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Nama                         : Megan Anglingsari Raritra Intanti

Program Studi             : Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Judul                          : Kebijakan Luar Negeri Uni Eropa

Pembimbing                : Dr. phil. Yandry Kurniawan

 

Kajian Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri atau FPA telah menjadi bidang studi independen dalam ilmu hubungan internasional sejak tahun 1950an. Fokus FPA terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri dianggap telah berhasil menjawab permasalahan studi HI yang cenderung menciptakan jarak antara politik domestik dan internasional. Menariknya, klaim bahwa FPA telah inklusif menuai kritik diantara cendekia Eropa, khususnya dalam pembahasan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Maka dari itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana literatur menempatkan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa diantara kajian FPA. Dalam rangka mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis menyusun 96 total temuan literatur dengan akreditasi internasional dalam empat kategori tema, yaitu: (1) konsep kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa; (2) institusionalisasi kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa; (3) Uni Eropa sebagai aktor; dan (4) lingkup kawasan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Upaya tinjauan literatur menghasilkan beberapa temuan seperti konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan terkait topik ini. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga menelusuri tren tema literatur, persebaran penulis, serta tren persebaran paradigmatik. Berangkat dari kondisi tersebut, tulisan ini berhasil menyingkap fakta bahwa FPA belum menjadi perspektif yang umum digunakan dalam mengkaji kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Meskipun begitu, tulisan ini tidak menemukan literatur yang menolak keberadaan kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa. Tulisan ini akan ditutup dengan penjabaran sejumlah rekomendasi untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang meliputi perluasan paradigmatik khususnya FPA dan pendekatan kritis, serta topik-topik yang belum banyak terbahas tetapi cukup relevan dengan kondisi empirik kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa.

 

 

 

Kata kunci:

Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Uni Eropa, kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa, European Foreign Policy, hubungan eksternal Uni Eropa, EPC, CFSP

 

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Name                        : Megan Anglingsari Raritra Intanti

Study Program           : International Relations

Title                          : European Union’s Foreign Policy

Counsellor                 : Dr. phil. Yandry Kurniawan

 

Foreign Policy Analysis or FPA has been developed as an independent field of international relations (IR) studies since the 1950s. FPA’s primary focus on foreign policy decision making processes is considered to have successfully answered IR studies problem which tends to create a gap between domestic and international politics. Interestingly, the claim that FPA has been inclusive drawn criticism among European scholars, particularly in the discussion of the EU's foreign policy. Therefore, this paper aims to explain how literature interpret EU’s foreign policy among FPA studies. In order to achieve this goal, the authors compiled 96 total international accreditation literature within four categories of themes, namely: (1) the concept of EU’s foreign policy; (2) institutionalization of EU’s foreign policy; (3) European Union as an actor; and (4) regional scope of the EU’s foreign policy. This literature review has resulted in several findings such as consensus, debates, and gaps related to this topic. In addition, this paper also traces the literature trend, distribution of authors’ origin, as well as the paradigmatic trend. Based on these conditions, this paper was successfully revealed the fact that FPA is not a mainstream perspective in studying EU’s foreign policy. Even so, this paper didn’t identify scholar that rejects the idea of EU’s foreign policy. This paper will conclude with some recommendations for further research including paradigmatic diversification, especially FPA and a critical approach, as well as topics that rarely discussed but are quite relevant to the empirical conditions of EU’s foreign policy.

 

 

 

Keywords:

Foreign Policy Analysis, European Union, European Foreign Policy, EU Foreign Policy, EU External Relations, EPC, CFSP

 

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"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengapa Turki menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri untuk menyepakati kerjasama dengan Uni Eropa menerima imigran ireguler yang ditolak oleh Uni Eropa dan membendung arus imigran ireguler ke Eropa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis studi kasus. Jumlah imigran ireguler ke Eropa dan Turki semakin meningkat seiring dengan berlangsungnya Arab Spring terutama sejak pecahnya perang sipil di Suriah. Peningkatan jumlah imigran ireguler ke Eropa dapat memunculkan beberapa masalah stabilitas sehingga mendorong Uni Eropa untuk meminta bantuan Turki dalam membendung aliran imigran ireguler melalui kerjasama. Turki yang kekuatannya tidak sebesar Uni Eropa dan sebagai penampung pengungsi terbanyak menyepakati kerjasama tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Turki menyepakati kerjasama berdasarkan pertimbangan pengambilan kebijakan luar negerinya yang dipengaruhi oleh situasi pembuatan keputusan, faktor psikologi, faktor internasional dan faktor dalam negeri. Lebih khusus,Turki menggunakan kerjasama ini untuk memperoleh keuntungan antara lain bantuan dana, penguatan kerjasama ekonomi melalui Customs Union, tindakan kemanusiaan bagi pengungsi Suriah dan yang terpenting adalah aksesi masuk dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa serta pembebasan visa bagi warga Turki yang berkunjung ke wilayah Schengen.

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ABSTRACTThis study discusses why Turkey implemented their foreign policy for dealing with EU to accommodate rejected irregular migrants from Europe and combat irregular migrants flow to Europe. This study is using qualitative method with case study approach. The number of irregular migrants are increasing during Arab Spring especially since Syrian civil war began. This condition may bring problems for European stability. Therefore the EU includes Turkey in a deal to manage irregular migrant issue. Turkey which has their own migrant issues as host of country with the largest refugee population in the world, ends up making agreement on this deal. The result of the study shows that Turkey made agreement with EU on their basis of their foreign policy considerations which are affected by decission environment, psychological factors, international factors, and domestic factors. Turkey using this issue to get some interests such as humanitarian assistances, strengthen economy coorporation through Customs Union, humanitarian action for syrian refugees and most importantly to get accession to EU and visa liberation for Turkey citizen to visit Schengen area."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang motivasi dan tujuan bantuan luar negeri Uni Eropa (UE) kepada Indonesia periode 2002-2011 serta kesesuaian pelaksanaan pemberian bantuan tersebut dengan lima kriteria Deklarasi Paris 2005. Teori yang digunakan untuk meneliti motivasi dan tujuan pemberian bantuan UE adalah teori politik bantuan luar negeri. Selanjutnya, lima kriteria dalam Deklarasi Paris 2005 digunakan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian pelaksanaan bantuan UE di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menemukan adanya fakta tentang empat motivasi pemberian bantuan UE antara lain ide yang mendasari, institusi dan organisasi yang berperan dalam menentukan pemberian bantuan serta kepentingan. Hal yang tidak kalah penting adalah identifikasi tiga tujuan pemberian bantuan yaitu diplomatik, pembangunan serta komersial. Kemudian, dalam faktanya, pelaksanaan pemberian bantuan UE masih belum sesuai dengan kelima kriteria Deklarasi Paris 2005 sehingga menyebabkan ketidakefektifan pemberian bantuan.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the motivations and purposes of the European Union (EU) foreign aid program and its implementation in Indonesia between 2002 until 2011. The research uses the political of foreign aid theory and the five criteria of Paris Declaration 2005 to analyze those two subjects mentioned above. The result of the research found four motivations and three purposes which are believed to be The EU’s motivations and purposes concepting foreign aid program in Indonesia. Those motivations are idea, organization, institution and interest and the three purposes are diplomatic, development and commercial. Then, the EU assistance still does not meet the five criteria of Paris Declaration 2005. The ineffective of EU’s foreign aid program may be caused by the EU character which is likely to dominate the implementation of aid distribution in Indonesia."

"Multilingualism in EU is a state of affairs emerged as a range of different languages encounter one another. The history of European integration and the course of language policy in EU show that there is no policy on the language of EU. Issues related to language regulate themselves to practical tenets. This is what is identified as laissez-faire policy model. The putting into practice of this laissez-faire policy model in EU has significant implications to French language. They are closely correlated with the question of power. France, as a member-state having a vital role and strong leadership character in integration, perceives this circumstance as a form of threat against the strength and the popularity of its language.Situations of multilingualism and language policy belong to one theoretical framework of sociolinguistics study and come into surface alongside political thinking_ One of the sociolinguistics scholars is Pierre Bourdieu, who suggests diverse concepts; among them are champ, capital, habitus, ilhrsio, libido and symbolique violance. Bourdieu develops sociology theory and associates it with other studies, such as media, literature, and politics. The study on Ianguage policy in ELI in this thesis applies the approaches put forward by Bourdieu. EU has been an arena of political interest struggle (champ) to two key member states i.e. France and the UK. Both states engage in the champ and draw on different capital. Language policy is the primary factor determining the dissemination and reinforcement of French language. France has vigorously promoted its language by employing massive policies on language and culture. Nevertheless, the results of these efforts cannot go beyond the popularity of English in EU, which in this case is influenced by the factors of economy, culture, and politics.There is in fact another factor that determines the dissemination and reinforcement of English language, i.e_ the factor of the U.S. soft power. This thesis uses the concepts of power proposed by Joseph Nye Jr as well. Nye Jr defines soft power as an ability to gain what is desired by means better than force or money. English has ties to the economic system and global network dominated by the U.S. English itself is an integral part of globalization. The power of globalization becomes a habitus which at the end supports the dissemination and reinforcement of English language. The government of the UK does not need to carry out massive efforts similar to the ones done by the French government to elevate its language on top of language hierarchy. If hierarchy of language is regarded as something that is proper and natural, the acknowledgment of one single dominant language will easily take place. English will easily become the lingua franca of EU. EU's language policy which regulates to practical tenets will turn English into the de facto dominant language. This condition can eventually deteriorate EU's slogan of united in diversity_ The challenge for EU now lies on the ways of how to manage and regulate issues concerning language to strengthen the slogan without having to diminish the national identity of its member states."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai pembentukan peraturan keamanan data European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR). Uni Eropa berhasil menetapkan EU GDPR pada tahun 2016, disaat negara-negara masih kesulitan menghasilkan kebijakan keamanan yang dapat menjangkau ranah siber secara efektif. Peraturan tersebut berbentuk regulasi sehingga tidak membutuhkan ratifikasi tingkat nasional, sedangkan belum semua negara anggota Uni Eropa memiliki aturan dasar mengenai keamanan siber. Sehingga menjadi pertanyaan mengapa Uni Eropa berhasil membentuk EU GDPR tanpa mendapatkan penolakan dari badan-badan Uni Eropa. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teori neofungsionalisme sebagai kerangka analisis. Neofungsionalisme melihat adanya fenomena spillover dalam terjadinya integrasi di Eropa. Tiga variabel spillover yaitu functional spillover, political spillover dan cultivated spillover menjadi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan kebijakan. Berdasarkan faktor-faktor tersebut disimpulkan bahwa peran badan supranasional merupakan kunci penting pada proses integrasi penyebab berhasilnya pembentukan EU GDPR.

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This thesis examines the establishment of EU's new data protection regulation, European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR). EU officially signed EU GDPR in 2016, at the moment when states are still in the hassle of procuring a security policy which able to reach the cyberspace effectively. With the form of an EU regulation the EU GDPR do not have to go through ratification on national level, whereas many of EU countries still haven't set their own basic law on cyber security yet. Thus, it brings up the question on why EU's managed to establish EU GDPR without any objections from the EU bodies. This study uses quantitative methodology and neofunctionalism theory as the analytical framework. Neofunctionalism recognize the spillover phenomenon in the occurrence of European Integration. Three variables of spillover: functional spillover, political spillover and cultivated spillover are the main factors which decides the result of the policy agreement. Based on those factors it can be concluded that supranational bodies within EU act as the important key regarding the process of integration which lead to the successful establishment of EU GDPR."

"Penelitian ini adalah analisis kritis terhadap hegemoni, konflik kepentingan, serta politik luar negeri Prancis dan Uni Eropa di 6 kawasan Teritori Seberang Lautan (Territoire dOutre Mer) Prancis yang juga merupakan Outermost Region (OR) Uni Eropa, yakni Guadeloupe, Guyana Prancis, Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, dan Saint-Martin. Keenam teritori itu ialah bekas jajahan Prancis yang kini terintegrasi secara politik dengan Uni Eropa sebagai Teritori Seberang Lautan Prancis. Penelitian ini memiliki 2 tujuan. Pertama, untuk memperoleh penjelasan atas motivasi yang mendorong Prancis dan Uni Eropa mempertahankan 6 OR itu meskipun terpaut jarak yang jauh, dependen secara ekonomi, dan memiliki budaya yang berbeda dari Prancis Metropolitan. Kedua, untuk mengetahui bagaimana kebudayaan yang terbentuk akibat interaksi Prancis, UE, dan OR. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan hubungan internasional dan sejarah kebudayaan. Adapun teori yang dipakai sebagai instrumen analisis ialah teori Hegemoni Gramsci-baik yang menggunakan perspektif HI, maupun kebudayaan-teori Neofungsionalisme Ernst B. Haas, serta teori Praktik Budaya Pierre Bourdieu. Di akhir penelitian ini, terlihat bahwa motivasi Prancis dan UE tetap mempertahankan keenam OR Prancis ialah (1) keuntungan ekonomi, (2) ekspansi Euro dan politik UE di luar Eropa Daratan, (3) kekuasaan kelompok elit, serta (4) idealisme Prancis untuk mempertahankan pengaruhnya sebagai sebuah imperium yang besar. Interaksi antara Prancis dan OR lebih mempengaruhi kebudayaan OR dibandingkan sebaliknya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kekuatan simbolik yang dimiliki Prancis lebih besar dibandingkan OR. Prancis mengakibatkan lahirnya kreolitas dan identitas ganda di OR, sedangkan OR mengubah Prancis yang mulanya tidak menoleransi kreolitas menjadi negara yang mengakui fenomena itu sebagai bagian dari kekayaan nasional. Interaksi itu juga mengubah sistem pendidikan Prancis menjadi lebih terbuka pada kebutuhan untuk mempelajari bahasa-bahasa minor teritorinya.

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This study is a critical analysis of hegemony, conflict of interest, as well as French and European Union foreign policy in 6 French Overseas Territories (Territoire dOutre Mer) which are also the European Unions Outermost Region (OR), namely Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, and Saint-Martin. The six territories are former French colonies which are now politically integrated within the European Union as the French Overseas Territory. This study has 2 objectives. First, to get an explanation of the motives that pushed France and the European Union to maintain the 6 ORs even though they were at a great distance, economically dependent, and has had a different culture from Metropolitan France. Second, to gain understanding on how culture is formed due to France, the EU and the ORs interaction. This study employes qualitative methods within international relations and cultural approaches. The theories which were used as instruments of analysis were Gramscis Hegemony theory, Ernst B. Haas Neofunctionalism theory, and Pierre Bourdieus Cultural Practice theory. At the end of this study, it appears that the motivation of France and the EU to maintain its ORs are (1) economic benefits, (2) Euro and EU expansion outside of Mainland Europe, (3) elite group power, and (4) French idealism to maintain its influence as a great empire. The interaction between France and its ORs has more influence on OR culture than vice versa. This is due to the symbolic powers that France possesses are far greater than ORs. Such interaction has resulted in the birth of creativity and multiple identities in the ORs. On the other hand, ORs had also promted France to shift from a regime which did not tolerate creolness into a country that acknowledges divesity as a national asset. The interaction also changed French education system to be more open to territorial minor languages."

"Skripsi ini membahas penerapan konsep Eurasianisme dalam kebijakan luar negeri Rusia, khususnya pembentukan Uni Ekonomi Eurasia, sebuah kerjasama ekonomi regional antara Rusia dengan negara-negara tetangganya. Konsep Eurasianisme yang dihidupkan kembali oleh Aleksandr Dugin pada dekade 1990-an menegaskan keunikan Rusia dan posisinya sebagai kekuatan terbesar di Eurasia. Penelitian ini, menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan, ingin memahami bagaimana penerapan konsep Eurasianisme dalam kebijakan luar negeri Rusia dari tahun 2000 hingga 2012, dan juga dalam traktat dan perjanjian internasional pembentukan Uni Ekonomi Eurasia.

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The focus of this study is to find out how the concept of Eurasianism implemented on Russia?s foreign policy on the establishment of Eurasian Economic Union, a regional economic cooperation between Russia and its neighbors. This concept, which was revived by Aleksandr Dugin in the 1990?s, asserts Russia?s uniqueness and its position in the region as the biggest Eurasian power. This study, using the library research method, aims to understand how Eurasianism, as a concept, implemented on Russian foreign policy from 2000 until 2012, and also on the international agreements on forming the Eurasian Economic Union."

"ABSTRAKIn the Treaty of Rome 1957, agriculture sector has been recognized as an important feature regarding its strategic values, such as the natural factor with its major role, food endurance and its susceptibility toward competitive pressures although its contributions on economics declined.On 30 July 1962, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was introduced after three years of negotiations in line with the mechanism settlement and its organizations as a whole. Various agricultural problems in member states were the causes of the difficulties in achieving agreements on CAP mechanism.Protectionism through market mechanism (price intervention and subsidies) which tried improving the welfare of farmers was the central focus of CAP. But as time goes, this mechanism burdens the European Union's budget. The EU's budget allocation to CAP in 1990 was almost 60% which lead to debates between France and United Kingdom on Budgeting 2007-2013. The EU's enlargement in 2004 was also a cause that burdens the budget. Other factors are the demand from the international trade regulations in GATT, then WTO which tried to establish international trade liberalization through reducing protectionism such as reducing tariffs and subsidies. Various requests on environment conservations, rural development and biotechnology improvement were backgrounds of Mac Sharry Reformations, Agenda 2000 and Reformation 2003.Pros and Cons on CAP within the European Unions didn't affect the EU's integration because of the common perspectives on uniting Europe as a whole. Less debates within the CAP would shift the focus on external issues therefore strengthen the international positions of EU. But even though EU is powerful enough, deadlock against United States would still remain.These days international trade is already relative free where barriers in trade are declined. Therefore CAP is no longer a relevant issue. It can block the international trade liberalization because the protectionism still exists. It will be a difficult task for the European Union to completely remove CAP because of its importance for the member states. Currently the European Union is only able to reduce its protection value in phase."

"Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, terjadi peningkatan perdebatan mengenai kedaulatan dalam kajian Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Salah satu titik krusial yang mendorong perdebatan ini adalah terbentuknya Uni Eropa melalui Maastricht Treaty pada tahun 1992. Setelah itu, terdapat beragam literatur yang membahas mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa, sehingga diperlukan sebuah kajian kepustakaan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, studi ini memetakan perkembangan literatur mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa pasca Maastricht Treaty. Dari tiga puluh artikel jurnal/buku/chapter edited volume yang dikaji, terdapat empat tema besar yaitu (1) karakteristik kedaulatan di Uni Eropa; (2) dinamika kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa: antara intergovernmentalisme dan supranasionalisme (3) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan terhadap perubahan bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dan (4) kritik terhadap penerapan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa. Setelah melakukan pemetaan dan analisis literatur, kajian kepustakaan ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, karakter kedaulatan di Uni Eropa memiliki penafsiran yang berbeda-beda, mulai dari kedaulatan dipandang disatukan (pooled sovereignty), dibagi (shared sovereignty), hingga dianggap masih berada di negara. Kedua, penerapan kedaulatan dalam tatanan praktis dalam level kebijakan di Uni Eropa dapat bertahan maupun berubah, menyesuaikan preferensi negara-negara anggotanya. Ketiga, penerimaan negara terhadap beragam bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi, faktor interdependensi, dan faktor keamanan. Keempat, dinamika serta cara pandang terhadap kedaulatan di Uni Eropa tampaknya dipengaruhi oleh fenomena-fenomena empirik atau perkembangan yang terjadi di Uni Eropa. Terakhir, dari keseluruhan literatur, studi ini mengindentifikasi celah literatur yang terdapat dalam sedikitnya analisis mengenai kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa, serta kurangnya studi komparatif yang membandingkan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dengan kedaulatan dalam entitas politik lainnya.

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Over the last few decades, the topic of Sovereignty has been increasingly discussed in International Relations. One of the crucial factors leading to the debate was the establishment of the European Union through the enactment of Maastricht Treaty in 1992. As an effect, various literature discussing sovereignty in the European Union emerged and subsequently neccessitates a literature review on it. This study mapped various literature on sovereignty in the European Union after Maastricht Treaty. By taking into account thirty journal articles/books/chapters of edited volume, this study found four major themes in the literature: (1) the characteristics of sovereignty in the European Union; (2) the dynamics of sovereignty in the European Union policies: between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism; (3) the factors influencing the acceptance of the changing form of sovereignty in the European Union; and (4) the critiques on the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union. After mapping and analyzing the literature, this study found several important points. First, the characters of sovereignty in the European Union result in various interpretations such as pooled sovereignty, shared sovereignty, and sovereignty that are embedded within member states. Second, the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union policies could both be static or dynamic, depending on the member states' preferences. Third, member states’ acceptance of various sovereignty forms in the European Union are influenced by economic, interdependence, and security factors. Fourth, the dynamics of the sovereignty in the European Union are perceived to be influenced by events happening in the European Union. Lastly, this study identifies several literature gaps on the lack of literature analyzing sovereignty aspect of European Union’s policies and the minimum amount of comparative studies between sovereignty in the European Union and sovereignty in other political entities."

"Perubahan drastis yang dialami masyarakat dunia sebagai dampak dari berakhirnya perang dingin telah melahirkan inisiatif-inisiatif baru dalam mengupayakan sebuah tatanan dunia yang damai. Masyarakat Eropa merupakan salah satunya. Mereka merintis usaha tersebut melalui integrasi, tidak hanya di bidang ekonomi tetapi mencakup politik dan urusan dalam negeri, dalam rangka memperkuat kerjasama di antara mereka, melalui Perjanjian Maastricht.Salah satu pilar dari Perjanjian Maastricht, Common Foreign Security Policy (CFSP) dijadikan pijakan untuk menjalin hubungan dengan negara lain. Mekanisme dalam menjalankan CFSP untuk meraih cita-cita Uni Eropa memasukan unsur HAM dan demokratisasi sebagai prioritas utama yang tidak boleh ditinggalkan dalam menata hubungan dengan negara lain.Hubungan Uni Eropa terhadap Indonesia pun tidak lepas dari prinsip-prinsip tersebut. Padahal di antara keduanya memiliki pandangan yang berbeda terhadap HAM Uni Eropa memandang HAM dari sudut hak-hak sipil dan politik, sedangkan Indonesia memandang dari sudut hak-hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya. Di tengah-tengah kontroversi tersebut, kesalingtergantungan antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia semakin menguat, dipicu oleh membaiknya situasi perekonomian di Asia Pasifik pada dekade 1990-an.Tesis ini dibuat untuk mengetahui sejauh mana upaya kedua negara dalam mengelola hubungannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip mereka yang berbeda, dan ingin melihat apakah isu yang semakin mengglobal sejak Deklarasi Vienna dan Program Aksi ditandatangani oleh hampir seluruh negara di dunia, memiliki peranan sebagai penengah dalam mengimbangi perbedaan pemahaman terhadap HAM apakah isu tersebut berimplikasi terhadap perekonomian kedua negara."