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"This book presents the comprehensive results of experimental and numerical investigations of glass façade breakage behavior under fire conditions. First of all, full-scale frame and point-supported glass facades, incorporating single, double and coated glazing, were tested under pool fire conductions. The results determined the effects of different glass frames, types of glass, and thermal shocks on breakage behavior. Small-scale tests, using the Material Testing System (MTS) 810, Netzsch Dilatometer and FE-SEM, were also performed at different temperatures to determine the basic mechanical properties of glazing.In addition, a three-dimensional dynamic model was developed to predict stress distribution, crack initiation and propagation, and has since been employed to identify the breakage mechanisms of different types of glass facade. The numerical results showed very good agreement with the experimental results and verified the models ability to accurately predict breakage. Lastly, a theoretical model based on incident heat flux was developed to predict the breakage time and heat transfer in glazing, which served to reveal the nature of interactions between fire and glass."

"Studi ini menjelaskan tentang penilaian risiko keselamatan kebakaran dalam hal pencegahan kebakaran fasilitas, komponen sistem fasilitas, dan manajemen darurat di Universitas Indonesia Rumah Sakit Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan tingkat keselamatan kebakaran risiko di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia sesuai dengan nasional dan internasional standar. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode penelitian deskriptif dilakukan melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara, dan tinjauan dokumen dengan menggunakan instrumen daftar periksa dan Alat Penilaian Risiko ASHE. Analisis data dilakukan oleh melihat kesesuaian kondisi aktual dengan standar yang berlaku dan peraturan, kemudian menentukan tingkat risiko berdasarkan kategori yang ditetapkan oleh ASHE Alat Penilaian Risiko. Dari hasil penelitian, ditemukan aspek-aspeknya yang hampir memenuhi persyaratan standar dan memiliki tingkat risiko yang dapat diterima sistem proteksi kebakaran dan komponen sistem fasilitas. Adapun cara melarikan diri rumah sakit masih ada yang tidak kompatibel dengan standar, sehingga masih ada tingkat tinggi risiko dan tindakan korektif perlu diambil. Manajemen darurat dan bencana di Indonesia rumah sakit juga sedang dikembangkan, sehingga mereka belum sepenuhnya memenuhi persyaratan dalam Indeks Keamanan Rumah Sakit WHO, terutama karena tidak tersedianya prosedur dan pelatihan belum disediakan untuk semua tim tanggap darurat

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This study describes the fire safety risk assessment in terms of facility fire prevention, facility system components, and emergency management at the University of Indonesia Indonesian Hospital. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of fire safety risks at the University of Indonesia Hospital in accordance with national and international standards. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive research method carried out through field observations, interviews, and document reviews using checklist instruments and ASHE Risk Assessment Tools. Data analysis is carried out by looking at the suitability of actual conditions with applicable standards and regulations, then determining the level of risk based on the categories set by the ASHE Risk Assessment Tool. From the results of the study, it was found aspects that almost meet the standard requirements and have an acceptable level of risk fire protection system and facility system components. As for how to escape the hospital there are still incompatible with the standard, so there is still a high level of risk and corrective action needs to be taken. Emergency and disaster management in Indonesia hospitals are also being developed, so they have not fully met the requirements in the WHO Hospital Safety Index, especially because the unavailability of procedures and training has not been provided for all emergency response teams."

"Semakin terbatasnya lahan di perkotaan dan terus meningkatnya kebutuhan ruang aktivitas masyarakat telah mendorong pembangunan bangunan gedung ke arah vertical. baik di atas permukaan tanah (gedung tinggi), maupun ke dalam tanah (bismen). Besmen merupakan bangunan berlapis yang dibangun secara vertikal kebawah tanah. Besmen umumnya digunakan untuk aktifitas yang menunjang penggunaaan bangunan seperti untuk fungsi parkir, instalasi alat-alat mekanikal dan banyak digunakan sebagai tempat pertokoan, hiburan, kantor dan lain-lain. Fokus penelitian ini adalah pemodelan tingkat visibilitas dan konsentrasi asap ketika sebuah lantai besmen mengalami kebakaran. Untuk menekan tingkat bahaya akumulasi asap, maka basement tersebut dilengkapi dengan jetfan untuk membantu dalam upaya pengaliran dan ekstraksi asap.

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With the lack of space in urban areas and the increasing needs of space for activity, society has encouraged the development of buildings vertically, both above or underground (Basement). Basement is a layered building which built vertically down the ground. It is generally used for activities that support the use of the building for functions such as parking, installation of mechanical equipment and is widely used as a shopping, entertainment, office and others. The focus of this study is to model the level of visibility and smoke concentration when a basement is on fire. The researcher made some options in order to push the danger level of accumulation smoke by using a jetfan system in order to help the flow and the extraction of the smoke."

"Kebakaran dapat menyebabkan kerugian baik jiwa, material dan aset berharga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaudit manajemen kebakaran dan sistem tanggap darurat di gedung Fakultas X ? Universitas Indonesia Depok. Hasil audit terhadap sarana dan prasarana kebakaran serta sistem tanggap darurat selanjutnya dibandingkan terhadap Building Code Australia (BCA) dan Peraturan dan Ketentuan teknis pengamanan terhadap bahaya kebakaran pada bangunan gedung Kep.MenPU.No 10/KPTS/2000. Gedung yang diaudit terdiri dari Gedung A, B, C, D, F dan G. Klasifikasi gedung A, B, D, F, dan G merupakan Kelas 5 sedangkan gedung C merupakan kelas 9b. Variabel yang diaudit adalah jalan keluar, struktur bangunan, sistem detektor dan alarm, sistem komunikasi dan peringatan darurat kebakaran, prosedur evakuasi, peralatan pemadam kebakaran seperti alat pemadam api ringan (APAR), hidran, springkler, serta sistem tanggap darurat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jalan keluar belum memenuhi persyaratan karena terkunci. Struktur bangunan secara umum sudah memenuhi persyaratan karena merupakan konstruksi beton bertulang. Sistem detektor dan alarm hanya terdapat pada gedung G, sedangkan gedung lainnya belum memenuhi persyaratan (belum tersedia, rusak, atau tidak berfungsi). Pada gedung G terdapat sistem komunikasi dan peringatan darurat kebakaran, namun pada gedung lain belum tersedia. Belum terdapat metode dan prosedur evakuasi untuk pengosongan gedung. Peralatan pemadam kebakaran khususnya APAR sudah tersedia dan memenuhi persyaratan pada semua gedung, namun untuk hidran dan springkler hanya tersedia di gedung G. Belum tersedianya sistem tanggap darurat di fakultas ini. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa sarana dan prasarana penanggulangan kebakaran pada fakultas ini masih perlu ditingkatkan.

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Fire may cause loss of life, material and valuable assets. The objective of this study is to conduct audit for fire safety and emergency response in the building at Faculty X, University of Indonesia, Depok. The audit results on the building fire safety facilities including emergency response and preparedness are then compared to the Building Code Australia (BCA) and Indonesian regulation on the building fire safety (Kep.MenPU.No 10 and 11/KPTS/2000). The building selected are Building A, B, C, D, F and G. Building classification for A, B, D, F and G are classified as Class 5, while Building C is classified as Class 9b. Variable which are evaluated including emergency exit, building structure, fire alarm and detector, communication and fire warning system, evacuation procedure, portable fire extinguishers, hydrant, sprinkler, and emergency response preparedness. Results suggested that emergency exit is locked, and this is not comply to the regulation. Building structure has been complied to the regulation since it was made of concrete. Fire detector and alarm only provided in Building G, while other building is not available. There is no evacuation procedure available. Portable fire extinguisher has been available in all the building. Hydrant an sprinkler only available in building G. There is no emergency response preparedness in this faculty. In conclusion, the fire safety facilities in this faculty need to be improved."

"The Geneva Association pada tahun 2014 melaporkan kerugian akibat kebakaran mencapai 1 % dari PDB (Produk Domestik Bruto). Karena itu, untuk mengantisipasi risiko kebakaran dibutuhkan penilaian risiko kebakaran (fire risk assesment) sebagai langkah awal untuk mengenali skenario risiko yang dapat terjadi serta upaya yang perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keamanan dan resiliensi daerah dalam menghadapi peristiwa kebakaran. Saat ini, Peraturan Menteri PUPR No. 20/PRT/M/2009 Tahun 2009 Bab 2 telah membuat panduan untuk melakukan analisis risiko kebakaran. Tugas akhir ini menyelidiki dan menganalisis aspek keselamatan kebakaran melalui pendekatan simulasi. Kebakaran merupakan ancaman serius terhadap properti dan kehidupan manusia, membutuhkan pemahaman yang mendalam terkait dinamika kebakaran dan upaya pencegahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman tentang perilaku kebakaran dalam berbagai kondisi dan lingkungan. Melalui penggunaan simulasi FDS, penelitian ini akan mengembangkan model dinamis yang merepresentasikan penyebaran api dan gas beracun selama kebakaran. Simulasi ini akan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti jenis bahan bakar, arsitektur bangunan dan sistem perlindungan kebakaran. Hasil dari simulasi ini akan memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang potensi risiko kebakaran dengan variasi Fire Growth Category dan menghitung waktu evakuasi saat skenario kebakaran terjadi. Dilihat dari skripsi ini, untuk bangunan yang bisa menampung maksimal kapasitas sekitar 7627 manusia, jika terjadi kebakaran hanyalah kategori slow dan medium yang ASET lebih besar daripada waktu RSET. Selain itu, langkah-langkah dalam mengurangi risiko akibat kebakaran itu sendiri bisa dibantu dengan bantuan exhaust atau ventilasi paksa karena pada skripsi ini, dibuat pembanding dengan bangunan yang menggunakan ventilasi alami dan ventilasi paksa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa jika suatu bangunan menggunakan ventilasi paksa, maka asap hasil kebakaran tersebut dapat cepat terhisap dan tidak membahayakan hidup pengunjung di dalamnya. Terakhir, pada skripsi ini juga dijelaskan saran-saran yang tentunya bisa mengurangi risiko dari skenario darurat terburuk seperti pemilihan material, pelatihan untuk penyelenggara acara, dan lain-lain.

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The Geneva Association reported in 2014 that fire-related losses amounted to 1% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Therefore, to anticipate fire risks, a fire risk assessment is needed as an initial step to identify potential risk skenarios and the necessary measures to enhance the safety and resilience of an area in the event of a fire. Currently, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 20/PRT/M/2009 Chapter 2 provides guidelines for conducting fire risk analysis. This thesis investigates and analyzes fire safety aspects through a simulation approach. Fire poses a serious threat to property and human life, requiring a deep understanding of fire dynamics and prevention efforts. This research aims to improve the understanding of fire behavior under various conditions and environments. Using FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator), this study will develop a dynamic model that represents the spread of fire and toxic gases during a fire. The simulation will consider factors such as fuel type, building architecture, and fire protection systems. The results of this simulation will provide in-depth insights into potential fire risks with varying Fire Growth Categories and calculate evacuation times during fire skenarios. According to this thesis, for buildings with a maximum capacity of approximately 7627 people, only fires in the slow and medium categories have an Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) greater than the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). Additionally, measures to reduce the risk of fire can be aided by the use of exhaust systems or forced ventilation. The thesis compares buildings using natural ventilation versus forced ventilation. The results indicate that buildings with forced ventilation can quickly remove smoke generated by the fire, thereby reducing the danger to occupants. Finally, this thesis provides recommendations to reduce risks in worst-case emergency skenarios, such as material selection, training for event organizers, and more."

"In this work a flexible design of multi-nozzle arrangement of water mist fire suppression system was studied. The source of fire was a 65 mm diameter cooking oil fire. An investigation on the impact of nozzle arrangement on the temperature profile of fires was conducted. The occurance of oil splash due to the application of water mist was alsostudied. The water mist systems developed in the present work can effectively extinguish cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-ignition. The spray angle, discharge pressure, and water flow rate were important factors to determine the effectiveness of water mist in extinguishing cooking oil fires."

"Hingga saat ini kebakaran masih sering terjadi terutama pada bangunan gedung bertingkat. Laboratorium merupakan bangunan yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus mengenai sistem proteksi kebakaran. Penelitian ini membahas tentang evaluasi sistem proteksi kebakaran aktif berupa sprinkler, alarm kebakaran, detektor kebakaran, hidran, dan APAR, sistem proteksi kebakaran pasif berupa kompartemenisasi, sarana jalan keluar, pintu kebakaran, tangga kebakaran, pencahayaan darurat, tanda penunjuk arah, dan tempat berkumpul sementara. Dengan peraturan yang berlaku di Indonesia berupa Permen PU No.26/PRT/M/2008, Standar Nasional Indonesia SNI maupun peraturan yang berlaku di internasional berupa standar National Fire Protection Assosiation NFPA, serta membahas tentang kesesuaian laboratorium menggunakan bahan kimia terhadap standar National Fire Protection Assosiation 45 tentang Laboratories Using Chemicals. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sistem Proteksi Kebakaran Aktif memenuhi peraturan sebesar 61, Sistem Proteksi Kebakaran Pasif memenuhi peraturan sebesar 57,5 dan Laboratories Using Chemicals memenuhi standar sebesar 75, namun masih diperlukan beberapa perbaikan serta peningkatan dari kelengkapan sarana pencegahan dan penanggulangan kebakaran yang telah tersedia.

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Fires still occur mainly in high rise buildings. The laboratory is a building that needs to get special attention on fire protection system.This study discusses the evaluation of active fire protection system in the form of sprinkler, fire alarm, fire detector, hydrant, and fire extinguisher, and passive fire protection system in form compartment, exit facility, fire door, fire ladder, emergency lighting, signpost, and temporary gathering places. All this element is evaluated with regulations that applied in Indonesia.

The regulation are Permen PU No.26 PRT M 2008, Indonesian National Standard SNI and international regulation that is National Fire Protection Association NFPA standard. This study also discusses the compatibility of laboratory using chemicals against National Fire Protection Association 45 standard about Laboratories Using Chemicals. The research design used was observational research with qualitative approach.

The results showed that the Active Fire Protection System meets the regulation of 61, The Passive Fire Protection System meets the regulation of 57.5, and Laboratories Using Chemicals meets regulation of 75. However there are still needed some improvement and enhancement of the completeness of prevention and fire protection facilities."

"This paper examines the fire smoke hazards of commercial - multi-function buildings known asRumah Toko or ?Ruko" The fire simulation was carried out using the NIST Fire Dynamic Simulators(FDS) model. The input for the model was taken from a typical design and sizes of this building built inIndonesian cities. On the basis of a set fire, two (2) design scenarios have been analyzed, i.e. thetraditional design and an improved design. The results of this work show that in the ordinary design ofthe Ruko building, smoke production during a fire can overcome the occupants in relatively short periodof time. Meanwhile the improved design by means of installing smoke shaft systems can improve theventing capacity of the building. On the basis of smoke density level, the margin of safety for evacuationefforts is extended from 160 s to more than 400 s by the use of smoke shaft systems."