found that the authority of general practitioners and dermatologists still intersect when faced with medical aesthetic services such as salmon DNA injection. The blurred boundaries of competence and authority of doctors in medical aesthetics services can be avoided by regulating medical aesthetics specifically."

"The enforcement of Law No. 22 Year 1999 on the Regional Autonomy Administration, which later was substituted by Law No. 32 Year 2004 regarding regional Administration , that had brought about different new paradigm in establishing the autonomy, has basically changed the practices of running the local government. One of them concerns the positions, duties, function and the authority of Sub-district Head. The change will both directly and indirectly change the structure of organization, its funding, staffing, meeting its logistic requirements and accountability.The change began with its definition about the "Sub-district" itself. In Law No. 5 Year 1974 about Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah (Governance Principles), Sub-district is an administrative Territory in the cause of de-concentration, namely within the circle of the. government bureaucracy locally executing public service_ While in Law No. 32 Year 2004 regarding Regional Government, Sub-district is an operational territory as a part of the municipality. This corresponds to what mentioned in Chapter 120, Article (2) regarding as follows: The municipality level consists of the local secretariat, regional agency, local technical bodies, sub-district and village. On its position, it is indirectly obliged to execute the authority of the municipal. This is found in chapter 126 article (2) Law No. 32 year 2004 regarding Regional administration, declaring that : The head of the sub-district in carrying out his/her duty receives the authority delegation from the mayor to handle the locallautonomy matters.Specifically for Tangerang municipality government, the decree of the mayor No. 02 year 2003 regarding the delegation of done of the municipality administration to the head sub-district across Tangerang territory was issued. There are some sectors out of 10 areas of authority that have been delegated to the sub-district head, among others : Transportation, general works, land matters, population affairs, trading, industry and cooperation, social matters, peace and order, licensing, tax and retribution, and secretarial matters. Two years' time has lapsed since its issuance, but the implementation of this authority delegation to the sub-district has not been optimally exercised.Starting from the curiosity for the actual reasons for the situation, a study has been made. The study used the qualitative method by accumulating the data through direct interview to relevant official, literature study and secondary data.The result shows that the delayed implementation of this authority delegation from the municipality administration to the head sub-district is caused by technical matters as to how it should be carried out. This is due to the decree of the mayor of Tangerang regarding the authority delegation has not been followed with required direction for its implementation and method which in the field has caused uncertainly as to how to do it. Besides, there are still other factors that also has caused the Tangerang mayor decree has not been implemented optimally, among others : human resources problem, financing aspects, requisite needs which have not been fully provided by the city administration. This means no other that the decree issues, has not been sufficiently supported by the above mentioned three factors. Coordination aspect has also become an additional cause for the delay of such implementation. The sub-district administration and Agency could not easily construct the required coordination, there's no coordination mechanism: The Tangerang Mayor's Decree No. 2 year 2003, could not sufficiently be made basic of coordination between the district held and the related body. The organization structure aspect has made it difficult to implement the authority. The existing structure within the sub-district administration is not compatible with the amount of sectors delegated, and the delegation aspect itself has caused the delay of the implementation. This due to existing doubt or reluctance of the related agency to voluntarily delegate some of the authority as have been regulated in Tangerang Mayor decree No. 2 year 2003.Some implication of this study is that it is necessary to create operational and technical directions for the Tangerang Mayor's decree No. 2 year 2003, that in the field, practice can be made easier if the sub-district be provided with the actual authority, like certain permits, that the sub-district administration service may become miniature of in its territory. This is all mainly done in the framework of providing better public service. It's undoubtedly, support of human resources, sufficient financial back up, requisite/perquisite availability is indispensable to help implement the message contained in the city major mentioned above. It's also of necessity to reconstruct the sub-district organization to make it more optimal in its status, especially in existing its main obligation and function."

"Sejak diberlakukannya Undang-undang No. 21 Tahun 2011 tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, maka terhitung mulai tanggal 31 Desember 2013 fungsi, tugas, dan wewenang pengaturan dan pengawasan kegiatan jasa keuangan di sektor Perbankan beralih dari Bank Indonesia (BI) kepada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), termasuk dalam hal ini adalah penyelesaian pengaduan Nasabah dan sengketa perbankan. OJK telah mengeluarkan POJK No. 1/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan dan POJK No. 1/POJK.07/2014 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa di Sektor Jasa Keuangan sebagai dasar ketentuan dalam mengatur penyelesaian sengketa antara Bank dan Nasabah, baik melalui internal dispute resolution dan external dispute resolution. Dengan beralihnya kewenangan pengaturan dan pengawasan perbankan ke OJK, maka alternatif penyelesaian sengketa yang sebelumnya diatur oleh BI berupa Lembaga Mediasi Perbankan Independen kini mulai menemukan titik terang dalam bentuk Lembaga Alternatis Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Indonesia (LAPSPI). Namun dalam pelaksanaannya LAPSPI akan menghadapi berbagai macam tantangan yang harus dipenuhi, diantaranya merumuskan prosedur dan ketentuan penyelesaian sengketa, penerapan prinsip lembaga alternatif penyelesaian sengketa, dan memiliki sumber daya untuk dapat melaksanakan pelayanan penyelesaian sengketa. Menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut permasalahan yang terjadi dengan beralihnya kewenangan pengaturan dan pengawasan sektor perbankan dari BI kepada OJK terutama dalam hal penyelesaian sengketa perbankan dan tantangan pemenuhan prinsip lembaga alternatif penyelesaian sengketa yang harus dipenuhi oleh LAPSPI.

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Since the enactment of UU No. 21 Year 2011 on the Financial Services Authority, then starting on December 31, 2013 the functions, duties, and authority of the regulatory and supervisory activities of financial services in the banking sector switching from Bank Indonesia (BI) to the Financial Services Authority (OJK), including in this case is customer complaints and dispute resolution between banks and customer. FSA has issued POJK No. 1 / POJK.07 / 2013 on Consumer Protection in the Sector of Financial Services and POJK No. 1 / POJK.07 / 2014 of the Alternative Institution of Dispute Resolution in the Financial Services Sector as a basic provision in arranging the Banking dispute resolution, both through internal and external dispute resolution. With the transition of regulation authorization and banking supervision to the FSA, then the alternative dispute resolution of that were previously regulated by the Bank Indonesia in the form of the Institution Banking Mediation Independent is now beginning to find a bright spot in the form of Alternative Institution of Dispute Resolution of Banking Indonesia (LAPSPI). However, in practice LAPSPI will face numerous challenges to be met, including formulating procedures and dispute settlement provisions, the application of the principle of alternative institutions of dispute resolution, and have the resources to be able to carry out the dispute resolution service. Further interesting to study the problems that occur with the authority transition of regulation and supervision of the banking sector of BI to the FSA, especially in terms of banking dispute resolution and the compliance challenges of the principle of alternative institutions of dispute resolution that must be met by LAPSPI."

"Perkembangan serta perubahan teknologi informasi saat ini mempengaruhi hampir seluruh sendi dan budaya kehidupan manusia. Hal tersebut menandakan adanya transisi budaya dari awalnya transaksi dilakukan secara luring berkembang menjadi daring. Pengaruh Teknologi Informasi ini juga mempengaruhi prosedur notaris dalam membuat akta autentik. Bahwa perkembangan hukum di dunia mengenal apa yang disebut dengan akta autentik elektronik, tanda tangan elektronik, bahkan cyber notary. Namun terkait dengan penjelasan Pasal 15 Ayat (3) UUJN mengenai cyber notary tidak ada penjelasan atau perintah yang lebih jelas sehingga menjadi perdebatan maka diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hal tersebut. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini berkaitan dengan perbandingan politik hukum yang dilakukan pemerintah Negara Jepang dan Indonesia dalam mendukung penerapan penyelenggaraan sistem notaris elektronik, pembuatan akta autentik elektronik di Negara Jepang agar memiliki kekuatan hukum sebagai alat bukti yang sempurna, dan pengaturan yang seharusnya terkait dengan akta autentik elektronik di Indonesia ke depannya. Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis mengenai cyber notary dalam bidang kenotariatan. Mengingat kemajuan teknologi sudah sangat pesat sehingga tidak dapat lagi dihindari, dan penggunaan teknologi menjadi lebih efektif, efisien dan biaya yang murah bagi manusia dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penulisan ini yaitu yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach) dan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) antara hukum dua negara yaitu Undang-Undang Notaris Jepang No. 53 Tahun 1908 jo. Undang-Undang Notaris Jepang No. 74 Tahun 2011 dengan Undang-Undang No. 2 Tahun 2014 jo. Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris melalui teknik analisis datanya dilakukan secara kualitatif dan pengumpulan datanya menggunakan data sekunder sebagai data utama yakni studi dokumen yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder sedangkan data primer sebagai data pendukung yakni wawancara dengan beberapa orang notaris sebagai narasumber. Jepang telah mereformasi Undang-Undang Notarisnya sehingga sistem cyber notary telah terlaksana sejak tahun 2000 dan notaris elektronik harus terdaftar dalam list yang dikoordinir oleh Kementerian Kehakiman sehingga terdapat pelatihan atau kualifikasi khusus. Jepang juga telah mempunyai Undang-Undang Tanda Tangan Elektronik dan Bisnis Sertifikasi sejak tahun 2000, yang mana undang-undang tersebut saling berhubungan dengan Undang-Undang Notarisnya. Selain itu dalam pelaksanaan notaris elektronik dan tanda tangan elektronik terdapat Penyelenggara Usaha Sertifikasi Jepang yang telah mendapatkan akreditasi dari Menteri yang berwenang sehingga kekuatan pembuktian akta autentik elektronik tersebut menjadi kekuatan pembuktian yang sempurna. Pengaturan akta autentik elektronik yang seharusnya di Indonesia yaitu menambahkan pengertian akta elektronik sebagai akta autentik dalam Pasal 1 UUJN, menambahkan dan memperjelas secara detail kewenangan notaris terkait cyber notary dalam Pasal 15 Ayat (3) UUJN, merevisi dan memperluas kata menghadap dalam Pasal 16 Ayat (1) huruf M, dan mengamandemen Pasal 5 Ayat (4) UU ITE.

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Developments and changes in information technology currently affect almost all joints and culture of human life. This indicates a cultural transition from initially transactions carried out offline to developing online. The influence of Information Technology also influences notary procedures in making authentic deeds. That the development of law in the world recognizes what is called an authentic electronic deed, electronic signature, and even a cyber notary. However, in relation to the elucidation of Article 15 Paragraph (3) UUJN regarding cyber notary, there is no clearer explanation or order, so it becomes a debate, further research is needed on this matter. The issues raised in this study relate to the comparison of legal politics carried out by the governments of Japan and Indonesia in supporting the implementation of the implementation of an electronic notary system, making authentic electronic deeds in Japan so that they have the force of law as perfect evidence, and the arrangements that should be related to deed electronic authentic in Indonesia in the future. This research generally aims to examine and analyze cyber notaries in the notary field. Considering that technological progress has been so rapid that it can no longer be avoided, and the use of technology has become more effective, efficient and inexpensive for humans in carrying out their work. The research method used in this writing is normative juridical with a comparative approach and a statute approach between the laws of the two countries, namely Japanese Notary Law No. 53 of 1908 jo. Japanese Notary Law No. 74 of 2011 with Law no. 2 of 2014 jo. Law No. 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary through data analysis techniques carried out qualitatively and data collection using secondary data as the main data, namely document studies consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials while primary data as supporting data, namely interviews with several notaries as resource persons. Japan has reformed its Notary Law so that the cyber notary system has been implemented since 2000 and electronic notaries must be registered on a list coordinated by the Ministry of Justice so that there is special training or qualifications. Japan has also had Electronic Signature and Certification Business Laws since 2000, which are interrelated with its Notary Laws. In addition, in the implementation of electronic notaries and electronic signatures, there are Japanese Certification Business Operators who have received accreditation from the competent Minister so that the strength of proof of the authentic electronic deed becomes a perfect evidentiary force. The regulation of authentic electronic deed that should be in Indonesia is adding the definition of an electronic deed as an authentic deed in Article 1 UUJN, adding and clarifying in detail the authority of a notary related to cyber notary in Article 15 Paragraph (3) UUJN, revising and expanding the word facing in Article 16 Paragraph (1) letter M, and amending Article 5 Paragraph (4) of the ITE Law. "

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai studi perbandingan pengaturan joint ventures di Indonesia dengan beberapa yurisdiksi lain, yaitu Jepang, Singapura, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa. Studi perbandingan pengaturan joint ventures tersebut terutama ditinjau dari aspek hukum persaingan usaha. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan obyek penelitian berbasis norma hukum, baik dalam peraturan perundang-undangan maupun yang sudah secara kongkrit ditetapkan oleh hakim dalam kasus-kasus yang diputuskan di pengadilan. Pengaturan joint ventures dari aspek persaingan usaha di yurisdiksi tersebut belum dilakukan secara khusus melalui suatu undang-undang tersendiri, namun biasanya tersirat dalam pengaturan mengenai persaingan usaha tidak sehat dan antimonopoli. Hasil penelitian menyarankan sebaiknya Pemerintah Republik Indonesia mempertimbangkan untuk melakukan pengaturan secara khusus mengenai kerja sama antar pelaku usaha dalam bentuk joint ventures melalui peraturan perundang-undangan tersendiri. Pengaturan mengenai joint ventures tersebut sebaiknya menyelaraskan prinsip kebebasan berkontrak oleh para pihak dalam pembentukan joint ventures dengan aspek hukum persaingan usaha dan hukum perusahaan. Hal ini untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan mendorong terciptanya persaingan usaha secara sehat serta mencegah timbulnya praktek monopoli dalam kerja sama antar pelaku usaha melalui pembentukan joint ventures.

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This thesis discusses comparative study among some countries, which compare Indonesian joint ventures regulation with other jurisdiction from other countries, such as Japan, Singapore, United States of America, and European Union. This comparative study is reviewed from competition law aspect. This research employs descriptive research method with qualitative approach. To be more specific, this research employs normative research method. This research adapts legal norms for the object of research in legislation. In addition, the cases have been concretely established by the judge and have been decided in the court. Joint ventures regulation from business competition aspect has not been performed particularly through its own legislation but it is generally implicit in the regulation of an unfair business and anti-monopoly.

The result of the research suggest that Indonesian Government should consider doing a special arrangement of cooperation among business in the form of joint ventures through its own legislation. Joint ventures regulation should adapt the principle of contractual freedom by the parties in establishing of joint ventures to legal aspect competition and corporate law. This is aims to ensure legal certainty and encourage a fair competition. In addition, this can prevent monopolistic practice in partnership or business through the establishment of joint ventures."