Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Semakin meluasnya diskursus middle powers yang dipromosikan oleh sejumlah negara dunia mendorong munculnya berbagai literatur untuk membahas dan memberikan konseptualisasi akademis bagi posisi tersebut. Middle powers dianggap sebagai kelompok negara yang memiliki kekuatan dan pengaruh tertentu pada tingkat global sehingga membedakannya dari negara-negara lain di bawah great powers pada umumnya. Meskipun mengalami peningkatan fokus literatur dan klaim langsung oleh negara-negara, sayangnya, diskusi tentang middle powers dalam ilmu hubungan internasional sering terhambat oleh kurangnya kejelasan tentang apa arti sebenarnya dari istilah middle power. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklarifikasi dan menelaah konsep middle powers secara komprehensif. Dengan menggunakan metode kronologi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur middle powers dalam tiga periode: (1) sebelum Perang Dingin, (2) masa Perang Dingin (1947-1991), dan (3) pasca Perang Dingin (1992-2020). Pemetaan literatur secara kronologis dimaksudkan agar tinjauan ini mampu menarik menelusuri perkembangan konsep middle powers dari kajian-kajian terdahulu hingga terkini. Dengan begitu, tulisan ini tidak hanya memberikan pemahaman middle powers dalam suatu konteks saja, melainkan dapat menyediakan identifikasi berbagai pola dan kecenderungan yang terbentuk sesuai pergeseran dinamika politik internasional dari masa ke masa. Pada akhirnya, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa perkembangan konsep middle powers didasari oleh ambisi negara-negara untuk mengejar status yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sekadar negara lain di luar great powers. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka mengamankan kepentingan nasional dan meningkatkan pengaruh mereka dalam sistem internasional.

---

The increasingly widespread discourse of middle powers promoted by a number of countries has led to the emergence of literatures which discuss and provide academic conceptualizations for the position. Middle powers are considered as a group of countries that have certain powers and influences at the global level, thus distinguishing them from other countries under the great powers in general. Despite increasing focus on literature and direct claims by countries, unfortunately, discussions about middle powers in international relations studies are often hampered by a lack of clarity about what the term really means. The main objective of this research is to clarify and examine the concept of middle powers comprehensively. Using chronological method, this literature review shows the development of middle powers literature in three periods: (1) before the Cold War, (2) during the Cold War (1947-1991), and (3) post-Cold War (1992-2020). Chronological mapping of the literatures is intended so that this review is able to explore the development of middle power conception from previous studies to the latest ones. That way, this paper not only provides an understanding of middle powers in a specified context, but is able to provide identification of various patterns and trends that are formed in accordance with the shifting dynamics of international politics from time to time. In the end, this literature review argues that the development of middle power concept is driven by the ambitions of countries to pursue higher status than the generalization of other countries outside the great powers. This is done in order to secure each country`s national interests and increase their influence in the international system."

"This paper aims to explain and analyze the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy in China's unilateral claim to the North Natuna Sea area. This claim is based on China's argument that this area is a traditional Chinese fishing area. This paper uses a qualitative method of analysis with analysis data collection techniques. References. The results obtained are that the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy model on China's claims in the North Natuna Sea area uses a diplomatic approach. This is relevant to Indonesia's character as a middle power country. Middle power democracy has always been a catalyst, facilitator and manager in resolvingregional or international conflicts. This condition is also in theory consistent with the foreign policy model designed by John Lovell, namely using the accommodation method. Furthermore, this condition is also consistent with the character of foreign policy in Mandala theory called Asana."

"Skripsi ini membahas orientalisme dalam anime Hetalia: Axis Powers karya Hidekaz Himaruya yang dirilis pada tahun 2008. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis adanya tindak hegemoni dan pandangan orientalisme yang ditampilkan dalam anime tersebut. Analisis masalah penelitian menggunakan teori hegemoni Antonio Gramsci (1971) dan teori orientalisme Edward Said (1978). Penelitian skripsi ini bersifat kualitatif yang difokuskan pada anime Hetalia: Axis Powers. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa representasi orientalisme pihak Barat dalam anime Hetalia: Axis Powers terhadap pihak Timur dapat dibuktikan keberadaanya serta diwujudkan melalui beragam bentuk dominasi, namun teori Said tidak dapat diaplikasikan pada keseluruhan anime karena terdapat beberapa pengecualian.

---

This study is focused on orientalism in Hidekaz Himaruya?s anime, Hetalia: Axis Powers released in 2008. This study aimed to analyze hegemony action and orientalism as its part who were shown in the anime. The discussion in this study uses Antonio Gramsci?s Hegemony (1971) and Edward Said?s Orientalism (1978) as the theories. This study is a qualitative which focused on Hetalia: Axis Powers anime. The results of this study showed that the West?s orientalism over the East in the anime proved its existence and has been formed through domination diversity, even so, Said?s theory could not be applied throughout the anime due to some exception reason."