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Studi ini membahas pentingnya fasilitasi perdagangan dalam kinerja logistik untuk mendorong ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan model gravitasi struktural untuk menganalisis pengaruh kinerja logistik terhadap besarnya ekspor produk tekstil dari Indonesia ke negara-negara mitra dagangnya di seluruh dunia. Secara khusus, studi ini menggunakan Logistics Performance Index (LPI) sebagai proksi untuk fasilitasi perdagangan dan LPI sebagai cerminan kebijakan perdagangan non-diskriminatif dari negara asal. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini juga menggunakan data perdagangan intranasional dalam persamaan gravitasi struktural untuk memastikan bahwa efek estimasi untuk kebijakan ekspor non-diskriminatif dalam logistik dapat diidentifikasi walau dengan adanya fixed effect. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa LPI dapat berperan dalam memperluas ekspor produk tekstil dari Indonesia.

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This study discusses the importance of trade facilitation in logistic performance to boost Indonesia’s export. This work uses a structural gravity model to analyse the effect of logistics performance with respect to the export magnitude of textile products from Indonesia to its trading partner countries worldwide. In particular, it employs the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) as a proxy for trade facilitation and as a non-discriminatory trade policy of the origin country. Further, this study considers intranational trade in the structural gravity equation to ensure that the estimation effects for the non-discriminatory export policy in logistics can be identified in the presence of the fixed effect. The estimation results reveal that the LPI could play a role in expanding the export of textile products from Indonesia.

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"Penggunaan kebijakan non-tarif atau non-tariff measures (NTMs) sangat beragam, salah satunya adalah technical barriers to trade (TBT) yang penggunaannya semakin intensif di banyak komoditas atau produk yang diperdagangkan. Salah satu penerapan technical barriers to trade ada pada ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil, yang notabene merupakan salah satu penyumbang ekspor terbesar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini ingin menganalisis pengaruh dari penerapan kebijakan technical barriers to trade secara keseluruhan terhadap kinerja ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan unit observasi komoditas tekstil dan produk tekstil ke 10 negara tujuan utama ekspor dengan kode Harmonized System (HS) 4 digit pada tahun 2018 dan pengaplikasian metode estimasi menggunakan Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). Penghitungan intensitas penggunaan TBT akan melalui pendekatan inventoris, yaitu dengan pengukuran menggunakan Coverage Ratio dan Frequency Index, sehingga dapat terlihat dampak intensitas penggunaan TBT terhadap ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, penggunaan TBT yang diterapkan negara partner terhadap ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia justru memiliki efek mendorong perdagangan. Sehingga diekspektasikan bahwa penerapan TBT terhadap komoditas tekstil dan produk tekstil memiliki efek peningkatan permintaan.

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The use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is very diverse, one of which is technical barriers to trade (TBT) whose use is increasingly intensive in many commodities or products being traded. One of the implementations of technical barriers to trade is in the export of textiles and textile products, which incidentally is one of the biggest contributors to exports in Indonesia. This study wants to analyse the effect of the implementation of the overall technical barriers to trade policy on the export performance of Indonesian textiles and textile products. This study uses the observation unit for textile commodities and textile products to the 10 main export destination countries with the 4-digit Harmonized System (HS) code in 2018 and the application of the estimation method using the PoissonPseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). The calculation of the intensity of use of TBT will be through an inventory approach, namely by measuring using the Coverage Ratio and Frequency Index, so that the impact of the intensity of use of TBT on exports of textiles and textile products can be seen. The results of the study show that overall, the use of TBT by partner countries for exports of Indonesian textiles and textile products has the effect of encouraging trade. So, it is expected that the application of TBT to textile commodities and textile products will have a demand-enhancing effect."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) yang dilakukan Indonesia memiliki gross trade creation terhadap ekspor Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil (TPT) Indonesia, serta menentukan variabel lain yang memengaruhi kinerja ekspor TPT Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan commodity specific gravity model, dengan data panel yang terdiri dari data tahunan dari 2005 hingga 2013, dan 24 negara importir. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa seluruh FTA memiliki gross trade creation yang cukup signifikan terhadap ekspor komoditas TPT Indonesia, khususnya ACFTA dan AKFTA. Sementara itu, variabel PDB Negara Importir, dan Nilai tukar merupakan beberapa faktor utama penentu kinerja ekspor komoditas TPT Indonesia.;This study aims to determine whether the Indonesia?s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have gross trade creation to Indonesia?s Textiles And Textile Products exports, and to determine other variables that affect Indonesian textile exports performance. This study using the commodity specific gravity model, with a panel data from 2005 until 2013, and 24 importer countries. The result shows that all of the FTAs have a significant gross trade creation effect to the export of Indonesian textile commodities, particularly ACFTA and AKFTA. Meanwhile, Importers GDP, and Exchange Rate are some of the determining factor for the exports performance of Indonesia?s textile commodities;This study aims to determine whether the Indonesia?s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have gross trade creation to Indonesia?s Textiles And Textile Products exports, and to determine other variables that affect Indonesian textile exports performance. This study using the commodity specific gravity model, with a panel data from 2005 until 2013, and 24 importer countries. The result shows that all of the FTAs have a significant gross trade creation effect to the export of Indonesian textile commodities, particularly ACFTA and AKFTA. Meanwhile, Importers GDP, and Exchange Rate are some of the determining factor for the exports performance of Indonesia?s textile commodities, This study aims to determine whether the Indonesia’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have gross trade creation to Indonesia’s Textiles And Textile Products exports, and to determine other variables that affect Indonesian textile exports performance. This study using the commodity specific gravity model, with a panel data from 2005 until 2013, and 24 importer countries. The result shows that all of the FTAs have a significant gross trade creation effect to the export of Indonesian textile commodities, particularly ACFTA and AKFTA. Meanwhile, Importers GDP, and Exchange Rate are some of the determining factor for the exports performance of Indonesia’s textile commodities]"

"Thesis ini menggunakan metode data panel untuk melihat dampak ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) terhadap Perdagangan Intra-Industri (IIT) Indonesia-China untuk produk tekstil. IIT diukur menggunakan indeks Grubel dan Lloyd dan akan didekomposisi menjadi IIT horizontal, IIT Vertikal Bawah, dan IIT Vertikal Atas. Berbeda dengan kebanyakan penelitian empiris sebelumnya, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perjanjian tersebut secara signifikan berdampak negatif terhadap IIT horizontal, IIT vertical bawah , dan IIT vertical atas. Studi ini juga mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penentu IIT lainnya sebagai variabel terkontrol, seperti kesenjangan ukuran ekonomi, keterbukaan perdagangan, ketidakseimbangan perdagangan, dan kondisi COVID-19. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan ukuran ekonomi secara signifikan meredam IIT horizontal dan IIT vertikal bawah. Lebih lanjut, meningkatnya ketidakseimbangan perdagangan tampaknya menurunkan semua jenis IIT. Sementara itu, keterbukaan perdagangan meningkatkan IIT Horizontal, IIT Vertikal Bawah, dan IIT Vertikal Atas. Kondisi COVID-19 juga menyebabkan keterlibatan LVIIT dan UVIIT.

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This thesis assesses the ASEAN-China free trade area's impact on Indonesia-China intra-industry trade for textile products, using the panel data method. The Intra-industry Trade (IIT) is measured using the Grubel and Lloyd index and will be decomposed into horizontal IIT, Lower Vertical IIT, and Upper Vertical IIT. Unlike most previous empirical studies, this article estimates that the agreement negatively and significantly affects the horizontal, lower side of vertical IIT and upper side of vertical IIT. This study also identifies other IIT determinants as a controlled variable, such as the economic size gap, trade openness, trade imbalance, and COVID-19 conditions. The result indicates that the differences in economic size significantly dampen the horizontal IIT and lower-vertical IIT. Furthermore,  the increased trade imbalance seems to decrease all IIT types. Meanwhile, trade openness is found to enhance horizontal IIT, Lower Vertical IIT, and Upper Vertical IIT. The COVID-19 condition also leads to LVIIT and UVIIT engagement."

"ABSTRAKSaat ini Indonesia memiliki dua institusi perwakilan perdagangan di luar negeri, yakni: Atase Perdagangan di 23 negara dan Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) di 18 negara. Kedua institusi tersebut memiliki tugas untukmeningkatkan ekspor nonmigas Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas anggaran Atase Perdagangan dan ITPC terhadap kinerja ekspor nonmigas Indonesia di 30 negara selama periode tahun 2008-2014. Model estimasi yang digunakan adalah Random Effect dengan menggunakan data panel. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa peningkatan anggaran ITPC dan Atase Perdagangan akan meningkatkan ekspor nonmigas Indonesia pada tahun berikutnya. Peningkatan anggaran Atase Perdagangan akan meningkatkan ekspor nonmigasIndonesia pada sektor industri, pertanian, dan pertambangan, sedangkan peningkatan anggaran ITPC hanya mampu meningkatkan ekspor nonmigas sektor industri.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia currently has two trade representative institutions abroad, namely:Trade Attaché in 23 countries and the Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) in 18 countries. Both institutions should improve the Indonesian non-oil and gas exports. The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of ITPC and Trade Attaché budget to Indonesian non-oil and gas export performance in 30 countries over period 2008-2014. The model estimation is Random Effect that using panel data. The result shows that an increase Trade Attaché and ITPC budget will increase Indonesian non-oil and gas exports in the next year. An increase Trade Attaché will increase Indonesian non-oil and gas exports in industry sector, agriculture sector, and mining sector, while an increase ITPC budget only able to increase Indonesian non-oil and gas exports in industry sector."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek trade agreement melalui tarif preferensi dan Non Tariff Measure (NTM) terhadap kinerja ekspor perusahaan palm oil dan produk turunannya. Objek penelitian terdiri dari empat negara China, India, Malaysia dan Pakistan pada periode 2012-2021. Metode estimasi menggunakan Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan dampak dari penurunan tarif preferensi sebesar 1 poin persentase dapat meningkatkan nilai ekspor perusahaan sebesar 2.07%, peningkatan jumlah kumulatif SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) di negara importir sebesar 1% dapat meningkatkan nilai ekspor perusahaan sebesar 1.93%, dan peningkatan jumlah kumulatif TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) di negara importir sebesar 1% dapat meningkatkan nilai ekspor perusahaan sebesar 1.82%.

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This study aims to analyze the effects of trade agreements through preferential tariffs and Non Tariff Measure (NTM) on the export performance of palm oil companies and their derivative products. The research object consists of four countries China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan in the period 2012-2021. The estimation method uses Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). The estimation results show that the impact of a decrease in preference tariffs by 1 percentage point can increase the company's export value by 2.07%, an increase in the cumulative number of SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) in importing countries by 1% can increase the company's export value by 1.93%, and an increase in the cumulative number of TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) in importing countries by 1% can increase the company's export value by 1.82%."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh fasilitasi perdagangan terhadap ekspor Indonesia dengan Intra ASEAN dengan menggunakan 2 (dua) indikator fasilitasi perdagangan yaitu lingkungan peraturan dan infrastruktur sektor jasa. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan data panel dari 6 (enam) Negara Anggota ASEAN (Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Filipina Singapura, dan Thailand) periode 2006-2015 dan diestimasi dengan Fixed Effect Model. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa infrastruktur sektor jasa berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dalam meningkatkan ekspor Indonesia dengan Intra ASEAN dan lingkungan peraturan tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Faktor lain yang meningkatkan ekspor Indonesia secara signifikan adalah GDP Indonesia dan dummy ATIGA, sementara populasi Indonesia, GDP Negara Anggota ASEAN, dan tarif, berdampak menurunkan ekspor Indonesia.

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This study aimed to analyze the effect of trade facilitation on Indonesian exports performance to Intra ASEAN by using 2 (two) indicators of trade facilitation which are regulatory environment and services sector infrastructure. Analyses were performed using panel data from six (6) ASEAN Member States (Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Philippines Singapore, and Thailand) during the period of 2006-2015 and estimated by Fixed Effect Model. The empirical results show that infrastructure services are affecting positively and significantly in improving Indonesia's exports to the Intra ASEAN and the regulatory environment does not have substantial impact. Another factor that increases Indonesia?s export significantly is Indonesia's GDP and dummy ATIGA, meanwhile, population of Indonesia, GDP of the ASEAN Member States and tariff are the factors that reducing Indonesia?s export."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan kinerja ekspor, serta mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor produk berbasis teknologi tinggi (PTT) Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan yakni analisis kuantitatif deskriptif dan estimasi ekonometrika data panel. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan selama periode 1994-2013 nilai ekspor riil PTT cenderung naik. Namun kenaikan tersebut lebih rendah dibandingkan nilai impornya, sehingga menyebabkan defisit perdagangan. Hal tersebut juga dapat diartikan bahwa ketergantungan Indonesia terhadap PTT semakin tinggi. Hasil analisis ekonometrika menunjukkan bahwa angkatan kerja berpendidikan tinggi bersifat elastis terhadap nilai ekspor PTT. Selain itu, ekspor PTT juga dipengaruhi oleh pendapatan perkapita (PDB/kapita) negara tujuan ekspor, nilai tukar riil, anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan (Litbang) pemerintah dalam APBN, penanaman modal asing (PMA), serta perekonomian global. Data Kementerian Keuangan menunjukkan bahwa komposisi anggaran Litbang dalam APBN belum fokus diarahkan pada sektor perekonomian. Sedang berdasarkan data Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, PMA yang masuk pada industri PTT masih sangat kecil.

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This study aims to determine the development of export performance, identify and analyze the factors that affect exports performance of high technology-based products (HTX) in Indonesia. This study used quantitative descriptive methods and econometric of panel data. Descriptive analysis showed that during the period 1994-2013, real value HTX tend to rise. But the increase is lower than the value of imports. This resulted in a trade deficit. It can also mean that Indonesia's dependence on high technology-based products is increasing.

Econometric analysis results showed that highly educated labor force is elastic to the HTX value. In addition, HTX is also influenced by income per capita (GDP/capita) of export destination countries, the real exchange rate, budget of research and development (R&D) government in the state budget, foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as the global economy. Data from the Ministry of Finance show that the composition of the R&D budget has not been focused directly at economic sectors. Based on data from the Investment Coordinating Board, FDI incoming to high technology-based products industry is still very small."